SAND  DUNE  EEGION 

ON 

SOUTH  SHOES  OF  SAGINAW  BAY 


THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


GIFT 
Mrs.  Howard  Hill 


:-^-  V^ 


H'  11 


MICHIGAN    GEOLOGICAL  AND   BIOLOGICAL  SURVEY 

Publication  4 
Biological  Series  2 


A  BIQLOGICAL  SURVEY    OF  THE  SAND 

DUNE  REGION  ON  THE  SOUTH  SHORE 

OF  SAGINAW  BAY,  MICHIGAN 


PREPARED  UNDER  THE  DIRECTION  OF 

ALEXANDER  G.[RUTHVEN 

Chief  Field  Naturalist,  Michigan  Geological  and  Biological  »Survey 


PUBLISHED  AS  A  PART  OF  THE   ANNUAL  REPORT  OF  THE   BOARD  OF 
GEOLOGICAL  AND  BIOLOGICAL  SURVEY  FOR    1910 


LANSING,   MICHIGAN 
WYNKOOP  HALLENBECK  CRAWFORD.  CO.,  STATE  PRINTERS 

1911 


q) 


BOARD  OF  GEOLOGICAL  AND   BIOLOGICAL 

SURVEY. 
191L 


EX  officio: 

The  Governor  of  the  State, 

HON.  CHASE  S.  OSBORN,  President. 

The  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction, 
HON.  L.  L.  WRIGHT,  Secretary. 

The  President  of  the  State  Board  of  Education, 
HON.  D.  M.  FERRY,  Junior. 

Director, 
R.  C.  ALLEN. 


scientific  advisers. 

Geologists.— Dr.  L.  L.  Hubbard,  Houghton;  Prof.  W.  H.  Hobbs,  Ann 

Arbor;  Prof.  W.  H.  Sherzer,  Ypsilanti. 
Botanists.— Prof.  E.  A.  Bessey,  East  Lansing;  Prof.  F.  C.  Newcombe, 

Ann  Arbor. 
Zoologists. — Prof.  W.  B.  Barrows,  East  Lansing;  Prof.  J.  Reighard, 

Ann  Arbor;  Mr.  Bryant  Walker,  Detroit. 


185542  '  \ 


LETTERS  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


To  the  Honorable  the  Board  of  Geological  and  Biological  Survey  of  the 
State  of  Michigan: 

Governor  Chase  S.  Osborn,  President. 
Hon.  D.  M.  Ferry,  Jr.,  Vice  President. 
Hon.  L.  L.  Wright,  Secretary. 

Gentlemen: — I  have  the  honor  to  present  herewith  as  a  part  of  the 
report  for  1910  of  the  Board  of  Geological  and  Biological  Survey, 
Publication  No.  4,  being  a  contribution  to  the  biological  survey  of  the 
state  authorized  by  Act  No.  250  of  the  Session  of  1905. 

Very  respectfully, 

R.  C.  ALLEN, 

Director. 


Ann  Arbor,  Mich.,  January  11,  1911. 

Sir — I  submit  herewith  a  report  upon  the  biological  survey  of  the  sand 
dune  region  on  the  south  shore  of  Saginaw  Bay,  Michigan,  carried  on 
under  my  supervision  during  the  summer  of  1908.  The  report  aims  to 
give  a  comprehensive  account  of  the  natural  history  of  the  region,  and 
to  furnish  data  for  the  work  of  students  and  those  interested  in  the 
preservation  of  our  native  fauna  and  flora,  or  in  the  introduction  of 
animals   and  plants  into  the   state. 

Respectfully, 
ALEXANDER  G.  RUTHVEN, 

Chief  Field  Naturalist. 
R.  C.  ALLEN,  Director, 

Geological  and  Biological  Survey, 
Lansing,  Michigan. 


CONTENTS. 


Page. 

Introduction,  Itinerary  and  Acknowledgments,  by  Alexander  G.  Ruthven 13 

Description  of  the  En\1ronmental  Conditions  and  Discussion  of  the  Geographic  Rela- 
tions of  the  Biota,  by  Alexander  G.  Rutliven 17 

Location  and  Description  of  the  Sand  Region 17 

Topograpliy 17 

General  Soil  Conditions 20 

Habitats ■  • 20 

Sand  Ridges 21 

Beach  of  Saginaw  Bay 21 

Wooded  Swamps 22 

Mesophytic  Woods .      23 

Sedge  and  Grass  Swamps 23 

Transient  Ponds 23 

Permanent  Ponds 24 

Streams 25 

Saginaw  Bay 26 

The  Geographic  Relations  of  the  Terrestrial  Flora  and  A'ertebrate  Fauna  of  the  Sand 

Region 27 

Climate 28 

Precipitation 28 

Temperature 28 

Local  and  General  Distribution  of  the  Biota 30 

Literature 31 

Ecological  Relations  of  the  Flora,  by  G.  H.  Coons 35 

Physiographic  Conditions 36 

Ecological  Relations 37 

Hydrophytes — Fresh  Water  Formations 37 

Helophytes — Swamp  Formations 38 

Ampliibious  Formations — Carex,  Juncus  and  Scirpus  Association.s 38 

Reed — Swamp  Formation — Pliragmites  Association 40 

Bush  Swamp  Formation — Alnus   Association 42 

Wooded  Swamp  Formation — Birch- Willow  Association 43 

Mesophytes — Forest  Formation — Poplar- Bircli-Maple  Association 44 

Psammophytes — Beach  Formations 45 

Dune  Formation — Calamo\ilfa — Ammophila  Association 46 

Dune  Heath  Formation 48 

Dune  Bushland  Formation 49 

Dune  Forest  Formation — Jack  Pine  Association 49 

Summary  of  Ecological  Relations 54 

Fungus  Formations 65 

Phytogeographical  Relations 58 

General  Summary 60 

Literature  Cited 61 

Catalog  of  Plants,  by  C.  K.  Dodge 65 

Introduction  and  General  Description  of  tlie  Region 65 

Plants  of  tlie  Beaches 68 

Plants  of  the  Dunes 70 

Geograpiiic  Notes 71 

Acknowledgments 71 

List  of   Species 72 


8  CONTENTS. 

Page. 

Mollusca,  by  H.  Burrington  Baker 121 

Introduction 121 

General  Discussion 122 

Physiography 1 22 

Sand  Dunes 122 

North  and  Stony  Islands 124 

Caseville  and  the  Pigeon  River 124 

Rush  Lake 125 

Geographic  Relations 125 

Aquatic  Forms • 125 

Terrestrial  Forms 125 

Habitat  Study 126 

Aquatic  Habitats 126 

Habitats  of  Saginaw  Bay 126 

Habitats  of  Sand  Dune  Lakes 131 

Habitats  of  Rush  Lake 133 

Habitats  of  Swamps .' 137 

Habitats  of  the  Pigeon  River 139 

Land  Habitats 141 

Habitats  of  the  Sand  Dunes 141 

Habitats  of  North  and  Stony  Islands 144 

Habitats  of  Creek  Flats 147 

Habitats  of  the  Clay  Soil 148 

List  of  Habitats 151 

List  of  Species 153 

Thysanoptera  and  Orthoptera,  by  A.  Franklin  ShuU 177 

General  Introduction 177 

Thysanoptera 178 

Introduction 178 

Scope  of  Investigations 179 

Methods  of  Collecting  and  Preser%ing  Specimens 181 

Ecology  of  the  Thysanoptera 182 

Scheme  of  Classification 182 

Factors  Determining  Habitat 184 

Habits  of  Thysanoptera 188 

Locomotion 188 

Reproduction 190 

Dissemination , 192 

Enemies  and  Checks 200 

Predaceous   Animals 200 

Rains 201 

Systematic  and  Detailed  Treatment  of  Species 204 

Key  to   Species 205 

List  of  Species 207 

Summary  of  Principal  Results 214 

Discussion  of  Economic  Aspect 215 

Orthoptera 217 

Introduction 217 

Economic  Considerations 217 

Diurnal  Acti%1ty  of  Acridiidae 219 

Ecology 221 

List  of  Species 222 

Literature  Cited 230 

Mallophaga,  by  Charles  A.  ShuU  and  M.  A.  Carriker,  Jr 233 

Introduction 233 

Hints  on  Collecting 233 

The  Huron  County  Collection 234 

List  of  Species 235 

Literature  Cited 242 

Fish,  by  A.  L.  Leathers '.  243 

General  Discussion 243 

List  of  Species 248 

Literature  Cited 255 


CONTENTS.  9 

Page. 

Ampliibians  and  Reptiles,  by  Alexander  G.  Ruthven 257 

Geographic  Relations  of  the  Fauna '. 257 

Habitat  Relations  of  the  Fauna 259 

List  of  Species 261 

Literature  Cited 27 1 

Birds,  by  N.  A.  Wood  and  Frederick  Gaige 273 

General  Discussion 273 

List  of  Species 276 

Mammals,  by  N.  A.  Wood 309 

Introduction 309 

List  of  Species 309 

Appendix  A.  Temperature  Records  for  June,  July  and  August  on  Sand  Point 313 

Appendix  B.  Additional  Remarks  on  the  Biota  and  climate  of  the  Sand  Dune  Region, 

by  Alexander  G.  Ruthven 315 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Page. 

Plate  I.            (a).  Beach  on  the  north  side  of  Sand  Point 272 

(b).  Face  of  outer  dune  at  Oak  Point 272 

Plate  II.          (a).  North  side  of  Sand  Point  toward  tiie  end 272 

(b).  Looking  nortlieast  at  tlie  west  side  of  Oak  Point 272 

Plate  III.         (a).  Sand  flat  west  of  Little  Oak  Point 272 

(b).  Blowout  in  outer  dune  ridge,  showing  old  beach  upon  wliich  the  dune  272 

is  superimposed 272 

Plate  IV.          (a).  Fossil  beach  near  the  end  of  Sand  Point 272 

(b).  Jack  Pine  forest  on  the  more  recent  dunes 272 

Plate  V.           (a).  Grassy  marsh  on  Stony  Island ' 272 

(b).  Grassy  marsh  on  Stony  Island 272 

Plate  VI.          (a).  Prairie  at  the  base  of  Sand  Point 272 

(b).  Margin  of  the  prairie  at  the  base  of  Sand  Point 272 

Plate  VII.        (a).  Open  marsh  at  the  east  end  of  Rush  Lake 272 

(b).  Open  marsh  about  Turtle  Bay  on  Sand  Point 272 

Plate  VIII.      (a).  Grassy  swale  between  sand  dunes  near  Rush  Lake 272 

(b).  Permanent  pond  on  Stony  Island 272 

Plate  IX.         (a).  General  ^^ew  of  Rush  Lake 272 

(b).  Raj-mond's  Point  on  the  north  shore  of  Rush  Lake 272 

Plate  X.           (a).  Dune  Point  on  the  north  shore  of  Rush  Lake 272 

(b).  Pigeon  River  above  Case\ille 272 

Plate  XI.         (a).  Looking  into  the  ox-bow  pond  off  the  Pigeon  River  at  Caseville 272 

(b).  Dead-waters  of  the  Pigeon  River  above  Case\1lle 272 

Plate  XII.       (a).  General  ^^ew  of  Long  Lake,  Sand  Point 272 

(b).  End  of  Long  Lake,  Sand  Point 272 

Plate  XIII.     (a).  Margin  of  Long  Lake,  Sand  Point ". 272 

(b).  Turtle  Bay,  Sand  Point 272 

Plate  XIV.      (a).  Rock  beach  on  Stony  Island 272 

(b).  Rock  Beach  on  Stony  Island 272 

Plate  XV.                Wooded  swamp  at  east  end  of  Rush  Lake 272 

Plate  XVI.      (a).  Nest  and  eggs  of  Eumcccs  quinquilineatus  in  decaying  log 272 

(b).  Nest  and  eggs  of  Eumcces  quinquilineatus  in  decaying  log 272 

Plate  XVII.    (a).  Elaphe  vulpinus 272 

(b).  Heterodon  platyrhinus 272 

Plate  XVIII.  (a).  Immature  American  bittern 272 

(b).  Nest  and  eggs  of  ovenbird 272 

Plate  XIX.             Nest  and  eggs  of  spotted  sandpiper : 272 

Map.     Huron  County 257 


A   BIOLOGICAL    SURVEY    OF  THE    SAND    DUNE 

REGION  ON  THE  SOUTH  SHORE  OF 

SAGINAW  BAY,  MICHIGAN. 

INTRODUCTION,    ITINERARY     AND     ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. 

BY    ALEXANDER    G.    RUTHVEN. 

The  region  investigated  by  the  biological  survey  in  the  summer  of 
1908  Hes  immediately  along  the  west  shore  of  Huron  County.  (]\Iap.) 
This  county  forms  the  apex  of  the  "thumb"  of  IMichigan— the  broad 
land  area  that  separates  Saginaw  Bay  and  Lake  Hm-on.  This  region 
was  chosen  for  two  principal  reasons:  first,  there  was  cause  to  expect 
that  the  shghtly  pecuHar  climate  that  this  coast  of  ^Michigan  is  said 
to  have  would  be  attended  by  a  different  (more  southern)  fauna  and 
flora  than  is  found  in  the  interior  of  the  state;  and,  second,  the  area 
is  almost  wholly  uncultivated  and  in  a  primitive  condition,  and  would 
consequently  be  expected  to  harbor  the  primitive  fauna  and  flora. 

On  June  13,  the  party,  consisting  at  this  time  of  ]\Ir.  A.  Frankhn 
Shull,  Columbia  University,  Mr.  H.  B.  Baker,  University  of  ^Michigan, 
Mr.  A.  L.  Leathers,  Cornell  University,  Mr.  N.  A.  Wood,  University 
of  Michigan  Museum,  and  the  -RTiter,  started  from  Ann  Arbor  for  the 
field.  Camp  was  established  on  the  north  shore  of  Sand  Point,  in  the 
fishermen's  shacks  of  the  W.  J.  Orr  Fish  Company.  From  this  camp 
the  entire  Point  could  be  worked  to  advantage,  and  one  man  (]\Ir. 
Wood)  was  kept  here  throughout  the  season.  The  party  was  enlarged 
as  follows:  On  June  21  by  Mr.  Frederick  Gaige,  Ann  Arbor,  Michigan; 
on  July  8  by  Prof.  G.  H.  Coons,  Michigan  Agricultural  College;  on  July 
9  by  IMr.  C.  K.  Dodge,  Port  Huron,  Michigan. 

The  members  of  the  party  confined  their  attention  to  Sand  Point 
until  July  12,  except  that  Dodge  and  Coons  spent  a  few  days  on  the 
Charity  Islands.  On  July  12,  the  writer  with  Shull,  Baker,  Gaige 
and  Dodge  moved  to  Stony  Island.  On  July  15,  Dodge  severed  his 
connection  with  the  expedition,  but  the  Ston}^  Island  party  remained 
on  the  island  (also  working  North  Island  to  some  extent)  until  July  19, 
returning  to  Sand  Point  on  the  latter  date.  On  July  20,  Baker  and 
Leathers  were  sent  to  Caseville,  where  they  worked  the  region  about 
the  lower  part  of  the  Pigeon  River  until  July  28,  when  they  again 


14  INTRODUCTION. 

joined  the  Sand  Point  party.  On  July  29,  Baker,  Leathers,  Shull 
and  Gaige  were  sent  to  Rush  Lake,  where  camp  was  made  at  the  eastern 
end  of  the  lake.  The  writer  joined  this  party  on  Augusi  1.  On  August 
3,  Coons  left  the  party,  and  on  August  8  Leathers  was  returned  to  Sand 
Point.  The  remainder  of  the  Rush  Lake  party,  consisting  of  Gaige, 
Shull,  Baker  and  the  writer,  remained  at  Rush  Lake  until  August  27. 
On  August  20,  Dodge  again  joined  the  Sand  Point  party  and  moved  to 
Rush  Lake  on  August  21,  leaving  the  party  again  on  August  25.  From 
the  Rush  Lake  camp  the  entire  region  between  Oak  Point  and  Port 
Crescent  was  examined.  On  August  28,  the  parties  were  again  united 
on  Sand  Point,  and  on  the  following  day  left  the  field. 

On  June  15,  1909,  Dodge  returned  to  Caseville  and  spent  two  days 
between  that  place  and  Sand  Point,  one  day  at  Rush  Lake,  and  one  day 
on  the  Charity  Islands,  and  about  five  days  at  Bay  Port  and  on  the 
adjoining  islands.  Again  he  went  to  Sebewaing  and  spent  three  days 
in  that  vicinity,  July  10,  to  Port  Austin  for  three  days,  August  7,  and 
to  Grindstone  City  for  three  days,  September  14,  1909. 

From  this  itinerary  it  will  be  seen  that  the  expedition  worked  in 
detail  a  strip  of  coast  extending  from  Sand  Point  to  Port  Crescent, 
with  the  islands  immediately  off  shore,  and  the  botany  of  the  entire 
sand  region  and  the  Charity  Islands.  In  this  work  Shull  devoted  his 
entire  time  to  insects,  laying  particular  stress  upon  the  Orthoptera 
and  Thysanoptera;  Baker  confined  his  attention  entirely  to  the  molluscs; 
Leathers  investigated  the  fish  fauna;  Wood  and  Gaige  worked  on  the 
birds  and  mammals;  Dodge  and  Coons  studied  the  botany;  and  the 
writer  had  general  charge  of  the  expedition,  and  devoted  his  time  in 
the  field  to  the  investigation  of  the  reptile-amphibian  fauna. 

That  the  results  of  the  expedition  exceeded  what  the  writer  hoped 
it  could  accomplish  is  due  in  large  part  to  the  excellent  work  done  by 
its  members.  Both  in  the  field  and  subsequently  in  working  over  the 
collections,  the  men  have  been  untiring  in  their  efforts  to  make  the  most 
of  the  opportunity  that  the  survey  provided  of  obtaining  a  detailed 
knowledge  of  the  biota  of  the  region.  In  work  of  this  kind  the  actual 
number  of  specimens  obtained  means  little  as  a  measure  of  the  results 
obtained,  but  the  following  resume  of  the  collections  will  give  some 
idea  of  the  amount  of  data  secured: 

Insects— 15,000. 

Molluscs— 15,000. 

Crawfish — 84. 

Fish— 1,647.      - 

Amphibians  and  Reptiles — 352. 

Birds — 641  skins,  68  nests  and  eggs,  631  stomachs. 

Mammals— 69. 


INTRODUCTION.  15 

It  has  been  found  impossible  to  work  up  all  of  this  material  in  the 
present  report,  which  will,  therefore,  have  to  be  supplemented  from 
time  to  time  as  the  remaining  data  is  organized. 

In  carrying  on  this  investigation  the  Sm'vey  became  indebted  to  a 
number  of  persons  for  very  material  assistance.  The  camps  on  Sand 
Point  and  Stony  Island  were  secured  from  Messrs.  W.  H.  Wallace  and 
W.  J.  Orr  of  Saginaw,  and  Mr.  George  Clark,  Bad  Axe,  Michigan,  kindly 
provided  the  camp  used  for  a  time  at  Rush  Lake.  The  assistance  re- 
ceived in  the  identification  of  material  is  acknowledged  in  the  different 
papers. 

The  writer  wishes  to  acknowledge  his  personal  indebtedness  to  Prof. 
Jacob  Reighard,  University  of  Michigan,  and  to  Mr.  Bryant  Walker, 
Detroit,  for  many  helpful  suggestions  and  much  material  assistance. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  ENVIRONMENTAL  CONDITIONS  AND 

DISCUSSION  OF  THE  GEOGRAPHIC  RELATIONS 

OF  THE  BIOTA. 


BY  ALEXANDER   G.   RUTHVEN. 


LOCATION  AND  DESCRIPTIOX  OF  THE  SAND  DUNE  REGION. 

Topography. 

The  region  investigated  by  this  expedition  comprises  the  greater 
part  of  the  strip  of  sand  ridges  that  extends  along  the  south  shore  of 
Saginaw  Bay,  from  Hardwood  Point  to  Sand  Point,  "in  fact  at  intervals 
all  along  the  western  shore"  (Da\'is,  1900,  p.  40).  This  sand  area 
varies  from  about  three-fourths  to  one  and  one-half  miles  in  width 
and  consists  of  a  succession  of  sand  and  gravel  ridges  (in  general  parallel 
to  the  shore)  with  intervening  swales  and  swamps.  Beginning,  accord- 
ing to  Davis  (1900.  p.  56),  "at  the  north  extremity  of  the  county 
around  Point  Aux  Barciues,"  there  is  a  continuous  ridge  of  sand  hills, 
"which  continues  swinging  from  point  to  point,  like  draped  festoons, 
clear  to  the  southwest  edge  of  the  county.  Exceptionally  high  knobs 
rise  more  than  40  feet  above  lake  (620  A.  T.).  but  in  general  the  top 

of  the  ridge  is  a  little  above  30  feet  above  lake  level On  the 

landward  side  this  ridge  is  backed  by  extensive  swamps,  now  rapidly 
being  artificially  drained,  at  an  altitude  of  20  to  24  feet  above  lake 
(606  feet  A.  T.).  On  the  lake  side  we  find  series  of  sand  and  gravel 
beach  ridges,  interspersed  with  swamps.  Their  altitudes  are  quite 
various,  depending  somewhat  upon  how  far  the  ridges  pass  into  dune 
sand  aggregates.     There  are  in  places  at  least  four  or  five  strand  lines." 

^lany  of  the  ridges  are  low  and  composed  largely  of  gravel,  being 
very  evidently  old  beaches.  Others  consist  of  small  dunes  superim- 
posed upon  the  old  beaches,  and  two  are  high  ridges  of  pure  sand  that 
are  unmistakably  fossil  dunes.  Even  in  the  case  of  the  latter,  however, 
the  dunes  have  been  blown  up  on  an  old  beach  and  have  undergone 
little  subsecjuent  migration.  This  is  well  shown  where  blow-outs  cut 
them  to  the  base,  revealing  the  underlying  beach.  (Plate  III  b.)/ 
3 


18  SAND  DUNE  REGION  OF  SAGINAW  BAY. 

At  the  present  time  the  dunes  are  all  stationary,  even  the  newest 
ones  being  covered  by  vegetation.  From  Sand  Point  eastward,  of  the 
two  largest  ridges,  one — as  described  by  Davis — extends  along  the 
landward  or  southeastern  side  of  the  sand  area,  while  the  other  extends 
along  the  northwestern  side  following  the  present  beach  of  Saginaw 
Bay.  These  two  ridges  are  apparently  true  sand  dunes  (with  long 
windward  and  steep  leeward  slopes)  superimposed  upon  what  was  in 
times  past  in  the  case  of  the  southern  ridge,  or  is  now  in  the  case  of  the 
northern  one,  the  upper  beach  of  Saginaw  Bay. 

West  of  Caseville  the  inner  sand  ridge  curves  eastward,  swinging  back 
toward  the  shore  at  Bayport,  while  the  outer  one,  following  the  shore, 
curves  abruptly  to  the  west  and  is  continued  to  the  end  of  Sand  Point. 
The  base  of  the  Point  (the  area  lying  between  a  line  drawn  across  the 
Point  just  west  of  Orr  Lake  and  the  eastern  dune  ridge)  is  low  and 
swampy,  and  relieved  l)y  only  low  gravel  ridges.  These  angle  off 
from  the  outer  dune  ridge  and  parallel  the  eastern  one  in  a  general  way. 
On  the  Point  these  ridges  successively  bear  more  and  more  to  the  west- 
ward, crossing  it  in  a  direction  diagonal  to  its  length,  and  are  connected 
at  their  southern  ends  by  low  ridges  that  run  east  and  west.  From 
about  the  middle  to  the  end  of  the  Point  the  dune  ridges  are  higher, 
liut  have  about  the  same  arrangement  and  cross  the  Point  in  a  more 
north  and  south  direction.  Near  the  end  the  high  outer  dune  swings 
away  to  the  southwest  and  leaves  a  wide  sand  flat  (Plate  II  a),  re- 
placed at  the  very  end  by  a  bay  opening  to  the  west,  between  the 
dune  and  the  present  beach.  The  outer  side  of  this  bay  is  formed  by 
a  sand  bar  submerged  at  its  outer  end,  and  there  is  a  parallel  submerged 
bar  a  short  distance  ofT  shore  that  is  continued  far  out  in  the  bay. 
Toward  the  end  of  the  Point  the  transverse  ridges  are  connected  on  the 
south  side  by  a  single  ridge,  l5ut  toward  its  base  other  ridges  now 
intervene  between  the  present  beach  .and  the  one  joining  the  ends  of 
the  transverse  ridges,  and  still  another  is  being  formed  as  a  southeast- 
wardly  projecting  sand  spit.  Flats  similar  to  the  one  at  the  end  of 
Sand  Point  are  found  on  the  west  side  of  Hat  Point,  Oak  Point  (II  b) 
and  Little  Oak  Points  (Plate  III  a). 

The  topographic  conditions  briefly  outlined  above  may,  I  believe, 
be  interpreted  as  follows: 

1.  As  the  level  of  the  water  in  the  post-glacial  lakes  fell  low  enough 

to  uncover  the  sand  ridge  region,  the  sand  formed  by  the  com- 
minution of  the  exposed  rock  was  built  up  into  beaches  each  one 
of  which  represents  a  halt  in  the  fall  of  the  water  level. 

2.  In  the  longer  halts  opportunity  was  given  for  the  sand  l)lown  up  by 

the  winds  from  the  lieach  to  be  piled  into  dunes  on  the  upper 
beach. 


SAND  DUNE  REGION  OF  SAGINAW  BAY.  19 

3.  There  is  now  and  has  been  since  sometime  during  the  formation 

of  the  beaches  in  the  sand  region  a  westward  movement  of 
sand  along  this  coast  that  results  in  an  accumulation  be- 
hind (west  side)  the  points,  and  the  elongation  of  Sand  Point. 
That  this  is  taking  place  at  the  present  time  is  evidenced  ])y  the 
projecting  bars  behind  (west  side)  Oak,  Little  Oak  and  Hat  Points, 
and  at  the  end  of  Sand  Point.  That  Sand  Point  is  being  elongated 
is  shown  by  the  fact  that  the  present  beach  has  recently  (see  next) 
been  built  and  extends  well  out  into  the  water,  and  is  replaced  off 
shore  by  another  bar  that  extends  far  out  in  the  lake.  The  em- 
ployes of  the  W.  J.  Orr  Fish  Company  assert  that  within  the 
past  five  years  the  fishing  boats  have  been  compelled  to  keep 
farther  and  farther  out  in  rounding  the  Point,  and  this  com- 
pany has  even  added  flat-l)ottomed  boats  to  its  fleet  in  order 
that  they  may  stand  in  closer  to  shore.  Furthermore,  the 
logs  on  the  fossil  beach  (Plate  IV  a),  now  several  hundred 
yards  from  the  ])resent  l^each,  show  by  the  mill  marks  that  they 
were  cast  up  since  lumbering  operations  began  in  the  region. 
The  direction  of  all  the  ridges  composing  the  Point  shows  that 
practically  all  of  its  growth  has  been  in  this  way. 

4.  The  beaches  have  been  formed  by  the  elevation  above  water  (during 

storms)  of  the  off-shore  bars.     These  beaches  are  first  tied  to  the 

land  on  the  eastern  side  and  then  extended  westward.     This  is 

shown  in  the  flats  that  extend  westward  from  Hat,  Little  Oak 

and  Oak  Points  and  particularly  well  at  the  end  of  Sand  Point 

where  the  present  beach  swings  away  from  the  dunes  and  extends 

out  into  the  water  for  a  considerable  distance,  while  just  off  shore 

is  another  bar  covered  by  but  a  few  inches  of  water  and  extending 

far  out  into  the  lake.  That  the  last  abandoned  beach  was  along  the 

dunes  is  shown  by  the  drift  logs  strewn  along  the  foot  of  the  ridge, 

although  at  present  several  hundred  yards  from  the  water  (Plate 

IV   a).     These  beaches  on  Sand  Point  are  also  joined  with  the 

mainland  by  others  formed  by  a  return  drift  that  builds  them  to 

the  southward  as  sand  spits,  enclosing  lakes,  ponds,  marshes  or 

low  flats  between  the  main  ridges,  or,  in  the  case  of  those  just 

forming,  bays  that  will  become  enclosed  between  the  low  paralled 

ridges. 

The  only  areas  examined  outside  of  the  sand  region  were  the  islands 

in  Saginaw  Bay  and  the  clay  country  about  Rush  Lake.     The  latter 

region  needs  little  discussion,  as  it  was  not  worked  in  detail.     It  forms 

a  part  of  the  broad  flat  plain  intervening  between  the  high  land  of  the 

central  part  of  the  count}^  and  Saginaw  Bay.     It  is  mostly  cleared  and 

under  cultivation,  and  the  onlv  wooded  areas  examined  were  the  ex- 


20  SAND  DUNE  REGION  OF  SAGINAW  BAY. 

tensive  swamps  that  occur  all  along  the  inner  dune,  and  the  patches  of 
forest  that  extend  out  in  places  from  the  south  side  of  the  inner  dune 
ridge. 

Stony,  North  and  Katechay  Islands  lie  off  the  coast  at  Bayport. 
Stony  Island  was  worked  in  detail,  North  Island  to  some  extent,  but 
Katechay,  which  is  almost  entirely  a  swamp,  was  not  examined.  Stony 
Island  consists  of  a  rocky  elevation  (north  end)  and  a  series  of  low 
parallel  sand  ridges  that,  with  a  swamp  along  its  eastern  side,  forms  the 
long  point  on  the  south.  This  island  is  being  built  southward  by  the 
formation  of  sand  bars,  and  the  southern  end  is  very  much  like  the 
sand  region  on  the  mainland,  consisting  as  it  does  of  several  ridges 
with  intervening  swamps,  but  the  ridges  are  low.  The  large  marsh 
on  the  east  side  is  also  being  enclosed  on  the  east  by  a  sand  spit,  much 
like  Turtle  Bay  on  Sand  Point.  North  Island  is  also  characterized 
by  a  rocky  nucleus  and  is  apparently  being  built  up  to  the  southward, 
as  shown  by  the  sand  bar  running  across  to  Stony  Island.  The  Charity 
Islands  could  not  be  worked  in  detail  in  the  time  available,  only  a 
botanical  investigation  being  made  as  the  basis  for  future  work. 

General  Soil  Conditions. 

From  the  foregoing  discussion  it  will  be  seen  that  the  sand  region 
is  composed  of  a  series  of  roughly  parallel  ridges  •with,  intervening  lakes, 
ponds  or  swamps  as  the  case  maj'  be.  The  ridges  are  of  sand,  varying 
from  the  pure  sand  of  the  dunes  to  the  mixture  of  sand  and  beach 
gravel  in  the  lower  ridges.  The  swamps,  ponds  and  lakes  are  also 
apparently  floored  with  sand,  which  occasionally,  in  the  more  recent 
ones,  is  not  covered  as  yet  by  mud  or  peaty  deposits  (e.  g..  Long  Lake), 
although  in  the  older  ones  (Orr  Lake  and  Mud  Pond)  such  deposits  are 
present.  The  soil  of  the  main  parts  of  Stony  and  North  Islands  is  a 
shallow  stony  loam  covering  the  bed  rock;  that  of  the  southern  end 
of  Stony  Island  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  sand  region. 

Habitats. 

The  uniformit}^  in  the  topography  restricts  the  number  of  habitats, 
but  there  are  several  major  ones  plainly  indicated  by  the  vegetation. 
I  have  distinguished  the  following  groups  of  environic  conditions: 

Terrestrial  hahitots.  Aquatic  habitats. 

Sand  ridges.  Transient  ponds. 

Beach  of  Saginaw  Bay.  Permanent  ponds. 

Wooded  &-wamps.  -         Streams  and  artificial 
Mesophytic  woods.  ditches. 

Sedge  and  grass  swamps.  Saginaw  Bay. 


SAND  DUNE  REGION  OF  SAGINAW  BAY.  21 

The  habitat  distril^utioii  of  the  flora  and  fauna  has  been  considered 
more  or  less  completely  by  the  \mters  on  the  different  groups,  so  that 
all  that  will  be  attempted  here  is  a  brief  outUne  of  the  general  con- 
ditions. 

Sayid  Ridges:  This  habitat  comprises  the  dry  sand  ridges  and  grades 
down  into  the  swani])s  and  to  the  shore  of  Saginaw  Bay.  Most  of  the 
ridges  are  clothed  with  an  open  growth  of  oaks,  jack  pine,  large- 
toothed  aspen,  sand  cherry,  choke  cherry  and  wild  red  cherry,  with 
scattering  white  and  Norway  pines  and  a  ground  cover  of  such  forms 
as  black  huckleberry,  bearberry,  New  Jersey  tea,  hairy  puccoon,  winter- 
green,  golden-rod,  etc.  In  other  words  the  society  is  xerophytic. 
(Plate  IV  b) 

The  fauna  of  the  sand  ridges  is  less  characteristic  because  as  a  rule 
less  closely  associated  ^^dth  the  soil.  However,  certain  relations  are 
evident.-  The  numerous  forms,  such  as  myriapods,  snails,  l^eetle  larvae, 
earthworms  and  salamanders,  usually  found  in  the  humus  and  decaying 
logs  in  mesophytic  woods  are  nearly  entirely  absent  from  the  ridges 
but  are  better  represented  on  the  borders  of  the  swamps,  where  some 
humus  has  formed  under  the  deciduous  shrubs  and  trees.  The  absence 
of  these  forms  from  the  ridges  is  due  to  the  lack  of  humus  and  the 
fact  that  the  decaying  logs  are  usually  too  dry.  The  few  found  on  the 
ridges  were  nearly  always  in  or  under  the  logs.  On  the  other  hand, 
we  found  on  the  ridges  an  abundance  of  forms  not  usually  found  in  num- 
l)ers  in  mesophytic  woods.  Among  these  are  to  be  mentioned  the 
hog-nosed  snake,  grasshoppers,  ant-Hons,  cicadas,  the  mollusk,  Polygyra 
albolabris  maritima,  and  the  field  sparrow. 

Beach  of  Saginaw  Bay:  From  the  end  of  Sand  Point  eastward  the 
Ij.each  of  Saginaw  Bay  is  practically  pure  sand.  It  may  be  di^'ided 
into  two  parts — a  lower  washed  by  the  summer  waves  and  devoid 
of  vegetation,  and  an  upper  part  that  is  washed  by  the  winter  waves, 
strewn  with  logs  and  supporting  a  few  annual  plants  such  as  Cakile 
edulenta,  Arabis  lyrata,  and  Triglochin  palustris.  The  outer  dune 
arises  directly  from  the  beach  proper.  The  outer  face  of  this  dune 
is  covered  by  a  sparse  gro^^i:h  of  xeroph}i;ic  grasses  and  herbs  such  as 
Artemisia  caudata,  beach  pea,  Cirsium  pitcheri,  two  prominent  xero- 
phytic grasses,  Ammophila  arenaria  and  Calamovilfa  longifolia.  etc., 
and  the  top  by  the  vegetation  of  the  older  dunes  with  a  greater  pro- 
portion of  juneberry.  choke  cherr}',  Cornus  baileyi,  and  sand  cherry. 
The  trees  that  occur  l)oth  here  and  on  the  older  ridges  are  generally 
more  scrubby  in  this  habitat.     (Plates  I,  III  b.) 

The  fauna  of  this  group  of  habitats  is  ver\'  meager,  the  resident 
spotted  sandpiper  and  the  numerous  migrant  sandpipers  and  plovers 
are  characteristic  of  the  beach  proper,  and  also  generally  to  be  found 


22  SAND  DUNE  REGION  OF  SAGINAW  BAY. 

here  are  a  few  leopard  and  green  frogs,  deer  mouse  and  Baird's  field 
mouse,  but  as  a  whole  the  fauna  is  very  poor  owing  largely  to  the 
drifting  sand  that  soon  buries  the  logs.  Where  the  beach  is  partially 
protected  from  the  waves  by  off-shore  bars  and  is  thus  narrower,  the 
upper  part  is  damper  and  more  protected  from  shifting  sand.  Here  a 
few  sedges  and  certain  forms  such  as  various  snails  (see  Baker)  are 
found  among  the  logs.  The  characteristic  forms  of  the  dune  face  are 
the  grasshoppers  (see  ShuU). 

The  conditions  described  above  are  typical  of  the  beach  throughout 
most  of  the  region,  but  there  are  a  few  local  variations  that  should  be 
mentioned  here.  These  variations  are  associated  with  the  sand  flats 
that  are  being  formed  back  of  the  sand  bars  at  Hat,  Oak  and  Little 
Oak  Points,  and  at  the  end  of  Sand  Point.  These  flats  are  moist  sand 
and  support  a  sparse  vegetation  of  sedges,  Equisetuvi,  nodding  ladies 
tresses,  etc.,  and  where  broader  are  covered  with  clumps  of  willows, 
balsam-poplar,  and  occasionally  paper  birch.  (Plates  II,  -III  a.) 
There  is  apparently  no  characteristic  fauna  on  these  flats,  the  inhabi- 
tants being  the  beach  forms  plus  a  few  swamp  types  (e.  g.  Jefferson 
salamander,  leopard  frog,  cockroaches,  myriapods,  etc.)  and  in  the 
drver  places  with  some  from  the  ridges  (skink,  fox  snake  and  milk 

snake). 

When  these  flats  are  formed  or  when  an  off-shore  bar  has  become 
elevated  to  enclose  a  lagoon  (Plate  II  b),  the  older  beach  is  removed 
from  wave  action  and  becomes  a  fossil  beach.  The  best  fossil  beach 
was  found  at  the  end  of  Sand  Point,  and  was  so  recent  that  it  was  still 
strewn  with  logs  in  advanced  stages  of  decay  (Plate  TV  a).  The 
fauna  consists  of  the  upper  beach  forms  with  a  few  others  from  the 
sand  region  that  seem  to  find  particularly  favorable  conditions  here. 
The  conspicuous  forms  are:  Baird's  mouse,  deer  mouse,  skink,  fox 
snake  and  milk  snake,  and  a  number  of  invertebrates  (such  as  cock- 
roaches,  myriapods  and    snails)  that  are  usually  found    in  decaying 

logs. 

Wooded  Sivamps:  The  habitats  grouped  here  vary  greatly.  In 
one  direction  they  grade  into  the  grass  marshes,  in  another  into  the 
low  sand  flats  that  occur  between  the  ridges  when  the  elevation  is 
somewhat  higher,  and  in  still  another  into  the  mesophytic  forest.  The 
flora  of  the  typical  swamps  of  the  wetter  type  in  the  sand  region  con- 
sists principally  of  a  groA^ih  of  swamp  white  oak,  black  ash,  red  maple, 
arbor  vitae,  yellow  birch  and  a  number  of  ferns  and  mosses.  As  these 
swamps  approach  those  of  the  grassy  type  they  become  mixed  with 
willows,  alder  (.4.  incana),  dogwoods,  and  cottonwood.  While  in  the 
hio-her  swales  the  American  aspen,  paper  birch,  balsam-poplar,  etc., 
become  predominant. 


SAND  DUNE  REGION  OF  SAGINAW  BAY.  23 

In  the  wooded  swamps  the  fauna  consists  chiefly  of  the  forms  usually 
found  in  mesophytic  forests.  To  be  mentioned  are,  the  greater 
abundance  of  the  invertebrates  that  inhabit  humus  and  decaying  logs, 
e.  g.  many  gasteropods  (see  Baker)  and.  among  vertebrates,  the  sala- 
manders,. Amhystoma  jeffersonianum  antl  Plethodon  cincreus.  Other 
characteristic  forms  are  the  wood  frog,  common  tree  toad,  whippoor- 
will.  ovenbird,  redstart,  and  the  American  hare. 

We  found  no  typical  bogs  within  the  sand  region  projicr,  douljtless 
because  the  porous  soil  provides  too  perfect  drainage.  That  the  con- 
ditions in  some  of  the  swamps  are  somewhat  bog-like  is  shown  In-  the 
presence  of  occasional  tamaracks  and  black  spruces,  but  these  nowhere 
dominate  the  vegetation,  as  they  do  in  the  bogs  of  the  clay  country. 
At  Rush  Lake  several  typical  bogs  occur  on  the  east  side  of  the  inner 
dune  ridge  and  form  islands  in  the  lake  itself.  These  support  the 
plants  characteristic  of  such  conditions,  e.  g.,  tamarack,  black  spruce, 
Cassandra,  Labrador  tea,  pitcher  plant,  etc.  The  fauna  was  not  studied 
in  detail. 

Mesophytic  Woods:  The  typical  mesophytic  forest  of  this  part  of 
the  state  was  found  in  the  sand  region  proper  only  on  low  ridges  of 
considerable  age,  e.  g.,  at  the  base  of  Sand  Point  and  along  the  south 
side  of  the  inner  dune  ridge  where  it  has  encroached  to  some  extent 
upon  the  ridge  from  the  clay  country.  On  Stony  and  North  Islands 
the  high  land  is  clothed  with  mesophytic  types.  The  conspicuous 
plants  of  this  formation  are  sugar  maple,  basswood,  beech,  ironwood, 
butternut,  shag-bark  hickory,  mountain  maple,  prickly  ash  and 
spikenard  with  a  few  hemlocks  and  balsam  firs. 

Here  is  found  a  good  development  of  the  ground  fauna  found  in  such 
conditions.  Characteristic  forms  are:  Shield-backed  locust,  Plethodon 
cinereus,  myriapods,  cockroaches,  and  many  gasteropods  (see  Baker). 
The  other  forms  found  here  are  those  mentioned  as  characteristic  of 
the  wooded  swamps — ovenbird,  redstart,  whippoorwill,  etc. 

Sedge  and  Grass  Swamps:  The  swamps  in  which  grasses  and  sedges 
predominate  are  usually  found  in  the  swales  and  about  the  ponds.  They 
are  all  small,  with  the  exception  of  a  rather  large  area  on  the  l)ase  of 
Sand  Point  and  the  wet  marsh  on  the  south  end  of  Stony  Island.  (Plates 
V,  VI,  VII,  VIII  a,  XII  a.)  The  vegetation  consists  of  various  grasses 
and  sedges,  with  clumps  of  willows,  poison  sumac  and  Roso  Carolina. 
Characteristic  animals  are:  a  number  of  snails  (see  Baker),  swamp 
tree-frog,  leopard  frog,  ribbon  and  garter  snakes,  green  snake,  rattle- 
snake, American  bittern,  sora  rail,  Virginia  rail,  red-winged  blackbird, 
swamp  sparrow,  long-billed  marsh  wren  and  yellow  warbler. 

Transient  Ponds:  In  the  sand  region  there  are  a  large  number  of 
shallow  depressions  that  contain  water  only  for  a  part  of  the  year. 


18554'^ 


24  SAND  DUNE  REGION  OF  SAGINAW  BAY. 

These  temporary  ponds  maj'  or  may  not  l^e  filled  with  grasses  and  sedges. 
In  the  former  case,  upon  drying  up  in  the  summer,  small  grassy  areas 
are  left,  and  in  the  latter  expanses  of  drying  mud.  These  ponds  mostly 
harbor  forms  (a)  that  have  aquatic  larval  stages  that  are  passed  before 
the  ponds  vanish  (e.  g..  frogs,  tree  frogs  and  salamanders),  or  (b)  that 
may  aestivate  (a  number  of  gasteropods),  but  some  truly  aquatic  forms 
annually  get  into  them  that  either  migrate  or  are  killed  by  the  dning-up. 
For  example,  turtles  and  water  snakes  are  occasionally  found  in  these 
and  the  bugs  Xotonectidae  and  Belostoma  were  found  dying  in  the 
beds  of  dried-up  ponds  in  July.  The  beds  of  the  transient  ponds  that 
are  not  filled  with  grasses  and  sedges  furnish  feeding  grounds  for  several 
sandpipers  and  plovers — the  greater  yellow-legs,  least  sandpiper,  and 
semipalmated  plover  were  observed. 

Permanent  Ponds:  There  are  also  many  bodies  of  water  in  the  sand 
region  that  do  not  usually  drA^  up  in  the  summer.  Those  studied  in 
detail  are,  Orr  Lake,  Mud  Pond,  and  Long  Lake,  all  on  Sand  Point. 
.The  two  former  are  deep  ponds,  with  a  bottom  of  mud  and  peat  and  a 
rich  aquatic  vegetation.  The  animals  collected  in  them  were  such  pond 
forms  as  Planorhis  cainpanulatus,  P.  exacuous  and  Segmentina  crass- 
ilahris,  and  Rana  clamitans.  Another  small  one  investigated  had  the 
following  fish:  bullhead,  tad-pole  stone  cat  and  mud  minnow. 

Long  Lake  is  a  long  narrow  lake  l^ack  (south)  of  the  first  dune  at  the 
end  and  north  side  of  Sand  Point.  It  is  very  shallow,  nowhere  attain- 
ing a  depth  of  over  two  or  three  feet.  The  bottom  is  sand,  and  there 
is  not  an  abundant  flora  except  at  the  east  end  where  the  bottom  is 
peaty.  Much  of  the  bottom  is  bare,  but  there  is  a  sparse  gro-«i;h  of 
rushes  about  the  shore,  a  few  large  patches  of  a  very  short  chara,  and 
small  patches  of  water-lilies.  At  the  ends  there  is  a  slight  deposit 
of  peaty  material,  and  there  the  aquatic  vegetation  is  much  better 
developed.     (Plates  XII,  XIII  a.) 

There  are  no  fish  in  the  lake.  The  reptiles  and  amphibians  are 
represented  by  the  painted  turtle,  Blanding  turtle,  and  the  red  nevrt, 
and  such  marginal  forms  as  the  water  snake  and  green  frog.  ]\Iany 
tadpoles  of  the  latter  are  found  in  the  lake,  and  there  is  an  abundance 
of  such  invertebrates  as  Xotonectidae,  dragon-fly  larvae,  etc.  The 
shells  found  here  are  listed  by  Baker. 

On  the  south  end  of  Stony  Island  there  are  three  ponds  (Plate  "\'III  b) 
that  have  apparently  been  formed  much  as  the  lagoon  ponds  in  the 
sand  region,  and  the  fauna  is  about  the  same.  The  painted  turtle. 
Blanding  tm'tle,  red  newt,  dragon-fly  larvae  and  numerous  shells  were 
collected. 

Rush  Lake,  by  far  the  largest  body  of  water  in  this  region,  is  outside 
of  the  sand  region  proper.     It  is  a  part  of  the  series  of  swamps  that 


SAND  DUNE  REGION  OF  SAGINAW  BAY.  25 

occur  along  the  landward  side  of  the  inner  dune  ridge.  It  is  about 
two  and  one-half  miles  long  by  one  mile  wide.  The  bottom  consists 
of  deep  deposits  of  peat  and  marl,  and  the  depth  of  water  is,  in  summer, 
but  a  few  inches  over  most  of  the  lake,  although  along  the  north  side 
of  the  middle  there  is  a  channel  from  three  to  five  feet  deep.  There  is  a 
rich  aquatic  vegetation,  consisting  mostly  of  pond  weeds,  over  most  of 
the  bottom.  The  plants  whose  stems  and  leaves  mostly  float  upon,  or  are 
often  tlirust  above  the  water,  grow  in  patches.  These  patches  we 
found  to  consist  of  such  forms  as  potamogetons,  pickerel-weed,  tape- 
grass,  water-shield,  bur-reed  (Sparganium  eurycarpum),  pond-lilies, 
great  bulrush,  etc.  In  places  the  peat  has  been  l^uilt  up  so  that  it  \nll 
support  bog  plants,  and  bog-islands  have  been  formed  "with  a  flora 
the  same  as  in  the  tamarack  swamps  about  the  margin  of  the  lake. 
(Plates  IX,  X  a.) 

The  aquatic  invertebrate  collections  of  Rush  Lake  have  not  been 
studied,  with  the  exception  of  the  mollusks.  The  painted  tm-tle  and 
bull  frog  were  found  here,  and  the  following  fish:  yellow  catfish,  long- 
jawed  catfish,  blunt-nosed  minnow,  golden  shiner,  Cayuga  minnow, 
grass  pike,  sun  fish,  perch,  and  spindle  darter. 

Streams:  The  Pigeon  River  was  the  only  stream  studied  that  heads 
back  in  the  "hill  district"  of  the  central  part  of  the  county.  Flowing 
across  the  intervening  plain  it  enters  the  sand  region  and  empties  into 
Saginaw  Bay  at  Caseville.  As  it  crosses  the  plain  district  it  is  little 
more  than  a  meandering  creek,  with  a  bottom  of  clay  and  gravel.  After 
entering  the  sand  region  it  becomes  much  more  winding,  as  it  is  nearly 
at  base  level.  It  also  becomes  wider  and  deeper  (up  to  six  feet)  which 
with  the  feeble  current  permits  a  rich  growth  of  aquatic  plants.  (Plates 

X  b,  XI  b.) 

Within  the  sand  region  (at  Caseville)  the  river  is  a  sluggish  meandering 
stream  ^\ith  a  mud  bottom,  and  considerable  aquatic  vegetation  in 
places.     One  of  the  curves  has  been  cut  off  as  an  ox-bow  pond.     (Plate 

XI  a.)  The  conditions  in  this  pond  apparently  differ  little  from  those 
of  the  river  except  that  the  quiet  water  permits  a  greater  development 
of  vegetation.  Zones  of  rushes  surround  it  and  beds  of  yellow  and 
white  waterlilies  and  Sparganium  eurycarpum  occur  in  the  open  water. 

The  only  animal  groups  studied  in  these  habitats  were  the  fish  and 
mollusks.  The  fish  found  in  the  river  are:  dog-fish,  yellow  catfish, 
black  bullhead,  common  sucker,  mullet,  silver  fin  (one  specimen), 
grass  pike,  calico  bass,  rock  bass,  sun-fish,  black  bass,  large-mouthed 
black  bass,  wall-eyed  pike,  perch,  log  perch,  black-sided  darter,  Iowa 
darter,  and  spindle  darter.  Those  found  in  the  ox-bow  pond  are: 
bullhead,  golden  shiner,  red-fin  dace,  little  pickerel,  grass  pike,  rock 
bass,  and  large-mouthed  black  bass. 


26  SAND  DUNE  REGION  OF  SAGINAW  BAY. 

Mud  Creek,  located  in  Caseville  Township  and  emptying  into  Wild 
Fowl  Bay  just  west  of  the  base  of  Sand  Point,  is  the  only  stream  in  the 
region  studied  that  does  not  head  in  the  "hill  district."  It  is  nothing 
more  than  a  small  creek  that  flows  for  most  of  its  length  through  the 
clay  country,  and  is  very  sluggish  in  the  sand  region.  It  was  only 
studied  near  its  mouth  where  the  following  species  of  fish  were  taken: 
Lepisosteus  osseous,  Ameiurus  vulgaris,  A.  melas,  Pimephales  notatus, 
Semotilus  atromaculatus,  Notropis  cayuga,  Umhra  lima,  Amhloplites 
rupestris,  Micropterus  salmoides,  Perca  flavescens. 

Saginaw  Bay:  About  Sand  Point  and  all  along  the  coast  to  the  east 
the  bottom  of  Saginaw  Bay  is  sand,  except  at  Oak  and  Hat  Points. 
(Plate  I  a.)  This  sand  is  practically  devoid  of  pebbles  and  forms  a  clean 
hard  bottom  out  to  considerable  depths.  Except  for  the  fish,  the 
biota  of  the  margin  of  the  httoral  zone  only  was  studied.  The  shallow 
water  part  of  this  zone  is  nearly  everywhere  devoid  of  vegetation,  owing 
to  the  shifting  nature  of  the  substratum  and  the  action  of  the  surf. 
The  animal  life  is  also  very  meager  for  the  same  reasons.  The  fish 
taken  in  this  habitat  are:  common  sucker,  spawn-eater,  red-fin  dace, 
red-fronted  minnow,  trout-perch,  rock  bass,  wall-eyed  pike,  perch, 
log  perch,  black-sided  darter,  spindle  darter  and  miller's  thumb  (one 
specimen).  No  bottom  forms  were  found  until  the  deep  littoral  zone 
was  reached.    For  the  mollusks  of  the  deeper  part  of  this  zone  see  Baker. 

The  north  shore  of  Stony  Island  is  rocky  (Plate  XIV) ;  at  Oak  Point 
there  are  large  rocks  off  shore,  and  at  Hat  Point  the  bed  rock  forms 
a  cliff  and  a  small  high  island  off  shore.  The  rocks  at  these  points  are 
covered  with  a  coating  of  algae  and  in  the  crevices  there  may  be  a 
scattered  growth  of  the  rush,  Scirpus  atnericanus.  Here,  as  pointed 
out  by  Baker,  are  to  be  found  the  univalve  mollusks  with  large  feet — 
Physa,  ancillaria  tnagnalacustris,  Lymnaea  emarginata  ontarioensis 
and  Goniohasis  livescens.     Leeches  were  also  found  here. 

Where  the  bars  are  being  elevated  above  the  water,  e.  g.,  on  the  west 
side  of  Oak  Point,  the  end  of  Sand  Point  and  the  south  side  of  the 
base  of  Sand  Point,  shallow  bays  are  being  formed.  Those  in  the  first 
two  places  mentioned  are  shallow  and  floored  with  sand  both  for  the 
reason  that  the  drift  is  great  along  this  shore  and  much  sand  is  washed 
into  them  before  they  become  separated  from  the  bay  and  also  because 
a  large  amount  of  sand  is  blown  into  them  after  the  barrier  beach  has 
been  raised  above  the  surface  of  the  water.  In  general  it  may  be  said 
that  the  substratum  of  sand  here,  as  on  the  beach,  is  an  unfavorable 
factor,  and  the  elimination  of  the  wave  action  a  favorable  condition, 
the  two  partially  offsetting  each  other.  Thus  the  vegetation  is  sparse 
(mostly  sedges)  but  better  represented  than  off  the  exposed  beaches. 
Even  before  the  barrier  beach  has  been  elevated  above  water  its  in- 


SAND  DUNE  REGION  OF  SAGINAW  BAY.  27 

fiuence  in  checking  the  force  of  the  waves  is  shown  by  a  narrower 
lower  beach  and  the  presence  of  a  Httoral  zone  of  sedges,  as  at  the 
end  of  Sand  Point.  That  the  fauna  also  responds  to  these  conditions 
is  shown  b\'  the  abundance  of  clams  (see  Baker)  on  and  between  the 
bars  and  in  the  lagoons,  and  a  muskrat  house  on  the  bar  at  the  end  of 
Sand  Point. 

The  bay  (Turtle  Bay)  on  the  south  shore  of  Sand  Point  differs  from 
those  just  mentioned  in  being  itself  at  the  head  of  a  bay  (Wild  Fowl 
Bay)  and  thus  protected  from  severe  wave  action.  (Plate  VII  b, 
XlII  b.)  The  beach  of  the  sand  spit  that  is  enclosing  this  body  of  water 
is  narrow,  and  the  marginal  rushes  and  sedges  are  rather  well  repre- 
sented. In  the  bay  itself  there  is  a  deposit  of  mud  and  a  rich  aquatic 
flora  and  fauna.  The  animals  found  here  are:  snapping  turtle 
(abundant),  painted  turtle,  Blanding  turtle,  dog-fish,  gar  pike,  long- 
jawed  catfish,  bullhead,  Mississippi  catfish,  mullet,  golden  shiner, 
grass  pike,  calico  bass,  rock  bass,  sun  fish,  large-mouthed  black  bass, 
perch,  log  perch,  Iowa  darter,  spindle  darter,  wood  duck,  black  duck, 
and  other  more  or  less  aquatic  birds. 


THE  GEOGRAPHIC  RELATIONS  OF  THE  TERRESTRIAL  FLORA  AND 
VERTEBRATE  FAUNA  OF  THE  SAND  DUNE  REGION. 

As  previously  stated,  the  main  reason  for  selecting  this  region  for 
study  was  to  determine,  if  possible,  the  effect  upon  the  biota  of  the 
slightly  more  equable  climate  that  this  coast  is  supposed  to  have. 
It  has  become  evident  upon  a  study  of  the  material  and  the  literature 
that  this  question  cannot  be  definitely  answered  as  yet,  owing  princi- 
pally to  our  lack  of  knowledge  of  the  biota  of  other  parts  of  the  state. 
For  this  reason  it  has  been  made  the  first  aim  of  this  report  to  present 
the  conditions  in  the  region  studied  so  that  the  data  may  be  available 
for  future  comparison  when  more  work  has  been  done  in  the  interior 
of  the  state.  There  are,  however,  a  few  conclusions  concerning  the 
geographic  distribution  of  some  of  the  forms  in  the  region  that  seem  to 
be  warranted. 

Before  taking  up  the  discussion  of  the  affinities  of  the  terrestrial 
fauna  of  the  sand  region  the  general  geographic  conditions  in  southern 
Michigan  should  be  briefly  outlined.  In  the  first  place,  there  are  no 
physiographic  barriers  to  migration,  as  there  are  no  high  elevations, 
large  streams,  etc.,  so  that  as  far  as  this  factor  is  concerned  there  seems 
to  be  no  reason  why  any  form  cannot  range  over  practically  the  entire 
area  if  favorable  habitats  can  be  found.  This  peninsula,  however, 
extends  through  four  degrees  of  latitude,  and  furthermore,  as  is  well 


28  SAND  DUNE  REGION  OF  SAGINAW  BAY. 

known,  constitutes  an  area  of  transition  betueen  a  northern  biota 
found  mostly  north  of  Lake  Superior,  and  a  southern  one  that  is 
characteristic  of  Indiana,  Ohio  and  Kentucky.  This  subject  need  not 
be  discussed  in  detail  here,  but  it  should  be  pointed  out  that  there  are 
great  differences  in  the  extent  to  which  different  northern  forms  push 
southward  and  southern  forms  northward  in  southern  Michigan,  and 
that  the  determining  factors  are  the  climate  and  the  constitution  and 
habits  of  the  organism. 

Climate. 

The  climate  of  the  sand  region  may  be  described  briefly  as  follows: 

Precipitation:  Jefferson  *  has  shown  that  the  "'thumb''  of  Michigan 
is  characterized  by  a  decidedly  light  pi-ecipitation  as  compared  with 
the  rest  of  the  lower  peninsula.  The  rainfall  over  the  greater  part 
of  southern  Michigan  is  between  30  and  35  inches.  On  the  west  coast, 
north  and  south  of  the  Saginaw-Grand  Valley  and  in  a  few  places  in 
the  interior  the  precipitation  is  increased  to  35-40  inches,  and  two 
localities  in  the  northwestern  and  southwestern  parts  have  a  rainfall 
of  over  40  inches,  but  the  greater  part  of  the  lower  peninsula  has  a 
precipitation  of  30-35  inches.  There  are  two  areas  that  have  a  rainfall 
of  less  than  30  inches.  One  of  the  latter  is  a  small  area  northwest  of 
Detroit,  the  other  is  the  "thumb",  lying  between  Saginaw  Ba}'  and 
Lake  Hm-on. 

The  decrease  in  the  precipitation  in  this  region  would  itself  probably 
be  too  slight  to  affect  the  facies  of  the  biota,  but  the  effect  it  may  be 
expected  to  have  is,  in  the  sand  region,  added  to  those  due  to  the 
sandy  soil  thus  increasing  the  general  aridity  of  the  conditions. 

Temperature.  Winchell  f  long  ago  pointed  out  that  the  southern 
peninsula  of  Michigan  has  a  much  more  ec^uable  temperatm'e  than  the 
states  to  the  south  and  west.  Owing  to  the  prevailing  westerly  winds 
and  the  presence  of  a  large  body  of  water  on  either  side,  the  winters 
are  milder,  and  while  the  summers  are  cooler  the  possibilities  of  early 
and  late  frosts  are  much  less  than  in  the  region  to  the  west  of  the  lakes. 
This  influence  is  felt  throughout  southern  Michigan  but  is  much  more 
noticeable  along  the  coasts,  particularly  along  the  west  coast.  How- 
ever, it  is  not  much  less  along  the  east  than  along  the  west  coast  of  the 
state,  owing  to  the  fact  that,  although  the  prevailing  winds  are  westerly. 


*Eighth  Ann.  Rept.  Mich.  Acad.  Sci.,  78-97. 

tHarpers  Monthly,  XLIII  (1871),  pp.  275-285. 

Other  references  on  tliis  subject  are:  Winchell,  Sparks  from  a  Geologist's  Hammer,  pp, 
200-23Z;  The  Grnjid  Traverse  Region.  Proc.  Amer.  Assn.  Adv.  Sci..  1866.  PP-  84-89,  1870.  pp. 
106-117:  Rept.  Geol.  Surv.  Mich..  1871;  Walling' s  Atlas  of  Michigan.  IS7S:  Zeitsch  der  Osterrcich. 
Gef.  fur  Meteor..  VII,  p.  351.  VIII,  40:  Anv.  Rept.  State  Hort.  Soc.  (Mich.),  1880;  Michigan 
(1873).  McCracken.  The  State  of  Michigan  (1876).  Lyster,  Sixth  Ann.  Rept.  Sec.  St.  Board  of 
Health  of  Mich.,   pp.   167-250. 


SAND  DUNE  REGION  OF  SAGINAW  BAY. 


29 


Saginaw  Bay  and  the  westward  bend  of  Lake  Huron  exert  some  in- 
fluence upon  the  western  shores  of  the  lake. 

Although  Winchell  states  (pp.  282-283)  that  the  mean  annual  tem- 
perature is  also  slightly  higher  along  the  west  coast  of  Michigan  than  on 
corresponding  latitudes  west  of  Lake  Michigan,  the  annual  mean  in 
Huron  County  (as  shown  by  Da\is)  is  practically  the  same  as  obtains  at 
points  on  corresponding  parallels  on  the  great  plains  so  that  in  this  re- 
gion the  lakes  operate  principally  to  check  oscillations  and  extreme  va- 
iations.  As  said  above,  just  what  effect  the  more  ecjuable  temperature 
of  this  coast  has  upon  the  fauna  and  flora  cannot  be  determined  until 
the  fauna  of  the  remainder  of  Huron  County  and  the  interior  of  the 
state  has  been  worked  in  much  greater  detail.  That  we  may  expect 
more  southern  forms  than  occur  in  the  interior  seems  to  be  shown 
by  the  biota  of  the  west  coast,  where  the  flora  at  least  is  decidedly  more 
southern  than  in  the  interior  at  a  given  latitude.* 

It  should  be  pointed  out,  also,  that  within  the  sand  region  on  this 
coast  peculiar  local  conditions  prevail,  for  the  sparse  vegetation  and 
consequent  exposure,  and  the  rapidity  with  which  the  sand  heats  up 
acts  to  produce  higher  summer  temperatures.  That  this  is  true  for 
our  region  is  shown  by  a  comparison  of  our  temperature  records  for 
July  with  the  corresponding  records  for  Hayes  (in   the  clay  country). 


Station. 

High- 
est. 

Date. 

Lowest. 

Date. 

Mean. 

AverE  gc 
daily 
range. 

Greatest 
daily 
range. 

^Hayes    

,95a 
103a 
113c 

11 

11 

11,30 

45a 
53a 

48c 

16,  17 
16,  24-5 
16c, 

70.0 

75.  Sa 
76.9c 

23.1a 
23.3a 
33.2c 

33a 

=Sand  Point  (T\"oods) . . 
^Sand  Point  (Beach) .  . 

34  a 
47 

'These  records  are  taken  from  the  July  report  of  the  Michigan  Section  of  the  chmatological 
service  of  the  Weather  Bureau,  and  may  be  taken  as  representative  of  the  conditions  in  the 
clay  country  adjacent  to  the  sand  region.  Letters  represent  number  of  days  for  which  reccids 
are  wanting. 

^Records  secured  by  this  expedition.  Thermometer  placed  in  the  woods  and  sheltered 
from  the  sun.     These  records  are  comparable  with  those  of  Hayes. ' 

^Records  secured  by  this  expedition.  Thermometer  fully  exposed  to  the  sun  on  the 
•  north  beach. 

Of  the  temperature  conditions  the  most  important  from  the  stand- 
point of  the  plants  and  animals  are  undoubtedly  the  checking  of  extreme 
oscillations  and  the  higher  summer  temperatm-e.  Considering  then 
the  physical  conditions  discussed  we  may  group  them  on  the  basis 
of  their  effects  as  follows: 


*Beal,  W.  J.,  Michigan  Flora,     Fifth  Ann.  Rept.  Mich,  Acad.  Sci.  (1903),  p.  20. 


30 


SAND  DUNE  REGION  OF  SAGINAW  BAY. 


Dominant 

Favorable  to 

Unfavorable  to 

Not    strongly 
effective  in 

Not  effective  in 
the  case  of 

conditions. 

the  case  of 

Relativelysmall 

Upland  plants 

Upland  plants 

Lowland 

Animals  and 

H 

precipitation 

and  animals 

and  animals 

plants  and 

plants  living 

o 
o 

and  sandy 

adapted  to 

adapted  to  meso- 

animals. 

in  bogs  and 

a 

soil. 

xerophytic 

phytic  condi- 

lowest 

o' 

conditions. 

tions. 

swamps  and 
on  sheltered 
rock  cliffs. 

Higher  summer 

Southern  up- 

Northern up- 

3" 
C5 

temperature. 

land  and  low- 

land and  low- 

Animals and 

<S 

land  plants 

land  plants  and 

plants  living 

S3 

and  animals. 

animals. 

in  bogs    and 

lowest 
swamps  and 
on  sheltered 
rock  cliffs. 

E 

d 
■-1 

Absence  of 

Southern 

Northern 

3 
O 

early  and  late 

plants  and 

plants  and 

►1 

frosts. 

probably  to 
some  extent 
southern 
animals. 

animals. 

1 

Local    and    General    Distribution    of    the    Biota. 


In  examining  the  above  table  account  should  be  taken  of  the  intensity 
of  the  environic  conditions.  If  this  is  done  the  table  expresses  the 
actual  conditions  which  are  as  follows: 

(1)  The  sand  ridges  support  a  fauna  and  flora  composed  principally 
of  those  forms  that  are  adapted  to  xerophytic  conditions  in  this  latitude. 

(2)  The  swales  support  the  mesophytic  forms  of  the  region. 

(3)  The  bogs  are  dominated  by  distinctly  northern  forms,  which  are 
also  present  on  shaded  rock  cliffs. 

(4)  There  are  very  few  decidedly  southern  forms  in  the  biota,  and 
of  those  that  occur  here  some  are  found  on  the  ridges  and  some  in  the 
lowland  habitats. 

This  is  shown  in  the  following  analysis  of  the  fauna  and  flora. 
The  more  distinctly  northern  and  southern  forms  in  each  group  are 
in  bold-faced  type. 

1.  Forms  that  range  widely  over  eastern  North  America  both  to  the 
north  and  south  of  Michigan,  e.  g.,  the  pied-billed  grebe,  wood  duck, 
great  blue  heron,  spotted  sandpiper,  kingfisher,  robin,  leopard. frog, 
American  toad,  green  frog,  and  a  great  many  plants  that  do  not  need 
to  be  enumerated. 

2.  Southern  forms  that  in  Michigan  extend  considerably  north  of  this 
latitude,  e.  g.,  American  beech,  white  oak,  bur  oak,  swamp  white  oak, 


SAND  DUNE  REGION  OF  SAGINAW  BAY.  31 

long-billed  marsh  wren,  rose-breasted  grosl)eak,  catl)ird,  woodchuck, 
bluebird,  chewink.  red-headed  woodpecker,  fox  snake,  red-bellied 
snake,  common  garter-snake,  brown  snake,  red  squirrel,  and  chip- 
munk. 

3.  Northern  forms  that  in  Michigan  extend  considerably  south  of 
this  latitude,  e.  g.,  sora  rail,  Virginia  rail,  swamp  sparrow,  swamp 
fly  honeysuckle,  tamarack,  pitcher  plant,  cassandra,  Labrador  tea, 
Caml^ridge  frog,  arbor  vitae,  yellow  birch,  chestnut-sided  warbler, 
Wilson  thrush,    chickadee,    porcupine. 

4.  Southern  forms  that  in  Michigan  are  known  to  extend  little  if 
any  north  of  this  latitude,  e.  g.,  Carolina  wren,  -  Butler's  garter- 
snake,  -  wood  reed  grass,  ■  butternut,  ^  black  walnut.  -  shag-bark 
hickory,  -  Carya  microcarpn .  ^  yellow-barked  oak,  -  scarlet  oak.  ^  spice 
bush, }  American  crab,  ^sassafras, '  hog-nosed  snake,  'blue-tailed  skink  ', 
ribbon  snake.  ^ '  ^ 

5.  Northern  forms  that  in  Michigan  are  known  to  breed  little  if  any 
south  of  this  latitude,  e.g.,  American  hare,  ■ '  ^  blackburnian  warbler,  ^ " ' 
black-throated  green  warbler,  *  American  yew,  ^  balsam  fir,  -  hemlock,  ^ 
black  spruce,  ^ '  *  Norway  pine,  -  Clintonia  horealis,  *  swamp  red  currant,  * 
sessile-leaved  twisted  stock,  *  false  miterwort.  *  Polypodium  vulgare,  ^ 
Phegopteris  polypodiales,  ^  Woodsia  obtusa, '  Lyco'podium  cotnplana- 
tum,  ^  jack  pine,  '  common  hair  grass,  '  Agropyron  dasystachum,  ' 
Cyperus  houghtoni,  ^  Ceanothus  ovatus,  Amelanchier  spicata,  ^  Salix  glau- 
cophylla,  ^  Hahenana  hookeri, '  sweet  fern,  '  Hieracium  umbellatum, ' 
Linaria  canadensis.  ' 

I  believe  that  we  may  safely  conclude  that  the  environic  conditions 
along  this  coast  of  Michigan  while  permitting  a  few  southern  forms 
are  not  favorable  to  the  intrusion  of  a  large  number.  On  the  other 
hand,  it  seems  as  if  they  do  permit  a  more  northern  extension  of  range 
on  the  part  of  a  few  of  the  forms  that  find  their  northern  limit  in 
the  interior  of  the  state  farther  to  the  southward.  However,  more 
data  on  the  fauna  and  flora  of  the  interior  of  the  state  must  be 
obtained  before  the  extent  of  the  influence  of  the  variations  in  climate 
upon  the  distribution  of  the  forms  can  be  ascertained. 

LITERATURE. 

The  literature  on  this  region  is  meager.  There  are  a  number  of 
references  to  the  geology  (see  Lane,  1900.  p.  2  et  seq.),  but  the  only 
observations   that  I  have   been  able  to  find  on  the  natural    historv. 


^Inhabiting  sand  ridges. 
^Inliabiting  drained  swamps  or  lov\'  ground. 
^Inhabiting  shaded  rock  cliffs. 
^Inhabiting  bogs. 


32  SAND  DUNE  REGION  OF  SAGINAW  BAY. 

including  archeology,  are  those  of  Schoolcraft,  Miles,  Lane,  Davis, 
Thomas,  and  Smith. 

In  1820,  Schoolcraft  (1855)  traversed  this  coast  from  Pointe-  aux 
Barc^ues  to  Oak  Point  (Point  aux  Chenes),  crossing  the  bay  at  this 
place.  He  describes  briefly  the  topography  and  vegetation  of  the 
sand  ridges  (p.  54). 

In  1859,  Dr.  Manly  Miles  (1861,  pp.  22-23)  ''who  had  beeil  designated 
to  take  special  charge  of  the  department  of  zoology  [^lichigan  Geolo- 
gical Survey]  descended  the  Saginaw  River  to  its  mouth,  in  company 
with  a  young  man  who  was  subsequently  employed  during  the  season 
as  taxidermist  and  general  assistant."  Although  the  region  explored 
by  Miles  on  this  trip  is  far  removed  from  the  area  worked  by  us,  it  is 
necessary  to  call  attention  to  this  expedition  for  many  of  the  records, 
published  in  the  lists  after  the  work  of  the  following  year  on  the  coast 
farther  eastward,  are  given  as  "\dcinity  of  Saginaw  Bay"  or  "Saginaw 
Bay"  so  there  is  no  way  of  determining  just  where  the  species  was 
observed. 

In  1860,  A.  Winchell,  Miles,  White,  and  N.  H.  ^Yinchell  (botanical 
assistant)  explored  "the  whole  coast  from  the  mouth  of  the  Saginaw 
River  t&  the  vicinity  of  White  Rock."  (1861,  p.  27.)  In  his  catalog 
of  the  mammals,  birds,  reptiles  and  mollusks.  of  the  state.  Miles  (1861, 
pp.  219-241)  gives  a  few  foot-note  references  to  the  occurrence  of  certain 
species  of  animals  taken  "near  Saginaw  Bay."  As  said  above,  it  is 
impossible  in  many  instances  to  determine  which  of  these  records 
apply  to  the  sand  region,  and  similarly  general  locality  records'  are 
given  in  the  list  of  plants  of  lower  Michigan  compiled  by  N.  H. 
Winchell  in  the  same  report  (1861,  p.  247,  et  seq.),  but  a  supple- 
mentary list  of  the  plants  of  Stony  (Stone)  Island  is  also  given 
(p.  328). 

By  far  the  best  and,  in  fact,  the  only  good  report  on  the  physical 
conditions  and  biology  of  the  region  is  to  be  found  in  Lane's  (1900) 
''Geological  Report  on  Huron  County,  Michigan."  In  this  report 
the  sand  region  topography  is  described  in  detail,  and  the  climate 
discussed.  There  is  also  a  discussion  of  the  flora  by  C.  A.  Davis  with 
lists  of  the  plants  observed  by  him  in  the  county.  In  this  list  exact 
localities  and  habitats  are  given  as  a  rule,  so  that  the  paper  has 
been  of  particular  value  to  us  in  our  work  on  the  flora  of  the  sand 
region. 

Some  of  the  records  secured  by  this  expedition  have  been  published 
elsewhere  (Ruthven,  1909  and  1910). 

The  archeology  of  this  part  of  Huron  County  is  referred  to  by  several 
writers.  Thomas  (1891,  pp.  109-110)  states  that  there  is  a  "large 
circular  work  in  Case\'ille  Township  on  a  small  stream  emptying  into 


SAND  DUNE  REGION  OF  SAGINAW  BAY.  33 

Wild  Fowl  J^ay,  5  miles  southwest  of  Case\'ille;"  "mounds  along  the 
northern  coast,  especially  between  Port  Austin  and  Pointe  aux  Barques, 
also  between  Grindstone  City  and  Huron  City;"  and  several  "mounds 
on  Mason  [Katechay]  Island  southwest  of  Wild  Fowl  Bay." 

Smith  (1894,  p.  303)  describes  a  cache  found  by  him  at  Bay  Port, 
and  in  another  paper  (1901.  pp.  288-291)  comments  on  the  mounds 
listed  by  Thomas  and  the  Bay  Port  cache,  describes  workshops  on 
North  Island,  and  village  sites  on  Stonv  (Heisterman)  Island  and  at 
Bay  Port.  These  are  described  again  by  Smith  (1901,  pp.  11-15),  and 
again  listed  in  a  recent  pubhcation  of  this  survey  (1910). 

The  only  other  publications  on  the  fauna  and  flora,  known  to  us, 
are  the  references  to  the  fish  of  Saginaw  Bay  (see  Leathers). 

1855.  Schoolcraft,  Henry  R. 

Summary  of  an  Exploratory  Ijxpedition  to  the  vSources  of  the 

Mississippi  River,  in  1820.     Philadelphia. 
1861.  Miles,  M. 

A  Catalogue  of  the  Mammals,  Birds,  Reptiles  and  Mollusks 

of  Michigan.     First  Biennial  Report  of  the  Progress  of  the 

Geological  Survey  of  Michigan,  pp.  219-241. 
1861.  Winchell,  X.  H. 

Catalogue  of  the  Phaenogamous  and  Aerogenous  Plants  found 

Wild  in  the  Lower  Peninsula  of  Michigan  and  the  Islands  at 

the  Head  of  Lake  Huron.     First   Biennial  Rept.   Geol.   Surv. 

Mich.,  pp.  245-330. 
1891.  Thomas,  Cyrus. 

Catalogue  of  Prehistoric  Works  East  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Smithsonian  Institution,  Bureau  of  Ethnology.     Washington. 
1894.  Smith,  Harlan  I. 

Caches  of  the  Saginaw  Valley,  Michigan.     Proc.  Am.  Assn. 

Adv.  Sci..  1893,  pp.  300-303.  ^ 

1900.  Lane,  Alfred  C.  and  Davis,  C.  A. 

Geological  Report  on  Huron  County,  Michigan.     Geol.  Surv. 
of  Michigan,  Vol.  VII,  Pt.  II. 

1901.  Smith,  Harlan  I. 

Summary    of    the   Archeology    of  Saginaw    A'alley,  Michigan. 

American  Anthropologist,  III,  pp.  286-393. 
1901.  Smith,  Harlan  I. 

The    Saginaw   Valley    Collection.     Supplement    to    American 

Museum  Journal,  I,  Xo.  12. 
1909.  Ruthven.  A.  G. 

Notes    on    Michigan    Reptiles    and    Amphibians.     Eleventh 

Annual  Rept.  Michigan  Acad.  Sci.,  pp.  116-117. 
5 


34  SAND  DUNE  REGION  OF  SAGINAW  BAY. 

1910.  Ruthven.  A.  G. 

Notes  on  Michigan  Reptiles   and  Amphibians,   II.     Twelfth 

Annual  Rept.  Michigan  Acad.  Sci.,  p.  59. 
1910.  Smith.  Harlan  I. 

A   Preliminary  List  of  the  Sites  of  Aboriginal  Remains  in 

Michigan.     Geol.  and  Biol.  Surv.  of  Michigan,  Bull.  I,  Biol. 

Ser.  1. 


ECOLOGICAL  RELATIONS  OF  THE  FLORA.         35 


ECOLOGICAL  RELATIONS  OF  THE  FLORA. 

BY    G.    H.    COONS. 

In  the  summer  of  1908,  the  writer  was  a  member  of  the  field  party  of 
the  Michigan  Geological  and  Biological  Survey  which  was  at  that  time 
conducting  biological  investigations  in  the  sand  region  of  Huron  County. 
As  Mr.  C.  K.  Dodge  was  engaged  to  make  the  exhaustive  floral  lists, 
the  writer  restricted  himself  to  the  examination  of  the  ecological  re- 
lations of  the  plants.  The  work  was  practically  confined  to  Sand 
Point,  where  the  habitats  were  worked  in  as  much  detail  as  the  time 
(6  weeks  in  July  and  August)  permitted.  On  account  of  the  time  hmi- 
tations  the  work  was  necessarily  very  incomplete,  but  the  wTiter  submits 
the  following  paper,  trusting  that  the  results  are  correct  as  far  as  they 
go,  and  that  the  work  will  be  a  contribution  to  the  subject. 

The  results  are  presented  according  to  the  following  outline: 

Physiographic  Conditions. 
Ecological  Relations.* 
Hydrophytes. 

Fresh  Water  Formations. 
Chara  As.sociation. 
Xymphaea  Association. 

Helophytes. 

1.  Amphibious  Formation. 

Scirpus  Association. 
Jmicus  Association. 
Carex  A.ssociation. 

2.  Reed  Swamp  Formation. 

Phragmites  Association. 

3.  Bush  Swamp  Formation. 

Alnus  .\ssociation. 

4.  Wooded  Swamp  Formation. 

Birch-Willow  Association. 

Mesophytes. 

Forest  Formation. 

Poplar-Birch-Maple  Association. 


Psammophytes. 

1. 

Beach  Formation. 

2. 

Dune  Formation. 

Calamovilfa-Ammophila  Association 

3. 

Dune-Heath  Formation. 

Poa  Association. 

Arctostaphylos  Association. 

4. 

Dune  Bush  Land  Formation. 

*  The  ecological  nomenclature  follows  Warming's  Oecologij  of  Planls  . 


36         ECOLOGICAL  RELATIONS  OF  THE  FLORA. 

5.    Dune  Forest  Formation. 
Jack  Pine  Association. 
Pine-Oak  Association. 

Summary  of  Ecological  Relations. 

Fungus  Formations. 
Phytogeographical  Relations. 
General  Summary. 
Literature  Cited. 

PHYSIOGRAPHIC    CONDITIONS. 

Sand  Point  is  situated  on  the  northern  shore  of  Huron  Count}',  Mich- 
igan. (Map.)  As  its  name  implies  it  is  a  sandy  projection  about 
four  miles  long  and  from  one-fourth  of  a  mile  to  a  mile  vn.de,  and  ex- 
tends almost  directly  westward  into  Saginaw  Bay.  The  manner  of 
its  formation  has  been  discussed  by  Ruthven.  In  general  it  may 
be  said  that  it  is  composed  of  a  series  of  more  or  less  parallel  ridges 
formed  by  the  elevation  of  sand  beaches  through  wave  and  wind 
action.  Between  the  ridges  are  ponds,  swamps,  or  low  sand-flats, 
depending  on  the  depth. 

The  beaches  are  of  two  types — the  sand  beach  and  the  mud-flat.  The 
stretch  of  beach  on  the  north  side  of  the  Point  has  a  broad  upper  beach 
and  is  built  up  entirely  of  sand.  On  the  south  side  the  point  faces  a 
muddy,  sheltered  bay,  Wild  Fowl  Bay,  in  which  drift-wood  and  organic 
matter  are  tending  to  change  the  sandy  shore  into  a  mucky  one. 

On  Sand  Point,  there  are  but  two  ponds  of  any  size.  Long  Lake  and 
Orr  Lake.  These  are  lagoons  that  have  been  closed  in  by  ridges  formed 
as  barrier  beaches  or  sand  spits  and  elevated  by  wind  action.  These 
lakes  will  never  be  reclaimed  by  the  bay,  as  the  water  of  the  latter  has 
subsided  since  the}"  have  been  formed  and  the  separating  ridges  have 
been  well  developed,  and  since  the  processes  of  filling  will  soon  elevate 
the  lakes  themselves  to  base  level. 

In  general  then  it  ma}'  be  said  that  the  Point  has  been  and  is 
being  constructed  by  the  successive  adcUtion  of  beaches  that  enclose 
ponds  or  low  flats.  These  beaches  are  subsequently  elevated  into 
dunes,  the  ponds  or  lowlands  gradually  becoming  converted  into  dry 
land.     The  succession  of  habitats  is  therefore  as  follows: 

Mud-flat. 

1.  Lake  with  the  formation  of  a  series  of  sand  bars  becomes 

2.  Bay.     A  barrier  beach  or  sand  spit  changes  this  into 

3.  Lagoon  or  Closed  Swale.     Vegetation  and   inwash  (and  wind- 

blown sand  if  near  the  bay)  changes  this  into 

4.  Undrained  Swamp  or  Marsh.     Drainage  and  humus  formation 

changes  this  to 


ECOLOGICAL  RELATIONS  OF  THE  FLORA.         37 

5.  Thicket  and  Wooded  Sivamp  and 

6.  Drained  Situations. 
Sand  Beach. 

1.  Open  Beach    through  drying  and  Nnnd  action  becomes 

2.  Emhrionic  Dune  or  Upper  Beach  and  this  through  sand  binders 

becomes 

3.  Established   Dune.       Through    heaths,  shrubs  and  trees    this 

becomes 

4.  Dry  Ridge  and 

5.  Jack  Pine  Barrens.     Humus  formation   and  cessation  of   fires 

change  this  into 

6.  Mixed  Pine  Woods,  which  through  humus  formation  become 

7.  Mesophytic  Woods. 

Sand  Point  was  chosen  by  Dr.  Ruthven  as  a  base  largely  because 
of  the  comparative  simplicity  of  its  ph\'siographic  features.  It  is  a 
recent  geological  formation  showing  all  stages  of  development  even  to 
the  very  newest.  The  advantages  of  such  a  region  to  the  plant  ecologist 
lie  in  the  fact  that  the  genetics  of  the  plant  formations  in  a  region 
physiographic  ally  young  are  more  evident  than  in  an  older  area.  The 
progression  is  faster,  being  necessarily^  so  in  a  region  that  is  moving 
toward  the  forest  formation,  for  trees  are  longer  in  growing  and  in 
taking  possession  of  a  habitat  than  sedges,  and  are  correspondingly 
persistent. 

ECOLOGICAL   RELATIONS. 

Hydrophytes — Fresh  Water  Formations. 

Tm-tle  Bay,  on  the  south  side  of  Sand  Point,  presented  quiet  water 
conditions  and  the  resultant  hydrophytes  (Plate  VII  b  and  XIII  b).  It 
was  a  protected  arm  of  Wild  Fowl  Bay  and  was  very  large  and  shallow, 
the  water  varying  in  depth  from  six  inches  to  four  feet.  The  muck 
was  about  two  inches  deep;  the  bottom  being  frequently  exposed  in 
places  cleared  by  the  sunfish  for  their  nests.  This  muck  consisted 
of  finely  divided  silt  and  water  logged  vegetal  debris.  It  was  seldom 
compact  and  in  walking  on  it  the  foot  would  sink  through  this  upper 
layer  to  the  packed  sand  beneath. 

On  the  bottom,  forming  a  carpet,  the  Chara  was  very  strongly  de- 
veloped. This  association,  however,  was  not  restricted  to  any  given 
depth  in  this  bay.  In  this  carpet  mass  was  entangled  shells,  blackened 
wood,  and  a  large  mass  of  larval  cases  of  the  May-fly.  The  water- 
lily  (Nymphaea  advena)  and  the  Chara  association  were  the  only  marked 
societies  represented,  except  for  a  few  plants  of  Potamogcton — (hetero- 
phyllus,  perfoliatus,  and  pectinatus).       The  depth  of  the  water  seemed 


38  ECOLOGICAL  RELATIONS  OF  THE  FLORA. 

to  be  the  factor  whicli  was  eliminating  the  Potamogeton  association 
and  fa^;^oring  the  spread  of  the  hly  pads. 

Helophytes — Sivamp  Formations. 

This  class  of  formations  except  for  the  sand  type  includes  the  greater 
part  of  the  Point,  for  the  amount  of  land  that  is  upland  is  much  less 
than  that  which  is  low  and  water-soaked.  On  account  of  the  recent 
formation  of  the  Point,  and  the  fact  that  new  lagoons  are  being  formed 
by  the  great  storms,  etc.,  as  explained  by  Ruthven,  almost  a  com- 
plete series  of  formations  can  be  described.  (Plate  II  b.)  Thus  we 
have  the  amphibious  formation  (reed-swamp  formation)  composed 
of  many  associations,  the  bush-swamp  and  the  wooded-swamp 
formations. 

Amphibious  Formation — Car  ex,  J  uncus  and  Scirpus  Associations: 
These  associations  appeared  along  the  lagoons.  The  lagoon  stucUed, 
Long  Lake  (Plate  XII  a),  was  surrounded  by  jack  pine  ridges  and  was 
itself  being  filled  to  a  considerable  extent  by  wind-blown  sand  as  well 
as  by  inwash  and  vegetable  debris  near  the  shore.  This  physiographic 
feature  was  somewhat  intermediate  between  the  open  water  of  the 
bay  and  the  half  filled  marsh,  hence  the  vegetation  consisted  of  the 
formations  found  in  each.  In  the  open,  shallow  water  the  water-hly 
association  and  the  Chara  persisted  while  extending  from  the  shores- 
the  Scirpus,  Juncus  and  Carex  associations  pressed  out  in  the  order 
named. 

Along  the  shore  of  the  lake  the  strip  of  helophytes  was  gradually 
being  narrowed  by  the  encroachment  of  the  xerophytes  from  the  bank. 
(Plate  XII  b).  In  places  this  encroachment  was  great  enough  to  entirely 
suppress  the  shrub  zone  of  willow,  dogwood  and  alder.  This  was 
especially  true  on  the  side  of  the  lake  nearest  the  open  bay. 

The  Scirpus  and  Juncus  associations  were  almost  pure  and  found 
growing  in  the  water.  The  Carex  association  was  a  closed  one,  growing 
on  the  banks  where  the  ground  was  wet  and  soggy,  yet  offered  solid 
foothold  (Plate  XIII  a).  Here  the  greatest  variety  of  plants  was. 
found  as  shown  by  the  lists. 

Detail  of  the  Carex  Association. 
Dominant  Species: 

Carex  filiformis. 
Sub-Dominant  Species: 
Equisetum  sylvaticum. 
Alisma  plantogo-aquatica. 
Sagittaria  latifoHa. 
Phragmites  conimunis. 


ECOLOGICAL  RELATIONS  OF  THE  FLORA. 


39 


Scirpiis  americanus. 
Scirpus  validus. 
J  uncus  halticus  littoralis. 
Carex  lupulina. 
Salix  nigra. 
Mimidus  ringens. 
Lycopus  americanus. 
Cephalanthus  occidentalis. 
Eupatorium  purpureum. 
Eupatorium  perfoliatum. 
Quadrats*  were  laid  out  and  a  frequency  count  made  with  the  follow- 
ing results: 

Quadrats. 


Plant. 


Equisetum  sylvaticum. .  . . 

Carex  filiformis 

Phragmites  communis . . .  . 

Scirpus  validus 

Juncus  halticus  littoralis . 

Salix  nigra 

Lycopus  americanus 

Cephalanthus  occidentalis . 
Eupatorium  purpureutn . . 
Solidago  juncea . 


Totals. 


1 
40 


1 
45 

1 
25 

1 


ii: 


35 
8 
1 

35 


84 


4 
35 


3 
30 


1 
20 
10 

4 


15 
4 
1 


55 


Av. 


1 

32 

4 

2 

28 
0 

10 
2 

1 

] 


81 


Assuming  that  there  were  80  to  100  plants  to  the  sc^uare  meter  in  this 
association,  if  the  individuals  were  evenly  spaced  each  would  have  had 
100  sq.  cm.  at  its  disposal. 

Where  the  xerophytic  societies  were  establishing  themselves  by  ad- 
vance from  the  dunes  surrounding  the  lagoon,  the  following  plants 
commonly  found  higher  on  the  bank  were  the  vanguard  .in  the  in- 
vasion. Many  of  these  plants  persisted  in  the  helophytic  society  and 
became  prominent  in  the  meadows — e.  g.,  Hypericum  kalmianum. 


♦The  meter  quadrats  were  made  at  typical  localities  by  staking  out  a  four  meter  rope  in 
the  form  of  a  square.  The  counts  were  made  by  pulling  up  the  plants,  and  in  cases  of  great 
discrepancy  in  the  size  of  the  individuals,  the  number  was  obtained  by  lumping  the  small 
plants  and  using  the  average  leaf  surface  as  a  gauge.  This  lumping  is  but  a  rougii  method 
and  can  give  only  approximate  results,  but  if  a  number  of  quadrats  are  taken  and  an  average 
of  results  made,  the  error  will  be  largely  effaced  and  the  numbers  obtained  will  indicate  a  fair 
type.  For  example,  although  there  is  an  excessive  development  of  a  species  at  one  location 
this  is  quite  likely  to  be  offset  by  a  weaker  showing  at  some  other  and  the  average  will  indicate 
the  general  condition.  In  selecting  quadrats  the  aim  was  to  seek  similar  conditions  where 
the  species  were  about  of  tlie  same  age.  No  attempt  was  made  to  have  the  quadrats  include, 
all  the  species  listed  for  a  place.  The  numbers  obtained,  therefore,  indicate  in  each  case  what 
may  be  expected  at  typical  locations  in  such  associations. 


40  ECOLOGICAL    RELATIONS    OF    THE    FLORA. 

Transition  Species: 

Spartina  cynosuroides. 
Carex  muhlenhergii. 
Rubus  hispidus. 
Desmodium  paniculatum. 
Apios  tuberosa. 
Hypericum  perforatum. 
Hypericum  kalmianum. 
Teucrium  canadense. 
Solidago  graminifolia. 
Solidago  juncea. 

Reed  Swamp  Formation — Phragmites  Association:  The  type  studied 
was  an  expanse  of  grassy  meadow  probably  a  mile  square  situated 
at  the  base  of  the  Point.  It  was  principally  covered  by  tall  grasses 
and  was  studded  with  clumps  of  bushes,  and  the  zones*  were  the  same 
as  in  the  younger  stage  of  the  formation,  although  the  dominant  species 
had  changed  with  the  conditions.  This  meadow  evidently  represented 
an  old  bay,  cut  off  from  Wild  Fowl  Bay  by  a  sand  spit  and  subsequently 
filled  by  inwash  and  the  accumulation  of  vegetal  debris,  the  history 
being  revealed  quite  as  plainly  by  the  vegetation  as  by  the  physio- 
graphy. 

The  Phragmites  association  follows  the  Juncus,  Scirpus,  and 
Carex  associations.  At  Long  Lake  we  saw  the  encroachment 
of  the  swamp  plants  in  the  open  water.  With  the  filling  of  such  a  lake 
the  Scirpus  association  disappeared,  the  Carex  stools  gave  way  to  the 
rhizome  propagation  of  Phragmites  and  the  swale  resulted.  The 
process  was  an  elimination  of  the  more  h^^droph^^tic  societies  and  kept 
pace  with  the  disappearance  of  the  open  water.  At  the  time  studied 
the  general  elevation  was  just  about  at  lake  level,  but  the  formation  of 
"woody  islands"  had  begun,  as  was  shown  by  the  clumps  of  trees 
and  shrubs  that  differentiated  the  grassy  plain.     (Plate  VI  a ) 

The  plants  did  not  grow  close  together  and  xerophytic  structures 
were  common.  Holes  sunk  at  various  parts  of  this  swamp  showed 
black  amorphous  peat  to  the  depth  of  more  than  two  feet.  Roots 
and  stems  were  also  found  to  this  depth,  showing  that  the  substratum 
was   built  partly  by  living  plants  and  was  not  merely  a  silt   deposit. 


^Editor's  Note. — This  paper  having  been  written  before  the  rulinps  on  nomenclature  bv  the 
Brussel's  congress  were  made  the  word  zone  is  used  throughout  in  the  sense  of  girdle  or  belt  as 
now  used  in  Ecologj'. 


ECOLOGICAL  RELATIONS  OF  THE  FLORA.         41 

Detail  of  the  Phragmites  Association. 
Dominant  Species: 

Phragmites  communis. 
Sub-Dominant  Species: 
Aspidium  thelypteris. 
Aspidium  spinidosum. 
Aspidium  spinidosum  intermedium. 
Equisetum  sylva ticu m . 
Calamagrostis  canadensis. 
Cladium  mariscoides. 
Scirpus  americanus. 
Iris  versicolor. 
Calopogon  pulchellus. 
Habenaria  hlephariglottis. 
Habenaria  psychodes. 
Poly  go  n  um  a  mph  ibiuvi . 
Polygonum  hydropiper. 
Polygonum  hydropiperoides. 
Polygonum  persicaria. 
Poteniilla  canadensis. 
Potentilla  anserina. 
Potentilla  palustris. 
Amphicarpa  monoica. 
Hypericum  virginicu7n. 
Sium  cicutaefolium. 
Menyanthes  trifoliata. 
Asclepias  tuherosa. 
Asclepias  incarnata. 
Solanu7n  dulcamara. 
Mimulus  ringens. 
Scutellaria  lateriflora.   . 
Veronica  s'cutellata. 
Utriculoria  cornuta. 
Lythrum   alatum. 
Campanida  aparinoides. 
Eupatorium  purpureum. 
Eupatorium  purpureum  maculatum. 
Artemisia  caudata. 


42 


ECOLOGICAL    RELATIONS    OF    THE    FLORA. 
Quadrats. 


Plants. 


A  spidium   thelypteris . 
Phragmites  communis . 

Iris  veriscolor 

Salix  nigra 

Polygonum  persicaria . 
Lobelia  spicata 


1 


15 
90 


108 


10 
105 

4 


129 


6 

70 


78 


35 

60 


102 


5 
102 


107 


Av. 


14 

85 

1 


102 


If  evenly  spaced,  each  plant  would  have  had  about  100  sq.  cm.  to 
itself — a  sparse  vegetation  considering  the  linear-leaf  habit  of  the 
majority  of  the  species. 

Bush  Swamp  Formation — Ahius  Association:  Wherever  the  ground 
was  dryer  than  in  the  main  portion  of  the  meadow,  due  to  the  mounds 
formed  by  the  vegetation,  the  bush  swamp  formation  began.  The 
pioneers  seemed  to  be  Rosa  Carolina  and  Spiraea  salicifolia,  but  these 
by  no  means  dominated  the  resulting  thicket  (Plate  VI  b).  In  these 
thickets  a  dense  shade  prevailed  and  mosses  (Amblystegium  riparium 
longifoliuni  and  Polytrichium  sp.)  with  mushrooms,  (Marasmius  rotula, 
Omphalia,  Russula  veternosa  media)  formed  the  bottom  laj^er.  On 
the  borders  of  the  thicket  the  vegetation  was  plainly  terraced,  the 
shorter  forms  being  toward  the  front  and  the  taller  ones  in  the 
center. 

.  The  ground  around  the  thickets  was  completely  built  up  so  that  there 
was  no  marshy  vegetation  in  the  series.  Yet  it  was  no  doubt  the  case 
that  in  spring  and  wet  seasons  these  plants  were  submerged  for  a  time. 
This  feature,  together  with  its  origin,  classes  the  bush  swamp  with  the 
helophytes,  although  it  may  pass  directly  into  a  mesophytic  woods  or 
wooded  swamp,  depending  on  the  water  relation.  A  pecuharity  in 
the  development  of  this  feature  was  shown  by  the  trunks  of  Larix 
laricina  found  in  the  peat  and  in  some  cases  still  standing.  These 
trees  had  been  destroyed  by  fire  or  by  lumbering  but  they  inchcated 
a  phase  of  the  development  of  the  forest  not  shown  by  anything  on  the 
Point.  The  presence  of  Andromeda,  Menyanthes,  Utricularia,  Thuja, 
etc.,  also  point  to  an  oxylophytic  formation  or  at  least  oxylophytic 
conditions.  The  better  drainage  and  the  resulting  aeration  of  the  soil 
in  these  hammocks  were  doubtless  in  large  part  responsible  for  the 
fact  that  this  oxylophytic  formation  disappeared  and  was  replaced  by 
the  nlants  of  the  shrubbv  growth-form. 


ECOLOGICAL  RELATIONS  OF  THE  FLORA.  43 

Detail  of  the  Alnus  Association. 
Dominant  Species: 

Myrica  gale. 

Alnus  incana. 
Sub-Dominant  Species: 

Osnnaida  regalis. 

Larix  laricina. 

Thuja  occidentalis. 

Salix  longi folia. 

Populus  tremuloides. 

Spiraea  salicifolia. 

Potentilla  fructicosa. 

Rosa  Carolina. 

Pyrus  melanocarpa. 

Ilex  verticillata. 

Rhus  vernix. 

Cornus  stolonifera. 

Asclepias  incornata. 

Cephalanthiis  occidentalis. 

Verbena  hastata. 

Lactuca^canadensis. 

Wooded  Swamp  Formation — Birch-Willow  Association:  From  the 
Alnus  association  surrounding  the  meadow  there  was  an  easy  gradation 
to  the  wooded  swamp,  the  birch-"uillow  association,  found  at  older  or 
innermost  and  lower  parts  of  the  Point.  The  damp  conditions  of  the 
thickets  persisted,  but,  while  the  thicket  growth  in  the  formation  was 
frec[uently  so  den.se  that  it  was  hard  to  penetrate,  at  other  places  it 
was  thinned  so  that  there  was  an  approach  to  the  open  woods  which 
was  the  climax  of  this  succession.  In  the  wooded  swamps  we  found 
that  the  shrubs  and  bushes  which  characterized  the  younger  thickets 
diminished  and  there  was  a  gradual  increase  in  the  dominance  of  the 
elms,  maples,  and  birches  over  the  alders.  Xo  detailed  lists  were  made 
for  this  formation. 

An  examination  of  the  lists  given  above  will  show  that  the  swamps 
on  Sand  Point  belong  .to  the  "drained"  as  distinguished  from  the  ''un- 
cb-ained"  type,  of  Cowles  (1901)  and  Transeau  (1903).  A  few  bog 
forms  such  as  Menyanthes  trifoliata,  Andromeda  polifolia,  Cassandra, 
tamarack  and  black  spruce  are  occasionally  present  but  only  in  small 
numbers.  The  fact  that  the  bog  societies  are  dominant  in  no  place 
in  the  sand  region  is  very  probably  due  to  the  fact  that  the  sand}'  sub- 
stratum affords  better  drainage  conditions  than  is  most  favorable 
for  the  bog  forms.       (Gunnar  Andersson,  1896,  p.  433.  et  seq.)       But 


44  ECOLOGICAL    RELATIONS    OF    THE    FLORA. 

the  conditions  in  the  swamp  association  as  last  described  are  very 
similar  to  those  in  the  mesophytic  woods.  Probably  the  chief  difference 
in  factors  is  that  of  elevation  which  has  kept  the  ground  in  the  former 
water  soaked,  i.  e.  not  aerated,  and  acid.  Probably  the  chief  difference 
in  the  makeup  of  these  two  associations  was  the  predominance  of 
Betula  alba  papyrifera,  Salix  sp.,  Cornus  circinata,  and  of  Alnus  incana 
in  the  wet  soil,  whereas  the  mesophytic  formation  was  more  open.  The 
growth-form  of  the  latter  impressed  one  as  a  growth  of  trees,  penetrable 
and  clean  underneath,  not  as  one  of  saplings  with  frequently  impene- 
trable under  brush. 

Mesophytes — Forest  '^Formation. 

Poplar-Birch-Maple  Association  :  The  thicket  which  fringed  the 
marsh  graded  into  a  dense  wood  of  young  trees,  the  latter  exhibiting  a 
well  defined  stratification.  Those  members  of  the  Alnus  association 
that  could  endure  shade  were  here,  and  where  the  shrubs  were  domi- 
nant before,  the  sapling  was  now  the  prevaihng  growth-form. 

This  formation  is  mesophytic.  The  great  increase  in  the  number 
of  shade  plants,  the  presence  of  trees  such  as  Ulmus  americana,  Betula 
alba  papyrifera,  Populus  tremuloides ,  etc.,  and  the  loose  rich  humus 
covering  the  ground,  showed  that  here  the  various  factors  of  light  soil 
and  moisture  were  in  a  moderate  amount. 

Detail  of  the  Poplar-Birch-Maple  Association. 
Dominant  Species: 

Populus  tremuloides. 

Betula  alba  papyrifera. 

Acer  rubrum. 
Sub-Dominant  Species : 

Equisetum  sylvaticum. 

Thuja  occidentalis. 

Agrostis  alba. 

Car  ex  tribuloides. 

Alnus  incana. 

Ulmus  americana. 

Boehmeria  cylindrica. 

Dicentra  cucullaria. 

Rubus  idaeus  var.  aculeatissimus. 

Rubus  hispidus. 

Rubus  allegheniensis. 

Viola  incognita. 

Trientalis  americana. 

Rhus  toxicodendron. 

Aralia  nudicaulis. 


ECOLOGICAL  RELATIONS  OF  THE  FLORA. 

Fraxinus  americana 
Cornus  circinata. 
Apocynum  cannabinum. 
Sc uteUaria  ga leric ulata. 
Scutellaria  lateriflora. 
Lycopus  americanus. 
Galium  trifidiwi. 

Quadrats  (Ground  Stratum). 
Lower  layer  plants  about  six  inches  to  one  foot  tall. 


45 


Plants. 

1 

2 

t 

3 

4 

5 

Av. 

Percentage  of  moss,  sticks,  etc 

25 

50 

6 

8 

40 

20 

30 

30% 
6 

Aspidium  Thclypteris      

3 

2 

4 

16 

Eouisftwin  sylvciticion          

1 

Agrostis  alba 

Poa  praiensis 

Maianthemutn  canadense 

10 

8 

14 
2 

\5 

5 

10 

5 
1 

Ulmus  americana     

2 

4 

1 

1 
20 

1 
2 

3 

0 

Acer  rubrum 

Impatiens  biiiora,          

40 

90 
1 
3 

90 

10 

50 
1 

Psedera  vitacea 

8 

"'5' 

1 
2 

3 

Fraxinus  americana 

2 

40 
1 
3 

2 
1 

8 

Lycopus  americanus            

1 

Solidago  sp 

1 

112 

111 

38 

111 

35 

86 

A  typical  c^uadrat  contained  about  86  plants  on  70  per  cent  of  the 
area,  giving  each  plants  assuming  even  spacing,  about  80  sq.  cm. 
Since  all  of  the  plants  were  small,  the  vegetation  was  very  thin. 

Psammophytes — Beach  Formation. 

The  lower  beach  was  in  general  without  vegetation.  The  middle 
beach  was  an  area  of  varying  width,  depending  on  the  age  of  the  Point. 
At  the  older  portions  it  was  narrow  or  vertical,  the  waves  having  cut 
into  the  outer  sand  dune  forming  a  cliff  of  sand,  while  at  the  west  end 
of  the  Point  the  middle  beach  was  about  thirty  feet  wide  and  about 
eighteen  inches  above  the  summer  level  of  the  lake.  ^  (Plate  I  a.) 
The  sand  was  medium  fine,  well  packed,  and  was  wet  two.  inches  below 
the  surface.  A^egetation  was  sparse  and  there  were  no  definite  clumps 
of  plants,  the  distribution  seeming  to  be  due  to  the  chance  lodgment 
of  seeds.  The  following  species  were  noted  and  are  recorded  in  order 
of  observed  frequency. 


46  ECOLOGICAL    RELATIONS    OF    THE    FLORA. 

Cakile  edentula. 
Arahis  lyrata. 
Artemisia  caudata. 
Triglpchin  viaritima. 
Salsola  kali. 
Xanthium  echinatum. 
Potentilla  anserina. 
Cirsium  pitcheri. 
Cenchrus  tribuloides. 
Physalis  heterophylla. 
Echinocystis  lobata. 

Dune  Formation-Calamovilfa-Ammophila  Association  :  The  upper 
beach,  the  upper  and  lakeward  side  of  the  outermost  dune,  was  clothed 
with  easily  the  most  distinct  association  on  the  Point.  This  close 
organization  was  holding  the  sand,  was  withstanding  the  sand  storms, 
and  was  persisting  under  the  competition  of  the  plants  of  the  jack 
pine  ridges.  (Plate  II  a.)  In  fact  the  assault  was  from  two  sides, 
for  the  water  currents  and  winds  were  lodging  the  common  weed  seeds 
— Amaranthus,  Salsola,  Chenopodium,  and  the  asters  and  golden  rods 
— on  the  middle  beach,  from  whence  they  tended  to  invade  the  dune 
face. 

It  is  not  necessary  to  describe  this  beach  in  detail.  It  belongs  to  a 
type  that  exhibits  relatively  little  variation  around  the  Great  Lakes. 
The  edaphic  conditions  are  very  severe.  The  clean  lake  sand  of  very 
fine  particles  (81  per  cent,  .25  to  .001  mm.  in  diameter,  see  Bull.  Bureau 
of  Soils,  1901,  p.  99),  the  absence  of  organic  matter  and  the  excess  of 
certain  mineral  elements  are  the  common  characteristics  of  the  sub- 
stratum. Cowles  (1899)  has  pointed  out,  furthermore,  that  the  xero- 
phylly  shown  bj'^  the  members  of  these  formations  is  due  not  so  much 
to  the  lack  of  water  in  the  soil  as  to  the  xerophyllous  air.  In  such 
places  the  light  is  most  intense,  the  heating  effects  are  greatest  and 
the  drying  action  of  the  wind  most  vigorous.  King  (1900,  p.  230) 
records  that  the  drying  effect  of  the  wind  300  feet  from  a  hedge  row 
was  24  per  cent  greater  than  near  the  hedge.  In  a  similar  manner 
the  absence  of  all  shrub-like  plants  or  wind-breaks  on  the  outer  face 
of  the  dune  permits  excessive  dessication  here. 

To  this  should  be  added  the  effect  of  great  diurnal  variations,  as 
only  a  plant  fitted  for  xerophyllous  conditions  can  adjust  itself  to 
high  temperatures  in  the  day  time  and  very  low  ones  at  night. 
Maximum  and  minimum  temperatm-es  for  the  open  beach  and  deep 
woods  were  taken  for  July.  (See  appendix.)  These  records  are  useful 
in  illustrating  the  fact  that  the  beach  was  always  warmer  during  day 
time  and  colder  at  night  than  the  deep  woods.     Alsp  the  difference 


ECOLOGICAL  RELATIONS  OF  THE  FLORA. 


47 


in  maximuni  and  minimum  as  shown  l>y  comparison  Ijv  days  shows 
that  the  drop  in  temperature  averaged  about  twice  as  much  for  the 
beach  as  for  the  woods.  In  July  the  minimum  at  no  time  Ijecame 
low  enough  to  affect  the  plant  activity,  luit  in  growing  months  when 
the  temperature  approached  freezing  this  excessive  difference  would 
become  an  imi)ortant  factor,  for  it  must  be  considered  that  during  the 
ifight  the  wind  still  vigorously  exerts  its  drying  action.  These  records 
were  for  air  temperatures,  but  soil  temperatures  on  the  beach  and  in 
the  woods  would  show  the  same  or  greater  range  in  temperature  due 
to  the  low  specific  heat  of  sand  (Warming,  1909,  p.  52,  gives  the  specific 
heat  of  sand  as  .2). 

Detail  of  the  Calamovilfa-Ammophila  Association. 
Dominant  Species: 

CalavTovilfa  longi folia. 

Ammoph ila  arenaria . 
Sub-Dominant  Species : 

Equisetum  hyemale  intermedium. 

Elynius  canadensis. 

Populus  tremuloides. 

Rumex  crispus. 

Arahis  lyrata. 

Potentilla  anserina. 

Prunus  pumila. 

Lathyrus  maratimus. 

Oenothera  biennis. 

Convolvulus  sepium. 

Solanum  nigrum. 

Erigeron  canadensis. 

Artemisia  caudata. 

Lactuca  canadensis. 

Cirsium  arvense. 

Cirsium  pitcheri. 


Four  quadrats  laid 

out  at  typical  parts  of  the  dune. 

Plants. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

Av. 

Calamovilfa  longifola    ] 

31 

16 
2 

20 
2 

17 

1 
9 

21 

Ammophila  arenaria     J 

1 

3 

1 

1 

1 

1 

33 

19 

23 

27 

26 

48  ECOLOGICAL    RELATIONS    OF    THE    FLORA. 

The  plants  averaged  about  26  to  the  sq.  m.  With  even  spacing 
this  means  one  plant  to  every  400  sq.  cm.,  a  very  sparse  vegetation. 
Dune.  Heath  Formation:  This  formation  is  typical  all  along  the 
shores  of  the  Great  Lakes.  There  is  shown  also  great  similarity  to  the 
corresponding  formations  on  sand}^  tracts  inland  (Warming  1909,  p. 
272).  Such  areas  make  up  a  large  part  of  the  northern  half  of  lower 
Michigan. 

Wherever  clearings  have  been  made,  or  where  the  land  has  been  re- 
claimed from  the  lake,  the  jack  pine  association  is  the  dominant  one 
in  the  open  area,  but  it  is  almost  always  preceded  by  a  heath  formation. 
(Plate  IV  a.) 

In  the  heath  formation  the  plants  grow  on  very  fine  leached  sand. 
The  waterline  is  low — Kedzie  (1888)  gives  it  as  from  15  to  30  feet  below 
the  surface  of  the  soil  for  the  jack  pine  barrens  and  at  Sand  Point  it 
is  determined  by  the  height  of  the  ridges  above  the  lake  level  (average 
about  10  to  15  feet).  Humus  is  practically  absent,  the  dune  sand 
showing  up  one  inch  below  the  surface.  In  this  sort  of  location  the 
leaves  and  stems  of  previous  years  are  slow  to  decay,  which  partly 
accounts  for  the  barrenness  of  the  soil.  The  plants  are  subjected  to 
strong  light,  and  the  temperature  extremes  very  nearly  approach  the 
rigorous  ones  of  the  beach. 

The  most  typical  heath  conditions  were  found  on  the  landward 
side  of  the  outermost  dune. 

In  the  dune  heath  formation  two  well-defined  associations  appeared, 
the  Poa  and  the  Arctostaphylos.  The  former  was'  a  closed  one  con- 
sisting of  a  firm  sod  broken  only  in  places  by  seedlings  of  jack  pine 
and  choke  cherry. 

The  Arctostaphylos  association  was  different.  It  did  not  conceal 
the  sand  but  it  collected  the  dead  leaves  forming  a  thick  dry  mat.  With 
it  occurred  the  blueberry — dwarfed  and  stunted — and  a  great  army 
of  other  species.  The  reindeer  moss  was  plentiful  with  these  two 
associations. 
Detail  of  the  Arctostaphylos  Association. 
Dominant  Species: 

Arctostaphylos  uva-ursi. 
Vaccinium  pennsylvanicum, 
Sub-Dominant  Species: 
Pteris  aquilina. 
Lycopodium  complanatum. 
Panicum  xanthophysum. 
Myrica  asplenifolia. 
Comandra  umbellata. 
Oxalis  stricta. 


ECOLOGICAL    RELATIONS    OF    THE    FLORA. 


49 


Gaylussacia  haccata. 
Helianthiis  divaricatus. 
Solidago  juncea. 


Quadrats. 


Plant, 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

Av. 

Pteris  aQuilitM      

1 
6 

1 

1 

10 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

3 

20 

1 

Panicum  xanthophysum 

Poa  compressa 

10 
16 

7 
45 

"l6 

4 

21 

1 

10 

2 

1 

13 
20 

10 
1 

6 

8 



5 

Vacciniutn  pennsylvanicuTn        

21 

30 

16 

38 

49 

55 

74 

47 

51 

Each  plant  has  about  200  sq.  cm.,  assuming  even  spacing. 

Dune  Bushland  Formation:  This  formation  was  not  prominent  at 
Sand  Point.  In  many  places  it  was  left  out  of  the  succession  altogether. 
The  trees  of  the  jack  pine  were  able  to  develop  in  the  Poa  compressa 
sod  without  the  nurse  agency  of  this  formation. 

Where  the  bushland  was  developed  Primus  pumila,  Cornus  stolonijera 
and  Populus  tremuloides  were  the  principal  species.  The  bush  was 
best  developed  on  the  inner  side  of  the  outer  dune. 

The  formation  was  not  prevalent  enough  to  lend  itself  to  a  grouping 
into  associations. 

Dune  Forest  Formation:  In  the  typical  dune  forest  formation  the 
predominating  tree  was  Pinus  hanksiana.  The  formation  was  open, 
the  trees  averaging  15  to  20  feet  apart.  The  floor  stratum  consisted 
of  persistent  heaths  and  some  other  xerophytic  species.  Blueberries 
were  common  and  made  their  best  growi;h  here.  In  the  open  places 
on  Sand  Point  there  was  a  very  prominent  sod  of  Poa  compressa 
and  this  sod  association  was  very  important  in  the  succession,  being 
even  more  so  than  the  heath  mat,  for  in  it  were  found  seedlings  of 
Pinus  resinosa  and  Pinus  strohus.      (Plate  IV  b.) 

Detail  of  the  Jack  Pine  Association, 
Dominant  Species: 

Pinus  hanksiana. 
Sub-Dominant  Species: 
Pteris  aquilina. 
Pinus  strobus. 


50  ECOLOGICAL    RELATIONS    OF    THE    FLORA. 

Pinus  resinosa. 

Maianthem u m  canadense. 

Myrica  a splen  ifolui . 

Rumex  acetosella. 

Fragariu  virginiana. 

Prunus  virginiana. 

Prunus  pennsylvanica. 

Prunus  pumila. 

Geranium  maculatum . 

Ceanothus  ovatus. 

Ceanothus  americanus. 

Gaylussacia  baccata. 

Vaccinium  pennsylvanicum  nigru m. 

Rhus  typhina. 

Apocynum  androsaemifolium. 

Melampyrum  linear e. 

Lobelia  spicata. 

Solidago  juncea. 

Rudbeckia  hirta. 

Aster  macrophyllus. 

Helianthus  divaricatus. 

Achillea  millefolium. 

Farther  in  these  woods,  that  is  towards  the  okler  portion  of  the  Point, 
the  woods  become  much  more  heavily  shaded.  Here  the  jack  pines 
were  about  equaled  in  numbers  bj'  Pinus  resiyiosa.  Scattering  trees 
of  Pinus  strobus  of  all  ages  were  found  and  scrubby  growths  of  Quercus 
rubra  and  Q.  coccinea  were  common.  The  heaths  and  sod  disappear- 
ed and  the  group  of  plants  just  listed  was  giving  way  to  plants  fitted 
for  shade.  In  the  latter  the  leaves  were  larger  so  that  the  ground 
could  not  be  seen  because  of  them,  and  the  species  were  more  meso- 
phs-tic  and  showed  better  than  the  present  upper  layer  the  future  of 
the  formation.  The  following  mosses  were  common:  Dicranium 
jlagellare,  D.  fuscescens  congestum,  Polytrichum  piliferum,  Thuidium 
virginianum . 

Detail  of  the  Pine-Oak  Association: 
Dominant  Species: 

Pinus  banksiana. 

Pinus  resinosa. 

Quercus  coccinea. 

Quercus  rubra. 


ECOLOGICAL  RELATIONS  OF  THE  FLORA.  51 

Sub-Dominant  Species. 
Pteris  aquilina. 

Equisetum  hyeniale  intermedium. 
Pinus  strohus. 
Uviilaria  grandiflora. 
Maianthemum  canadense. 
Smilacina  racemosa. 
Smilacina  stellata. 
Polygonatuin  commutatum. 
Medeola  virginiana. 
Dioscorea  villosa. 
Cypripedium  acaule. 
Epipactis  puhescens. 
Quercus  velutina. 
Quercus  alba. 
Actaea  rubra. 
Potentilla  monspeliensis. 
Osmorhiza  claytoni. 
Hamamelis  virginiana. 
Desmodium  paniculatum . 
Psedera  vitacea. 
Vitis  vulpina. 
Rhus  toxicodendron. 
Chimaphila  iimhellata. 
Gaidtheria  procunihens. 
Pyrola  elliptica. 
Pyrola  americana. 
Pyrola  secunda.  ■ 
Aralia  nudicaulis. 
A pocynum  androsaemi folium 
Diervilla  lonicera. 
Lonicera  canadensis. 
Lonicera  glaucescens. 
Melampyrum  lineare. 
Aster  macrophyllus. 


52 


ECOLOGICAL    RELATIONS    OF    THE    FLORA. 


Quadrats. 


Plants. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

Av. 

Pteris  aquilina 

Equisetum  hyemale  intermedium 

13 

20 
1 
2 

22 

10 

1 

16 

12 

Panicum  sp 

Maianthemum  canadense 

Stnilacina    racemosa 

8 

14 

4 
1 
3 

8 
3 
4 
1 

10 
1 

Smilacina  Melluta 

1 
5 
1 
4 

1 

Fragaria  virginiana         

2 

Hypericum  perforatum, 

1 
4 

5 

1 

Rhus  toxicodendron 

Aralia  nudicaulis 

20 
1 

14 
4 
2 

5 

8 
1 

Pyrola  elliptica 

Gaultheria  procumbens 

Gay-lussacia  baccata 

5 

15 
3 

20 

7 
3 

9 
2 

Vaccinium  pennsylvanicum  nigrum  .... 
Diervilla    lonicera 

4 

7 
1 

1 

1 

Solidago  juncea 

1 

42 

64 

59 

42 

57 

50 

Each  plant  had  about  200  sq.  cm.,  assuming  even  spacing. 

From  inspection  of  the  flora  hsts  it  seems  that  the  jack  pine  barrens 
are  much  ahke  throughout  ]\Iichigan  and  INIinnesota.  Sand  Point  has 
80  per  cent  of  Smith's  hst  of  plants  tj^pical  of  the  jack  pine  plains  and 
79  per  cent  of  his  list  of  less  frequent  plants.  Considering  the  sand 
region  as  a  whole  all  the  plants  in  both  lists  appear.  (Smith,  1880, 
quoted  in  Beal,  1904,  p.  16-17.) 

The  most  applicable  work  on  the  pine  barrens  is  that  of  Livingston 
in  Roscommon  and  Crawford  counties  where  the  formation  is  the  same 
as  on  Sand  Point  and  the  relation  of  the  trees  to  the  substratum  is 
similar.  From  his  studies  in  these  places,  Livingston  draws  the  con- 
clusion that  the  chief  factor  in  determining  the  distribution  of  the 
species  of  pine  is  the  amount  of  humus  in  the  soil.  (Livingston,  1903, 
p.  30.)  He  proves  by  laboratory"  experiments  that  the  relation  of  this 
constituent  to  the  amount  of  water  in  the  soil  is  an  important  one  by 
demonstrating  that  humus  soil  holds  nearly  twice  as  much  water  as 
sandy  soil.  He  considers  the  mineral  elements  in  the  soil  sufficient 
for  plant  growth,  but  the  analyses  given  by  Kedzie  (1888  and  1893) 
seem  to  show  that  these  mineral  constituents,  especially  the  salts  of 
Potassium,  Phosphorus  and  Nitrogen,  are  insufficient.*  Furthermore 
these  salts  are  not  made  available  because  of  the  lack  of  organic  acids 
in  the  soil  water  and  the  analyses  of  soil  water  from  West  Olive, 
Michigan,  as  furnished  by  the   Michigan  College  of  Agriculture,  show 


*  See  footnote  opposite  page. 


ECOLOGICAL  RELATIONS  OF  THE  FLORA. 


53 


the  same  apparent  lack  of  plant  food  materials.f  The  soil  at  West 
Olive  is  given  as  jack  pine  barren.  It  would  thus  seem  that  in  the 
determination  of  the  factors  responsible  for  the  predominance  of  the 
jack  pine  the  poor  mineral  content  of  the  soil  must  be  considered. 

If  Livingston  is  correct,  the  chief  force  in  preventing  the  betterment 
of  the  barrens  is  the  fires  which  not  only  destroy  all  growth  but 
burn  the  small  accumulation  of  humus  as  well.  Beal  (1888,  p.  28) 
has  shown  that  jack  pine  seeds  have  great  vitality  and  can  last  over 
a  great  many  years,  which  explains  in  a  wa}''  the  invasion  and  ecesis 
in  the  burned  over  sections,  for  the  seeds  of  many  species  falling  on  the 
newh^  denuded  area  are  not  able  to  last  over  until  a  favorable  time. 

It  was  observed  at  Sand  Point  that  the  sand  dune  could  be  rapidly 
clothed  by  heath  and  sod  and  this  in  turn  be  replaced  by  jack  pine 
and  scrub  oaks.  With  these  trees  the  humus  building  is  very  slow, 
but  the  sod  formed  by  Poa  compressa  and  the  gradual  accumulation 
of  humus  after  a  time  enables  Pinus  resinosa  to  replace  the  jack  pine. 

tAnalyses  of  Soil  Water  from  W.  Olive,  Michigan,  made  July  25,  1904. 
(Analyses  furnislied  by  Prof.  F.  S.  Kedzie,  Michigan  Agricultural  College.) 


Material. 

Sample. 

(In  part.s  per  million.) 

1 

2 

3 

Volatil 

24.1 

20.866 
16.666 
trace 

106.4 

115.9 
96 
11.173 

38.6 

24.6 
20.9 
trace 

Mineral  consisting  mostly  of 

Ca  0 

Mg  0 

Fe  0 

Total  Solid 

88.1 

548. 

90.9 

*    Analyses  of  Soil  of  Jack  Pine  Barrens. 


Material. 

Sample. 

1 

2 

3 

Sand  and  Silicates 

94.97 
1.03 
.86 
.20 
.12 
.20 
.90 
.06 
.05 
(Nitrogen  ,02)    1.61 
.23 

94.30 
.61 
1.17 
.24 
.17 
.33 
.58 
.05 
.04 
(Nitrogen  .05)    2.50 
.20 

95.02 
.49 

78 

Oxide  of  Iron 

Lime 

Magnesia 

Potash 

.32 
.15 
30 

Soda 

Sulphuric  .Vcid 

Phospiioric  Acid 

Organic  Matter 

Water 

.62 
.05 
.01 
(Nitrogen  .04)      2.25 
21 

Sample  1  is  from  Airgin  soil  from  experimental  farm  at  Gra3iing  (in  Jack  Pine  plains). 
Samples  2  ami  3  are  from  fields  which  have  been  cultivated  and  had  various  green  crops 
(legumes)  plowed  under  for  three  years. 

.\dapted  from  Kedzie,  R.  C.  Mich.  Agr.  Sta.  Bull.  99. 


54 


ECOLOGICAL  RELATIONS  OF  THE  FLORA. 


Pinus  resinosa,  on  the  other  hand,  is  a  greater  humus  producer  and 
very  soon  beneath  this  tree  appear  mesophytic  species  which  lead  to 
the  deciduous  forest.  It  should  be  stated  that  Pinus  strohus  appears 
■with  the  Norway  pine  only  as  scattering  growths  and  these  are  generally 
replaced  by  the  hard  woods; 

Summary  of  Ecological  Relations. 

The  ultimate  forest  formation  will  be  a  mixed  deciduous  one  with 
a  siDrinkling  of  Pinus  strobus.  Carya  microcarpa  has  been  found  at 
North  Island,  five  miles  from  Sand  Point  and  Ulmus  americana  and 
Tilia  americana  are  making  strong  growths  in  the  bottom  land  of  Sand 
Point. 

Judging  from  the  progressions  under  similar  conditions  in  other 
regions  about  the  Great  Lakes,  the  beech-maple  type  is  the  climax  asso- 
ciation. There  is  every  indication  here  that  the  mesophytic  trees  — 
maples,  elms,  hickories,  basswoods,  oaks,  etc.,  are  taking  possession  of 
the  humus  covered  ridges  of  the  pine  association,  and  probably  only  the 
Pinus  strohus  can  persist  in  the  mesophytic  forest.  The  older  helophytic 
and  mesophytic  associations  will  persist  in  their  lowest  situations  and 
the  pines  will  hold  the  ridges.  But  the  valleys  and  hollows  between 
are  so  shallow  and  the  agents  of  filling  and  denuding  so  rapid  in  this 
loose  soil,  that  it  is  but  a  question  of  decades  until  the  area  will  be 
levelled.  With  this,  of  course,  comes  the  uniformity  of  association. 
However,  the  nature  of  the  soil  ■\^^ll  shut  out  for  a  long  time  those 
trees  that  are  common  in  calcareous  areas. 

Scheme  of  Ecological  Succession  on  Sand  Point. 


Class. 

Hydro- 
phytes. 

Helophytes. 

Meso- 
phytes. 

Formation. 

Fresh 
Water. 

Amphi- 
bious. 

Reed 
Swamp. 

Bush- 
Swamp. 

Wooded 
Swamp. 

Forest. 

Association . 

Chara 
Nymp- 
haea. 

Scirpus 
Juncus 
Carex. 

Phrag- 

mites. 

Ahius. 

Birch- 
Willow. 

Poplar- 
Birch- 
Maple. 

Habitat. 

Bay. 

Lagoon. 
Lake. 

Marsh. 

Drained 
Situa- 
tions. 

ECOLOGICAL  RELATIONS  OF  THE  FLORA. 


55 


Class. 

Hydro- 
phytes. 

Psammophytes. 

Formation. 

Beach. 

Dune. 

Dune 
Heath. 

Dune 
Bush. 

Dune 
Forest. 

Forest. 

Association . 

Calamo- 
vilfa- 

Ammo- 
phila. 

Arctosta- 
phylos 
Poa. 

Prunus. 

Jack  Pine 
Pine- 
Oak. 

Mixed. 

Habitat. 

Beach. 

Upper 
Beach. 

Estab- 
lished 
Dune. 

Dry  Ridge — Barren. 

Old 
Ridge. 

Tabular  View  of  Meter  Quadrats. 


Name. 

Number  of 
Plants. 

Space  to  Each. 

Remarks. 

Helophytes: 

Car  ex  Association 

Phragmites  Association 

Alnus  Association 

81 

102 

86 

26 
51 
50 

about  120  cm  2. 
100 
80 

400 
200 
200 

Psammophytes: 

Cala movilfa-A mmo'phila   Ass'n. . 

Arctostaphylos  Association 

Pine-Oak   Association 

Very  sparse. 
Sparse. 
Sparse. 

FUNGUS     FORMATIONS.* 

The  prevailing  xerophytic  effect  of  the  conditions  upon  the  green 
plants  likewise  shows  in  the  fungous  flora  on  Sand  Point.  The  summer 
of  1908  was  very  dry,  thus  increasing  the  xerophytic  influences  and 
the  fleshy  fungi  were  singularly  scarce.  However,  the  lists  given  below 
show  the  ecological  character  of  the  habitats  almost  as  clearly  as  do 
the  other  plant  lists.  Such  lists  of  fungi  have  not  often  been  prepared 
although  the  general  habitat  relation  (whether  frequenting  woods 
or  fields,  sandy  soil,  etc.),  have  been  recorded.  The  latter  kind  of 
records  are,  however,  comparable  to  the  habitat  notes  given  in  the 
manuals  of  vascular  plants,  while  the  former  method  is  an  attempt 
to  list  the  fungi  of  definite  formations. 


*The  determinations  of  fungi  are  by  Dr.  C.  H.  Kauffman  of  the  University  of  Micliigan  unless 
othenvise  indicated.  Thanks  are  due  also  to  Prof.  T.  H.  Macbride  of  the  Univer.«itv  of 
Iowa,  and  to  Prof.  Moore  of  Missouri  Botanical  Garden  for  assistance  in  this  connection.  Where 
the  determinations  were  made  only  in  the  field,  the  species  are  marked  with  the  author's 
initials. 


53  ECOLOGICAL    RELATIONS    OF    THE    FLORA. 

On  this  expedition,  owing  to  the  scarcity  of  fleshy  fungi,  practically 
all  individuals  that  were  seen  were  collected  and  these  collections  were 
labelled  as  to  habitat.  It  was  found  that  the  restriction  of  species 
to  these  formations  was  singularly  close  and  that  the  appearance  of  the 
same  fungus  in  two  formations  was  rare.  These  considerations  seem 
to  add  an  importance  to  these  lists  which  ordinary  citations  of  habitats, 
in  which  duplication  of  species  is  avoided,  would  not  have.  Fungi, 
not  only  in  the  mycelium  but  especially  in  the  sporophore  production, 
are  probably  more  susceptible  to  the  water  relation  than  any  other 
plants  so  that  the  limitation  of  species  to  special  formations  is  largely 
due  to  this  factor. 

Bush-Swamp  Formation: 

Galera  vittaeformis  Fr.  fide  G.  H.  C. 

Hygrophorus  cantharellus  Schw. 

Marasmius  oreades  Fr. 

Marasmius  rotula  Fr. 

Omphalia  campanella  Batsch. 

Omphalia  fibula  Bull. 

Russida  emetica  Fr.  (swamp  form). 

Russula  roseipes  (Seer.)  Bres. 

Russula  veternosa  Fr.  media. 
Wooded  Swamp  Formation: 

Agaricus  abruptus  Pk. 

Agaricus  sylvaticus  SchaefT.  fide  G.  H.  C. 

Amanitopis  vaginata  Roze. 

Boletus  felleus  Bull. 

Cantharellus  cibarius  Fr. 

Clavaria  cristata  Holwsk. 

Fuligo  ovata  Schaeff.  fide  T.  H.  ]\Iacbride. 

Fames  applanatus  (Pers.)  Wallr.  (leucophaeus.) 

Hemitrichia  clavota  (Pers.)  Rost. 

Lactarius  piperatus  Fr. 

Lactarius  volemus  Fr. 

Lenzites  betulina  Fr. 

Paxillus  atrotomentosus  (Balsch.)  Fr. 

Pluteus  cervinus  Schaeff. 

Poria  vaporia  Fr.  fide  Prof.  ]Moore. 

Russula  chamaeleontina  Fr. 

Stemonitis  Smithii  Macb.  fide  Macbride.     (S.  femiginea  Ehren.) 

Strobilomyces  strobilaceus  Berk. 

Tra metes  cinnaborina  Fr. 


ECOLOGICAL    RELATIONS    OF    THE    FLORA.  57 

Beach  Formation: 

Daedalia  unicolor  Fr.  fde  Prof.  Moore. 

Lentinus  lepideus  Fr. 
Dune  Forest  Formation: 
Jack  Pine  Association. 

Astraeus  stellatus  (Scop.)  Fischer. 

Hypoxylon  annulatum  (Schw.)  Mont,  fide  Prof.  Moore. 

Hypoxylon  atropurpureum  Fr.  ?  fide  Prof.  Moore. 

Hypoxylon  marginatum  (Schw.)  Berk,  fide  Prof.  Moore. 

Nximmularia  Bullardi  Tulasne. 

Lenzites  saepiaria  Fr. 

Panus  rudis  Fr. 

Polystictus  hirsutus  Fr. 

Polystictus  pergametms  Fr. 

Polystictus  zonatus  Fr. 

Polystictus  versicolor  L. 

Schizophyllum  commune  Fr. 

Stereum  versicolor  Schwartz. 
In  addition  to  the  above  in  older  barrens: 

Amanita  ruhescens  Fr.  fide  G.  H.  C. 

Clitocyhe  pinophila  Pk. 

Polyporus  elegans  Fr. 

Polyporus  picipes  Fr. 
Pine-Oak  Association: 

Amanita  excelsa  Fr.  fide  G.  H.  C. 

Amanita  phalloides  Fr. 

Amanita  verna  Bull. 

Clitocyhe  ochropurpurea  Berk. 

Clitocyhe  laccata  Scop. 

Favolus  europaeus  Fr. 

Hypocrea  Richardsoni  Berk.   &  Mont,  fide  Prof.   ^Nloore. 

Lycoperdon  pyriforme  Schaeff.  fide  Prof.  ^loore. 

Polyporus  ignarius  Fr. 

Polystictus  perennis  Fr. 

Polyporus  Schweinitzii  Fr. 

Russula  hrevipes  Pk. 

Stereum  versicolor  Schwartz.  ' 

Although  the  data  gi^'en  above  are  very  meager,  the  ■v\Titer  offers 
them  as  an  illustration  of  the  fact  that  fungi  may  be  grouped  in  forma- 
tions. 

All  fungi  are  tending  to  migrate  and  many  are  cosmopolitan. 
Some  agents  are  very  efficient  in  their  distribution,  for  example,  self 


58  ECOLOGICAL    RELATIONS    OF    THE    FLORA. 

propulsion  as  in  the  Asconiycetes  and  Basidiomycetes,  as  has  been 
shown  by  Buller  (1909),  or  biotic  as  in  the  Phalloids,  etc.,  whose  spores 
are  carried  by  insects.  Fungi  also  show  successions,  as,  for  example, 
the  successive  appearance  of  different  species  on  fallen  logs  at  chfferent 
stages  of  decay  and  the  zonation  shown  about  a  dung  heap. 

The  ecological  relations  depend  on  the  life  habit.  If  parasitic,  the 
problem  is  similar  to  the  problem  of  the  higher  parasites,  namely: 
entrance  of  host,  appropriation  of  the  food  supply,  and  reproduction. 
The  problems  of  immunity  and  virulence  also  come  here.  If  sapro- 
phytic, the  problem  is  comparable  to  the  problems  of  the  green  plants, 
for  saprophytic  species  are  affected  by  climatic  and  by  edaphic 
factors,  chiefly  water  and  nutrient  content.  The  former  allows  the 
fungi  to  be  classed  as  xerophytic,  mesophytic  or  hydrophytic,  while 
the  nutrient  content  probably  accounts  for  the  facts  of  successions 
and  the  occurrence  on  distinct  species  of  fallen  trees,  etc., or  on  distinct 
kinds  of  soil,  as  Astraeus  on  sand  and  Hygrophorus  miniatus  in  the  bogs. 
Climatic  factors  would  be  operative  through  the  effect  of  light  and 
temperature,  the  former  probably  being  more  important.  The  fact 
that  fungi  present  spring,  summer  and  fall  aspects  would  probably 
come  from  the  effect  of  climatic  factors. 

These  things  may  be  seen  working  in  the  general  fungus  layers  but 
as  a  group  the  fungi  are  much  more  important  as  biotic  factors,  pro- 
ducing diseases  and  epidemics,  and  in  the  important  activities  of  de- 
structive metabolism  and  nitrification. 

Fungi  have  been  listed  from  special  forest  associations  (La  Garde 
1909)  and  a  number  of  ecologists  have  listed  the  species  along  with  the 
higher  plants.  (Weber  1902)  (Jennings  1909)  (Ganong  1897).*  The 
group  now  requires  a  great  amount  of  physiological  work  and  nutrient 
relation  determination,  and  the  forms  present  difficulties  in  the  field 
through  their  evanescence,  size  and  periodicity  (Harshberger  1904,  p. 
149)  and  from  the  fact  that  the  presence  of  the  mycelium  is  not  always 
betrayed  by  the  production  of  a  pileus,  but  notwithstanding  these 
difficulties  they  present  attackable  problems  of  distribution  and  ecology 
which  are  worthy  of  notice.  (For  criticism  of  this  view  see  Pound 
and  Clements,  1900,  pp.  121-4.) 

PHYTOGEOGRAPHICAL    RELATIONS. 

Sand  Point  is  located  in  the  Transition  Zone,  as  outlined  by  Merriam 
(1898),  and  its  flora,  disregarding  species  of  continental  distribution, 
is  about  evenly  divided  between  the  so-called  Boreal  and  Austral  species. 


*Klebahn  (1904,  pp.  97-103)  has  attempted  to  connect  the  occurrence  of  certain  heteroec- 
ious  forms  of  rusts  with  the  formation  in  which  the  hosts  occur,  but  the  meagerness  of  observa- 
tion of  both  host  and  fungi  in  the  same  formation  makes  his  work  largely  conjecture.  For 
such  analyses  there  is  need  for  suitable  lists. 


ECOLOGICAL  RELATIONS  OF  THE  FLORA.  59 

However,  more  distinctly  northern  and  southern  species  are  found  here 
than  in  the  interior  parts  of  the  state  at  the  same  latitude.  Adams 
(1902)  has  pointed  out  that  the  post-glacial  migration  of  plants  and 
animals  into  Michigan  was  principally  from  southeastern  United  States. 
That  the  southern  forms  tend  to  push  farther  northward  on  the  western 
side  of  the  state  is  shown  by  the  comparison  of  the  species  reported  for 
Roscommon  County  with  those  found  in  Kent  County.  (Livingston, 
1903  and  1901.)  Similarly  the  flora  of  Sand  Point  is  more  southern 
than  that  of  Roscommon  County  as  also  is  the  flora  of  Manistee  and 
Sturgis  as  reported  by  Daniels  (1904)  or  of  Manitou  Island  as  reported 
by  Whitford  (1901).  This  is  probably  due  in  part  to  the  more  equable 
climate  of  the  coasts.  Whatever  the  explanation,  however,  the  fact 
stands  that  the  vegetation  has  advanced  in  a  V-shaped  manner,  the 
central  portion  of  the  state  lagging  behind  the  border  portion. 
Typical  southern  species  which  show  this  advance  are  Benzoin  aestivale. 
Sassafras  variifolimn,  Asimina  triloba,  Liriodendron  tulipifera,  Celastrus 
scandens,  Gleditsia  triacanthos,  Cornus  florida,  Cercis  canadensis,  etc. 

Similar  to  this  movement  northward  by  southern  forms  is  the  move- 
ment (or  persistence)  southward  by  northern  forms  for  which  no  ex- 
planation is  offered.  This  is  also  V-shaped  following  the  shores  of 
Lakes  Michigan  and  Huron,  such  species  as  Pinus  hanksiana,  Pinus 
strohus,  Tsuga  canadensis,  Betula  lutea,  Taxus  canadensis,  Abies 
halsamea,  Equisetum  hyemale  var.  robustum,  Clintonia  borealis,  Salix 
glaucophylla,  being  reported  from  Northern  Indiana  (Hill,  1896), 
Chicago  (Cowles,  1899),  South  Haven  (Bailey,  1880)  on  the  west  and 
from  Port  Huron  on  the  east  side  (Dodge,  1897)  but  are  rarely  found 
south  of  43°  in  the  interior  of  the  state  (Beal,  1904). 

Several  classifications  of  the  region  have  been  made,  all  largel}"  based 
on  the  type  of  forest.  Schimper  (1903,  p.  571)  has  followed  Sargent 
(1884)  in  including  this  in  the  Northern  Coniferous  Forest  Area. 

A  comparison  of  the  floral  lists  given  by  Cowles  for  Chicago  and 
vicinity,  Jennings  (1909)  for  Lake  Erie,  Dodge  for  Port  Huron, 
Daniels  for  Manistee  and  Sturgis,  Coulter  (1904)  and  Whitford  (1901) 
for  Manitou  Island,  Ruthven  for  Ontonagon  County  (see  Adams,  1906) 
and  the  compiled  records  from  Beal  and  Gray's  Manual  (7  ed.)  show 
that,  as  far  as  Michigan  is  concerned,  the  flora  of  the  Great  Lakes  region 
is  strikingly  a  unit,  not  alone  as  regards  species  but  also  in  the  com- 
position of  the  plant  societies.  Furthermore,  the  genetics  of  the  plant 
formations  are  very  similar  and  the  formations  are  passing  from  a  het- 
erogeneous aggregation  into  a  homogeneous  climax  if  we  follow  Cowles 
and  Whitford.  Now  the  basis  of  province  delineation  is  similarity 
of  constituents  of  formation  or  climax  formation,  and  the  limits  of  the 
province  that  includes  the  Great  Lakes  flora  seem  very  well  marked 


60  ECOLOGICAL    RELATIONS    OF    THE    FLORA. 

by  the  distribution  of  Pinus  strohus  as  given  by  Sargent  and  (in 
Michigan)  by  Spalding  (1899).  The  range  of  this  tree  is  not  restricted 
to  the  St.  La^\Tence  basin  but  extends  from  New  Brunswick  along  the 
ocean  well  through  the  Atlantic  states,  following  the  Allegheny  Moun- 
tains almost  to  North  Carolina.  The  explanation  of  this  range  seems 
to  be  found  largely  in  the  climatic  conditions. 

Engler  points  out  that  there  is  a  difference  in  the  secondar}^  species 
found  in  the  Atlantic  States  and  those  found  in  the_  St.  LawTence  Basin, 
and  he  denotes  the  Atlantic  States  portion  of  the  Pinus  strobus  province 
as  the  transition  zone  between  this  province  and  the  ^Mississippi  and 
Allegheny  Forest  Province.  (Engler,  1902.)  The  forms  and  species 
enumerated  for  this  last  proAdnce  he  records  as  having  penetrated  to 
Nova  Scotia,  New  Brunswick  and  Ontario,  and  we  find  them  in  Mich- 
igan. A  comparison  of  lists  shows  that  the  typical  species  of  each  zone 
are  present  at  Sand  Point. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  that  the  plants  of  the  Mississippi  and 
Allegheny  Province  are  almost  altogether  confined  to  the  swamps  or 
thicket  formations  while  those  of  the  Pinus  strohus  zone  proper  are 
on  the  sandy  ridges.  This  affords  an  hypothesis  to  account  for  the 
difference  in  the  secondary  species  of  Sargent's  White  Pine  Forest 
Area,  for  apparently  the  climatic  factors  account  for  the  wide  distribu- 
tion of  the  pine  but  the  edaphic  conditions  determine  the  exact  makeup 
of  the  formations.  The  sandy  ridges  are  taken  by  the  hardier,  less 
mesophytic  northern  societies  and  the  loamy  portions  support  the 
flora  ^vhich  we  have  learned  to  associate  with  the  deciduous  woods. 
Hence  the  leached  glacial  till  of  the  St.  LawTence  and  Great  Lakes 
is  held  by  pines  with  the  somewhat  scanty  accompanying  flora,  and  the 
levelled  highlands  of  the  coast  states  with  its  richer  soil  is  taken  by  the 
mesophytic  species  from  the  Allegheny-Mississippi  zone. 

GENERAL    SUMMARY. 

The  Sand  Point  successions  fall  into  two  ts^pes:  The  swamp  series 
(lagoon-swamp-thicket-forest)  and  the  sand  series  (beach-heath- 
jack  pine  barren).  The  progression  is  to  a  similar  mesophytic  forma- 
tion in  each  ca.se.* 


The  following  fungi  were  noted   for  the  firf-t  time  in  the  state  ; 
Clitocybe  laccata    Scop 
Clitociihe  pinophila  Pk. 
Clitocybe  ochropiirpurea  Berk. 
Fuligo  ovata  Schaeff. 
Hypocrea  Richnrdsoni  Berk.  &  Mont. 
Hypoxylon  nnnulatum  (Sch.)  Mont. 
Hypoxylon  atropurpureum  Fr. 
H ejniirichia  clarata  (Pers.)  Rost. 
Nummularia  Bullardi  Tul. 
Paniis  rudis  Fr. 
Porta  vaporia  Fr. 

Russula  emetica' Fr.  (Swamp  Form.) 
Russula  relernosa  Fr.  media. 
Stemonitis  Smithii  yia.cb.  (S.  femiginea  Ehren.) 


ECOLOGICAL    RELATIONS    OF    THE    FLORA.  61 

The  fungi  lists  are  given  to  show  that  this  layer  responds  to  the  en- 
\nronmental  factors  even  as  the  higher  plants  do.  Allowing  for 
differences  in  life  relations,  fungi  also  come  under  the  laws  of 
ecological  succession. 

The  phytogeographic  relations  of  this  area  show  that  it  is  now  in  a 
transition  zone  where  pronounced  northern  and  southern  species  are 
found.  The  genetics  and  climax  group  in  this  location  as  compared 
with  other  points  on  the  Great  Lakes  show  that  the  whole  region  is 
becoming  a  phytogeographic  unit,  and,  while  the  division  into  northern 
and  southern  forms,  and  Engler's  separation  of  the  White  Pine  area 
into  Eastern  and  Western  regions,  are  now  justifiable,  the  Great  Lakes 
drainage  sj'stem  is  becoming  a  stable  province,  with  northern  and 
southern  species  growing  in  the  same  localities,  but  sorted  out  into 
associations  by  edaphic  conditions. 

LITERATURE    CITED. 

Adams,  C.  C. 

1902.  Southeastern  United  States  as  a  Center  of  Geographical  Dis- 
tribution of  Flora  and  Fauna.     Biol.  Bui..  3:  llo-L31. 
1902.  Post  Glacial  Origin,  and  Migration  of  Life  in  Northeastern 

Tnited  States.     Journ.  Geog..  1:303-310:  352-357. 
1905.  Post  Glacial  Dispersal  of  North  American  Biota.     Biol.  Bui., 
9:  53-71.     Rept.  Int.  Geog.  Cong.,  8:  623-637. 
Bailey,  L.  H. 

1880.  Michigan  Lake   Shore   Plants   at   South  Haven.     Bot.   Gaz., 
10:76-77;  90-91. 
Beal,  W.  J. 

1888.  Observations  on  the  Successions  of  Forests  in  Northern  Mich- 
igan.    Rept.  Mich.  Forest  Comm.,  1:25-29. 
1904.  Michigan  Flora.     Rept.  Mich.  Acad.   Sci.,  5.     Reprinted  by 
State  Bd.  of  Agr.,  1904. 
Buller,  A.  H.  R. 

1909.  Researches  on  Fungi.     London. 
Bureau  of  Soils. 

1901.  Soil  Survey  of  Allegan  County,  Michigan. 
Chamberlain.  T.  C. 

1877.  Native  Vegetation  of  Wisconsin.  Geol.  of  E.  Wis..  2:  176-188. 
Coulter,  S.  M. 

1904.  Ecological  Comparison  of  Some  Typical  Swamp  Areas.     Rept. 
Mo.  Bot.  Gard.,  15. 
Cowles,  H.  C. 

1899.  Ecological  Relations  of  the  Sand  Dunes  of  Lake  Michigan. 
Bot.  Gaz..  27:95-117:  167-202:  281-308:  361-391;  figs. 
1-26. 


62         ECOLOGICAL  RELATIONS  OF  THE  FLORA. 

1900.  Physiographic   Ecology  of  Northern    Michigan.     Science,  12: 

708. 

1901.  Plant   Societies   of  Chicago    and  Vicinity,     Bui.    Geog.    Soc. 

Chicago,  2.     Bot.  Gaz.,  31:73-108;  145-182;  figs.  1-35. 
Daniels,  F.  P. 

1904.  a.  Flora  of  the  Vicinity  of  Manistee,  Michigan. 

b.  Ecology  of  Flora  of  Sturgis,  Michigan  and  Vicinity.     Rept. 
Mich.  Acad.  Sci.,  4:  125-159. 
Davis,  C.  A. 

1898.  Contribution  to  Knowledge  of  Flora  of  Tuscola  County,  Mich- 
igan.    Bot.  Gaz.,  25:453-458. 
1900.  See  Lane,  A.  C. 
Dodge,  C.  K. 

1897.  Flora  of  St.  Clair  County,  Michigan,  and  Western  Part  of  Lamb- 
ton  County,  Ontario.       Rept.  of  Sec.  of  Mich.  State  Hort. 
Soc,  230-314. 
Engler,  A. 

1902.  Die       Pflanzengeographische       Gliederung        Nordamerikas. 

Notizbl.  Konigl.  Bot.  Gart.  u.  Mus.,  Appendix  IX. 
Ganong,  W.  F. 

1897.  Raised   Peat   Bogs  in   Province   bi   New  Brunswick.     Trans. 
Roy.  Soc.  Canada,  2nd  Ser.,  Ill,  4:  131-163. 
Gunnar  Andersson. 

1896.  Die    Geschichte     des    Vegetations  Schweden.      Bot.     Jahrb. 
[Engler],  22:433-450. 
Harshberger,  J.  W. 

1904.  Phytogeographic   Sketch  of  Extreme   Southeastern   Pennsyl- 
vania.    Bui.  Tor.  Bot.,  31:125-159. 
Hill,  E.  J. 

1896.  Sand  Dunes  of  Northern  Indiana  and  Their  Flora.     Garden 

and  Forest,  91-353,  Sept. 
1900.  Flora  of  White  Lake  Region,  Michigan.     Bot.  Gaz.,  29:  419-436. 
Jennings.  O.  E. 

1908.  An  Ecological  Classification  of  the  Vegetation  of  Cedar  Point. 

Ohio  Nat..  8:291-340.     figs.  1-22. 

1909.  Botanical  Survey  of  Presque  Isle,  Erie  County,  Pennsylvania. 

Ann.  Carnegie  Mus.,   5:289-421.  pi.  22-51. 
Kedzie,  R.  C. 

1888.  Jack  Pine  Plains.     Mich.  Agr.  Sta.,  Bui.  37. 

1893.     Michigan  Soils.     Mich.  Agri.  Sta.,  Bull.  99. 
King,  F.  H. 

1900.  The  Soil. 


ECOLOGICAL    RELATIONS    OF    THE    FLORA.  63 

Klebahn,  H. 

1904.  Die  wirtswechseliiden  Rostpilze.     Berlin. 
La  Garde,  J. 

1909.  Conditions  biologique  et  repartitions  de  Champignons  dans 
Massif  de  TAigoul.     Bui.  Soc.  Mycol.  France,  24: 197-220. 
Lane.  A.  C. 

1900.  Geological    Survey    Huron    County,    Michigan.     i\Iich.    Geol. 

Surv.,  7,  IL 
Lixnngston,  B.  E. 

1901.  Relation  of  Soils  to  Natural  Vegetation  in  Roscommon  and 

Crawford    Counties,    Michigan.     Ann.    Rept.    Mich.    Geol. 
Surv.,  1903:9-30. 
1903.    The    Distribution   of    the  Upland    Plant  Societies   of  Kent 
County,  Michigan.     Bot.  Gaz.,  35:  36-55,  map. 
MacMillan.  C. 

1897.  Observations  on  the  Distribution  of  Plants  Along  Shores  of 

the  Lake  of  the  Woods.     Minn.  Bot.  Studies,  1 :  949. 
Merriam,  C.  H. 

1898.  Life  and  Crop  Zones  of  North  America.     T'.  S.  Dept.  Agr., 

Div.  Biol.  Surv.,  Bui.  10: 1-79. 
Pound,  R.  and  Clements,  F.  E. 

1900.  Phytogeography  of  Nebraska.     2nd  Ed.  Lincoln,   Nebraska. 
Ruthven,  A.  G. 

1906.  An  Ecological   Survey   in   Northern   Michigan.     Rept.    Geol. 
Surv.  Mich.  1905. 
Sargent.  C.  S. 

1884.  Report  on  Forests  of  North  America.     U.  S.  Tenth  Census 
Rept.  9. 
Schimper,  A.  F.  W. 

1903.  Plant  Geography.     Oxford. 
Smith,  E.  F. 

1880.  Catalogue   of   Phanerogams,   etc.,  of   Michigan,     Mich.    State 
Hort.  Soc.    (Quoted  in  Beal,  1904.) 
Spalding.  V.  M.   and  Fernow,   B.   E. 

1899.  White  Pine.     U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Forestry,  Bui.  22. 
Transeau,  E.  N. 

1903.  On  the  Geographic  Distribution  and  Ecological  Relations  of 

the  Bog  Plant  Societies  of  Northern  North  America.     Bot. 

Gaz.,  36:401-420,  figs.  1-3. 
1905.  Forests  Centers  of  Eastern  America.     Am.  Nat.,  39:875-889, 

figs.  1-6. 
1905-6.  The  Bogs  and  Bog  Flora  of  the  Huron  River  ^'alley.     Bot. 

Gaz.,  40:  351-375,  418-448;  41:  17-42:  figs.  1-16. 


64  ECOLOGICAL  RELATIONS  OF  THE  FLORA. 

Warming,  E. 

1909.  Oecology  of  Plants.     Oxford. 
Weber,  C.  A. 

1902.  Uber   die   Vegetation   und   Entstehung    des   Hochmoors   von 
Augstumal.     Berlin. 
Whitford,,  H.  N. 

1901.  Genetic  Development  of  Forests  of  Northern  Michigan.     Bot. 
Gaz.,  31:289-325,  figs.  1-18. 

University  of  Nebraska,  December,  1909. 


CATALOG    OF    PLANTS.  65 


CATALOG  OF  PLANTS. 

BY  C.   K.   DODGE. 
INTRODUCTION  AND  GENERAL  DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  REGION. 

So  far  as  known  to  the  writer,  no  botanist  has  ever  given  special 
attention  to  the  flora  of  the  region  here  considered,  except  Prof.  C.  A 
Davis,  who  more  than  10  years  ago,  while  engaged  in  geological  work, 
noted  and  reported  300  species.  ^ 

The  observations  on  which  this  paper  is  based  were  mostly  made  by 
the  writer  while  attached  to  the  field  party  of  the  Michigan  Geological 
and  Biological  Survey,  during  the  summer  of  1908,  and  on  supple- 
mentary trips  to  this  region  in  June,  July,  August  and  September, 
1909.  In  the  course  of  the  work,  Stony  Island,  North  Island,  Charity 
Island,  and  Little  Charity  Island  were  visited,  and  the  whole  shore 
between  Sebewaing  and  White  Rock  traversed.  Special  attention 
was  paid  to  the  shore  and  sand  dune  plants,  but  at  the  same  time 
notice  was  taken  of  nearby  fields  and  the  adventive  plants  and  weeds 
in  villages,  gardens,  about  country  dwellings  and  near  fishery  buildings. 

Huron  County  lies  at  the  north  end  of  a  peninsula  often  called  "the 
thumb  "  and  is  bounded  on  the  east  by  Lake  Huron  and  on  the  west  by 
Saginaw  Bay.  (See  map.)  The  proximity  of  so  much  water  affects 
its  climate,  making  it  average  about  three  degrees  warmer  in  winter 
and  three  degrees  cooler  in  summer  than  in  the  middle  of  the  state, 
but  the  principal  effect  of  the  lakes  is  to  check  oscillations  and  extreme 
variations  in  temperature.  - 

Beginning  near  Point  aux  Barques,  sand  ridges  or  sand  dunes  extend 
almost  continuously  to  Bayport,  Sebewaing  and  southwest  into  Tuscola 
County,  but  not  always  close  to  the  shore. '  From  Sebewaing  to  Sand 
Point  much  of  the  shore  is  of  the  mud  flat  type,  the  dunes  being  some 
distance  back.  These  dunes  owe  their  origin  exclusively  to  local 
conditions  and  the  combined  action  of  waves  and  wind,  the  former 
bringing  the  material  to  the  shore,  the  latter  heaping  it  uj)  above  the 
water  level.  They  are  formed  of  fine  pure  sand  blown  up  mostly  into 
long  and  often  somewhat  sinuous  ridges,  occasionally  into  heaps,  ranging 


^Geological  Survey  of  Michigan.  Vol.  VII,  p.  234. 
2Loc.  cit .  p.  .31  et  seq. 

^For  a  report  on  the  geology  of  Huron  County,  .'te  Vol.  VII.  pt.  II,  Geological  Survey  of 
Michigan,  by  Alfred  C.  Lane. 


66  CATALOG    OF    PLANTS. 

from  a  few  to  30  and,  in  exceptional  cases,  40  feet  above  the  level  of 
Lake  Huron.  The  dunes  are  mostly  very  old,  and  at  present  the  older 
ones  are  mostly  fixed,  being  sufficiently  covered  with  grasses,  sedges, 
other  small  herbaceous  plants,  shruljs  and  trees  to  protect  them  from 
the  action  of  wind.  (Plate  IV  b.)  A  very  few  small  ones  near  the  lake 
are  still  forming  (Plate  II  a),  but  the  sand  area  is  not  extending  farther 
upon  the  flat  and  valuable  agricultural  land,  except  where  occasionalls' 
the  vegetation  is  in  some  w^ay  removed  from  an  old  and  outer  dune 
which  is  thus  exposed  to  and  attacked  by  the  wind.  By  far  the  largest 
dunes  in  this  district  are  located  between  Caseville  and  Port  Crescent. 

While  the  dunes  at  present  are  of  little  value  for  agriculture  and 
useful  only  for  timber  growth  and  a  small  amount  of  pasturage,  the  land 
south  of  them  is  usually  flat,  very  fertile,  and  valuable  for  general 
farming.  In  1909  fine  crops  of  wheat,  oats,  corn,  peas,  timothy  and 
clover  were  noticed,  and  the  farmers  appeared  thrifty  and  prosperous. 
At  Sebewaing  many  large  fields  of  sugar  beets  were  observed  and  at 
Bayport  a  large  acreage  of  onions.  The  climate  and  land  are  also 
apparently  suitable  for  apples,  plums,  pears  and  cherries. 

Between  the  dunes  are  bogs,  marshes,  w^et  flats,  small  tracts  known 
as  cranberry  marshes,  and  ponds,  some  of  which  are  locally  called  lakes. 
The  largest  body  of  inland  water  so  situated,  lying  a  few  miles  east 
of  Caseville,  is  Rush  Lake,  which  is  about  two  miles  long  by  one  mile 
wide,  shallow  and  with  a  deep  muddy  bottom.  Its  surface  is  about 
20  feet  above  the  level  of  Lake  Huron. 

"  The  islands  consist  of  rock,  general!}'  limestone  covered  bv  a 
rather  thin  layer  of  glacial  till  that  has  heen  more  or  less  modi- 
fied by  wave  and  current  action  while  the  waters  of  the  bay  were 
subsiding  to  their  present  level.  The  rock  is  often  very  thinly  covered, 
as  on  parts  of  Stony  Island,  and  low  sand  ridges  are  also  noticed.  They 
are  well  covered  with  trees,  shrubs  and  herbaceous  plants,  and  the 
vegetation  generally  is  quite  primitive.  No  evidence  of  cultivation 
or  much  pasturage  was  noticed,  except  on  Stony  Island  which  contains 
about  800  acres  and  supported  about  45  cattle  and  a  few  hogs.  Just 
back  of  the  fishery  buildings  are  fields,  formerly  cultivated,  and  an  old 
apple  orchard,  many  of  whose  trees  still  bear  good  fruit.  In  one  part 
the  staghorn  sumach  has  taken  possession  of  the  ground  and  com- 
pletely overshadowed  the  fruit  trees.  The  farm  buildings,  if  there 
ever  were  any,  have  disappeared,  except  an  old  log  stable.  North 
Island  has  an  area  of  about  86  acres.  Charity  Island,  owned  by  the 
U.  S.  Government  and  used  for  lighthouse  purposes,  contains  over  640 
acres;  Little  Charity  Island,  a  fraction  over  4  acres.  In  1909  the  fishery 
buildings  on  the  islands  were  not  occupied  except  on  Little  Charity 
Island. 


CATALOG    OF    PLANTS.  07 

The  river.s  and  creek.s  runninji  into  Sajjinaw  Bay  are  much  impeded 
l)y  the  dunes  and  drifting  sand.  Durino;  tlieir  courses  they  form  many 
so-called  '"ox-bows."  the  streams  almost  doubling  upon  themselves 
and  very  materially  changing  their  beds  from  time  to  time.  Pigeon 
River,  reaching  the  lake  at  Caseville,  seems  at  present  to  flow  con- 
tinuously but  its  winding  course  near  the  mouth,  and  the  many  coves 
and  old  river  beds  there  show  that  it  has  often  in  the  past  been  impeded 
if  not  closed  up.  The  Pinnebog  River  at  Port  Crescent,  the  creek  at 
Port  Austin,  and  most  of  the  streams  throughout  the  sand  district 
were,  in  the  summer  of  1909,  closed  up  at  their  mouths  with  gravel  and 
sand  washed  up  by  the  waves. 

Each  of  the  habitats  mentioned  above  harbors  plants  adapted  to  such 
places  and  in  studying  and  listing  the  flora  of  the  district  all  must  be 
taken  into  consideration.  It  will  be  seen  therefore  that  an  exhaustive 
plant  list  of  this  region  will  very  probably  include  nearly  all  the  species 
of  the  northern  half  of  Huron  County,  although  the  various  species 
vary  greatly  in  abundance  in  different  associations.  The  present  list 
may  be  considered  a  fairly  exhaustive  one  of  the  flora  of  the  region 
and  should  fm'nish  substantial  data  for  the  study  of  the  geographic 
distribution  of  the  plants  in  the  state. 

A  better  locality  than  Sand  Point  for  a  base  from  which  to  examine 
and  study  the  fauna  and  flora  of  the  sand  dune  region  could  hardly 
have  been  chosen.  It  is  a  comparatively  narrow  point  running  from 
the  mainland  westward  about  three  and  one-half  miles  into  Saginaw 
Bay.  It  is  not  over  a  mile  wide  at  the  east  and  gradually  narrows  to 
a  point  on  the  west  end.  A  large  outer  dune  passes  along  the  north 
side  from  southwest  to  northeast,  and  from  about  the  middle  the  west 
end  is  covered  with  dunes  mostly  running  parallel  with  the  shore.  The 
balance,  a  large  tract,  is  flat  sandy  land  vnth  only  low  gravel  ridges, 
numerous  marshes,  swamps,  small  creeks  and  ponds,  some  of  which 
are  spoken  of  as  lakes.  In  1908  the  fishery  buildings  were  not  occupied, 
and  scarcely  any  signs  of  cultivation  appeared  throughout.  It  was 
practically  a  primitive  wilderness. 

Vegetation  on  the  beaches  and  dunes  is  comparatively  ^■ery  sparse, 
but  quite  primitive,  especially  on  the  sandy  beach.  While  fires  have 
many  times  swept  over  Huron  County,  especially  over  all  low  and 
marshy  parts  that  become  ver>'  dry  in  mid-summer,  the  plant  covering 
of  dunes  and  beach  has  been  practically  untouched  and  remains  nearly 
the  same  as  it  has  been  for  a  long  time.  Only  such  plants  establish 
themselves  on  beaches  and  dunes  as  are  fitted  to  endure  the  hard  con- 
ditions imposed.  The  shore  is  often  swept  by  heavy  waves  and  powerful 
winds,  both  of  which  must  be  resisted.  I'nder  such  conditions  it  is 
difficult  for  seeds  to  lodge  and  germinate,  or  for  young  seedlings  to 


68  CATALOG    OF    PLANTS. 

establish  themselves  and  grow.  On  dunes  drouth  and  sterility  must 
be  overcome.  Yet  when  once  these  beach  and  sand  dune  plants  are 
fairly  e.stablished,  they  become  vigorous  and  thrifty,  sending  out  strong 
and  wide-spreading  roots  deep  into  the  ground,  searching  far  and  wide 
for  food  stuffs  and  water. 

The  sand  dunes  of  Huron  County  are  in  no  way  comparable  in  size 
and  height  to  those  on  our  west  coast  along  Lake  Michigan  nor  to  those 
at  Port  Franks  in  Lambton  County,  Ontario,  where  they  rise  to  nearly 
100  feet  in  height.  In  Huron  County,  dunes  only  in  exceptional  cases 
rise  to  40  feet  above  the  lake  surface.  Nor  are  they  being  formed 
at  present  except  in  a  small  way  near  the  shore,  while  those  on  the  west 
coast  are  still  forming  on  an  immense  scale,  invading  and  covering 
swamps  and  destroying  forests.  The  older  dunes  there  are  often 
rejuvenated  and  blown  away  exposing  the  remains  of  forests  formerly 
covered. 

In  discussing  the  plant  covering  and  plant  associations  of.  the  sand 
region  only  those  of  the  beaches  and  dunes  will  be  considered.  But 
the  "List  of  Species"  includes  those  collected  in  all  habitats.  (For  a 
detailed  discussion  of  the  plant  associations  see  Coons.) 

PLANTS    OF   THE    BEACHES. 

From  Sebewaing  around  to  White  Rock  on  the  east  side  of 
Huron  County,  the  beach  varies  greatly.  Between  SebeAvaing 
and  the  east  end  of  Sand  Point,  the  water  of  the  bay  near 
shore  is  shallow,  and  the  beach  is  partly  at  least  hydrophytic.  Out 
some  distance  from  shore  may  be  found  clumps  of  Scirpus  occi- 
dentalis  and  Potamogetons.  Marshy  places  and  bogs  often  fringe  the 
immediate  shore  where  are  seen  in  more  or  less  abundance  the  plants 
characteristic  of  such  places,  Scirpus  validus,  S.  heterochaetus,  S.  ameri- 
canus,  Typha  latifolia  and  Cicuta  hulbifera.  At  Caseville  the  beach  is 
Avide,  flat  and  sandy  in  one  place,  being  often  washed  by  the  waves. 
One  plant  common  there,  Triglochin  palustris,  seems  to  l^e  character- 
istic of  a  damp  sandy  beach,  but  most  species  not  being  able  to  withstand 
the  attacks  of  wind  and  waves  seldom  come  to  maturity.  At  Hat  Point, 
near  Port  Austin  and  at  Point  aux  Barc^ues,  for  short  distances,  the 
only  beaches  are  overhanging  rocks  where  the  beautiful  fern.  Poly  podium 
vulgare,  is  common. 

From  Point  aux  Barques  nearly  to  White  Rock,  the  beach  is  mostly 
narrow  and  sandy.  Back  of  it  is  a  flat  strip  of  ground  varying  in  width 
from  a  few  rods  to  a  half  mile  or  more,  formerly  and  mostly  now  covered 
with  timber — beach,  maple,  white  Iwrch.  basswood  and  ash.  A  bluff 
borders  this  flat  strip  of  wooded  ground  for  nearly  the  entire  distance. 
From  Sand  Point  to  Point  aux  Barques,  except  where  the  rock  out- 


CATALOG    OF    PLANTS.  (ig 

crops,  most  of  the  beach  is  sandy  and  xerophytic  conditions  prevail. 
The  one  on  the  north  side  of  Sand  Point  is  fairly  representative  of  such 
beaches.     Here  it  is  lashed  by  heavy  waves  and  swept  by  strong  winds. 

The  plants  of  such  beaches,  as  would  be  expected,  are  not  numerous 
nor  equally  distributed.  Very  few  plants  can  exist  under  such  severe 
conditions.  One  of  the  most  characteristic  is  the  American  sea  rocket, 
a  succulent  crucifer,  venturing  nearer  the  water  than  any  other  beach 
plant,  and  often  abundant  in  places.  It  has  been  noticed  from  Sand 
Point  to  Lake  St.  Clair  and  from  Port  Huron  to  Port  Franks  in  Lambton 
County,  Ontario.  In  this  region  it  is  seldom  seen  farther  up  the  beach 
than  the  dune  line.  Sea-side  spurge  was  not  noticed  at  Sand  Point, 
but  it  was  frequent  and  abundant  in  drifting  sand  in  places  from  Case- 
ville  to  Port  Austin,  following  the  shore  to  Port  Huron  and  on  the 
Canadian  shore  to  Port  Franks.  The  beach  pea,  a  vigorous  perennial 
and  a  good  sand  binder,  is  frequent,  seldom  seen  beyond  the  first  dune, 
and  nowhere  noticed  as  abundant  except  on  the  south  side  of  Little 
Charity  Island,  where  it  carpeted  the  sand  and  very  effectually  held  it 
in  place.  It  is  remarkable  that  these  three  plants  are  common  on  the 
Atlantic  shore  in  similar  situations.  One  of  the  most  interesting  plants 
of  the  region,  said  to  be  found  only  about  the  Great  Lakes,  where  it 
probably  originated,  is  the  thistle,  Cirsium  pitcheri,  which  prefers  a 
sandy  wave-washed  and  wind-swept  shore  and  seldom  gets  farther 
away  than  the  first  shoreward  dune.  It  is  common  from  Sand  Point 
to  Port  Austin  and  on  Charity  Island.  So  far  as  known  to  the  A\Titer 
it  does  not  occur  from  near  Port  Austin  to  Port  Huron  in  Michigan,  but 
it  is  common  on  the  drifting  shore  at  Port  Franks  in  Lambton  Count  v, 
Ontario,  about  30  or  35  miles  northeast  of  Port  Huron.  It  is  interesting 
to  know  that  this  thistle  was  named  for  Dr.  Zina  Pitcher,  an  army 
physician  stationed  more  than  fifty  years  ago  at  Fort  Gratiot,  now  a 
part  of  the  city  of  Port  Huron,  and  who  probably  was  one  of  the  first 
botanists  to  examine  the  flora  of  this  part  of  Michigan. 

Two  grasses  of  the  beach  are  very  prominent  as  sand  binders  and  are 
most  abundant  on  the  north  shore  of  Sand  Point  and  for  a  mile  or  more 
near  Hat  Point.  One  of  these,  the  sea  sand-reed,  by  its  matted  root- 
stock  system,  demonstrates  fully  at  these  two  places  that  it  can  very 
successfully  hold  the  shore  and  dune  sands  against  the  powerful  action 
of  the  waves,  and  equally  well  against  the  constant  action  of  strong 
winds.  It  is  so  well  fitted  for  this  purpose,  as  shown  here,  that  its 
reputation  has  become  world  wide.  The  other.  Calamovilfa  longifolia, 
a  tall  and  fine  looking  grass  with  a  large  redflish  panicle,  tloes  not  usualK" 
here  at  least,  gro\v  so  near  the  water,  but  holds  the  sands  firmly  against 
the  persistent  action  of  the  wind.  It  is  frequent  at  Sand  Point,  and 
from  there  to   Port   Huron  is  noticed  in  drifting  sands.      It   is  also 


70  CATALOG    OP    PLANTS. 

abundant  in  places  on  the  Lake  Huron  shore  in  Lambton  County, 
Ontario,  where  also  the  sea-side  reed  is  noticed,  as  far  as  Port  Franks. 
Artemisia  caudata  and  Oenothera  biennis  often  occur  as  beach  plants, 
but  these  are  also  found  on  dunes  and  flat  sandy  land.  Salix  longifolia, 
S.  glcmcophylla  and  shrubs  of  Populus  halsamifera  and  Cottonwood 
frecjuently  spring  up  on  the  beach,  but  usually  only  above  the  wave  line. 

PLANTS    OF   THE    DUNES. 

As  has  been  intimated,  the  dunes  of  this  region,  even  the  largest  and 
most  massive,  have  almost  without  exception  a  fairly  good  plant 
covering  on  sides  and  crest.  The  vegetation  consists  of  trees,  shrubs 
and  herbaceous  plants,  but  varies  somewhat  in  density.  This  plant 
covering,  although  not  so  pronounced  at  first,  generally  begins  at  the 
upper  beach  and  near  the  foot  of  the  first  shoreward  dune,  and  continues 
on  the  sides,  crests,  and  between  the  ridges,  if  sandy  ground  prevails,  to 
the  farthest  outer  dune.  In  the  opinion  of  the  writer  the  dunes  of 
this  region  are  not  large  or  high  enough  to  make  it  of  value  or  im- 
portance to  undertake  to  distinguish  differences  in  the  plant  covering 
on  sides  and  crest.  Species  and  their  relative  abundance  vary  from 
point  to  point  between  Bay  port  and  Point  aux  Barques,  and  from  the 
beach  to  the  last  outer  sand  ridges. 

At  Sand  Point  the  dunes  are  not  large  or  very  high.  On  the  north 
side  the  first  dune  is  fringed  with  an  abundance  of  choke  cherry, 
Amelanchier  canadensis,  A.  rotundifolia ,  and  A.  spicata,  the  last  being 
common  on  other  ridges  a,nd  flat  sandy  land,  and  very  noticeable  on 
account  of  the  large,  sweet,  juicy  and  palatable  berries.  The  dominant 
trees  at  Sand  Point  are  scarlet  oak  and  red  oak,  with  jack  pine  prevailing 
in  places  and  scattered  throughout  the  upper  end.  White  pine  is 
frequent,  but  usually  small  and  formerly  much  more  plentiful.  Good 
specimens  of  red  pine  are  scattering.  On  the  flat  sandy  land  of  the 
eastern  half,  the  dominant  trees  are  red  oak,  yellow-barked  oak  and 
white  oak,  consisting  mostly  of  small  trees.  Small  white  pines  pre- 
vail in  spots  and  are  scattered  throughout  the  sand  district.  Near 
Caseville,  west  of  Port  Austin  and  at  Port  Crescent,  the  jack  pine  is 
very  common,  seldom  large,  usually  scraggy,  and  apparently  of  little 
value.  It  should  be  noted  that  along  these  dunes  the  jack  pine  reaches 
its  extreme  southern  limit  on  this  side  of  the  state.  Here  also  the 
red  pine,  found  on  the  sides  and  crests  of  dunes  and  on  flat  sandy  land, 
altho  not  abundant  anywhere,  finds  nearly  its  southern  limit  for  this 
region,  the  exception  being  a  small  amount  on  sandy  ground  near  Port 
Huron  and  along  the  sandy  shore  of  Lake  Huron,  where  it  is  abundant 
near  Port  Franks  in  Lambton  County , "Ontario.  The  dominant  shrubs  are 
the  ])lack  huckleberry  and  low  SAveet  blueberry,  the  latter  often  den.sely 


CATALOG    OF    PLANTS.  71 

covering  the  ground,  and  a  variety,  the  bhick  blueberry,  is  very  common 
on  flat  sandy  land  and  dunes,  producing  a  great  abundance  of  delicious 
fruit.  Ceanothus  ovatus,  C.  americanns,  sand  cherry,  bearberry  and 
Gaultheria  procumbens,  are  plentiful  in  places,  and  all  these  are  efficient 
in  holding  the  sand  in  place,  The  beautiful  Cyripedium  acaule  is 
plentiful  near  Caseville  in  sandy  ground  on  the  sides  of  and  between 
dunes.  Linaria  canadensis,  a  small  blue-flowered  plant,  is  abundant 
throughout  the  sand  region,  and  Deschampsia  flexuosa  freciuents 
Klymus  canadensis  and  Agropyron  dasystachyum,  good  sand  binders, 
are  common  on  the  shoreward  dunes  near  Port  Austin  and  occasional, 
throughout.  Many  other  very  efficient  sand  binders  are  frequent  and 
abundant  in  places,  like  Asclepias  syriaca  in  sand  near  Port  Aubtin, 
also  Cornus  stolonifera  and  C.  haileyi.  Sweet  fern,  Lithospermum 
gmelini,  Lilium  philadelphicum  andinum,  Andropogon  scoperius,  Koe- 
leria  cristata,  Arahis  lyrata,  Danthonia  spicata,  Smilacina  stellata  and 
Indian  grass  are  scattered  throughout. 

GEOGRAPHIC    NOTES. 

There  are  no  species  limited  or  peculiar  to  this  region,  the  area  being 
too  small.  But  many  other  species,  like  the  two  pines  above  men- 
tioned, find  their  limits  along  or  near  this  sand  dune  district,  some 
reaching  from  the  north  to  this  line  or  just  below  it,  others  from  the 
south  just  reaching  it  or  going  very  little  beyond.  The  balsam  fir 
and  sweet  gale  are  not  known  farther  south.  Linaria  canadensis  is 
occasionally  noticed  south  of  this  line,  and  black  spruce  and  hemlock 
freciuently  creep  down  as  far  south  as  Port  Huron  and  perhaps  some- 
what farther.  On  the  other  hand,  a  few  species  common  farther  south 
are  scantily  represented  in  this  district.  Only  a  few  small  specimen.^  of 
sassafras  were  seen,  and  on  Little  Charity  Island  a  dozen  trees  and  many 
shrubs  of  Celtis  occidentalis.  The  tulip  tree  and  black  walnut  were 
not  noticed  growing  Avild.  although  reported  as  ocoasionally  found 
near  Sebewaing.  Carya  microcarpa  was  noted  near  this  last  place. 
The  hickories  and  oaks,  except  red  oak.  become  less  and  less  frequent 
north  of  this  line. 

A  (•  K  XO  W  L  E  DG  \i  E  XTS . 

Both  in  the  field  and  subsequently  in  working  up  the  material,  I 
became  indebted  to  several  persons  for  assistance.  It  was  impossible 
in  1908  to  spend  the  entire  summer  in  the  field  so  that  the  special 
effort  made  by  every  man  in  the  part}-  to  gather  material  and  data 
on  the  flora  was  very  welcome.  I  am  also  indebted  to  ^fr.  Charles 
McDonald,  the  lighthouse  keeper  on  Charity  Island,  for  much  assist- 


72  CATALOG    OF    PLANTS. 

ance  in  getting  to  and  from  the  islands;  to  Prof.  C.  A.  Davis,  formerl}' 
of  the  University  of  Michigan^  now  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey, 
for  much  encouragement  and  manj^  valuable  suggestions;  to  Prof.  C.  F. 
Wheeler,  formerly  of  the  Michigan  Agricultural  College,  now  of  the 
U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry,  for  kindly 
looking  over  the  various  species  of  Cyperaceae  and  other  plants;  and 
to  A.  S.  Hitchcock,  agrostologist  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agri- 
culture, for  the  examination  of  grasses,  especially  the  various  species 
of  Panicum. 

In  the  preparation  of  the  following  list,  Gray's  New  Manual  of  Botany 
has  been  followed,  except  where  no  common  name  is  given  in  this 
work,  it  has  been  taken  from  Britton  and  Brown's  Illustrated  Flora 
and  Britton 's  Manual.  In  writing  all  specific  names  capital  letters 
have  been  purposely  omitted. 

LIST    OF    SPECIES. 

1.  Polypodium    vulgare    L.     Common    polypody. — Abundant    od 

edge  of  overhanging  rocks  at  Hat  Point,  Port  Austin  and 
Point  aux  Barques. 

2.  Phegopteris  polypodioides  Fee.     Long  beech-fern. — "  Under  over- 

hanging rocks  of  old  shore  cliff  east  of  Point  aux  Barques." 
Prof.  C.  A.  Davis. 

3.  Phegopteris  dryopteris  (L.)  Fee.     Oak  fern. — "Under  overhang- 

ing rocks  east  of  Point  aux  Barques."     Davis. 

4.  Adiantum   pedatum   L.     Maidenhair. — Frequent  in  rich   damp 

woods. 

5.  Pteris    aquilina  L.      Common  brake. — Very  common  on  both 

damp  and  dry  ground. 

6.  Woodwardia  virginica  (L.)  Sm.     Virginia  chain-fern. — Abundant 

at  one  place,  in  a  swamp  northeast  of  Rush  Lake. 

7.  Asplenium  filix-foemina  (L.)  Bernh.     Lady  fern. — Common  in 

moist  places. 

8.  Polystichum  achrosticoides  (]\Iichx.)  Schott.     Christmas  fern. — 

Near  Port  Austin.     Not  common. 

9.  Aspidium  thelypteris   (L.)   Sw.     ]\larsh  shield-fern. — Very  com- 

mon in  damp  and  marshy  places. 

10.  Aspidium    cristatum    clintonianum     D.     C.     Eaton.     Clinton's 

cre.sted  shield-fern. — In  rich  woods  near  Harbor  Beach. 

11.  Aspidium  marginale  (L.)  Sw.     Evergreen  wood-fern. — East  of 

Port  Austin  and  on  rocky  cliffs  west   of  Grindstone  City. 

12.  Aspidium    spinulosum    (0.    F.    Muller)    Sw.     Spinulose    shield- 

fern. — Rich  woods,  Caseville,  Sebewaing,  Port  Austin,  Sand 


CATALOG    OF    PLANTS.  73 

Point.   Stony   Island.   Bifi  Charity   Island,   and  near  Rush 
Lake. 

13.  Asplenium    spinulosum    intermedium    (Muhl.)     D.    C.    Eaton. 

Spinulose  shield-fern. — Fre(iuent  in  damp  woods  at  Caseville, 
Port  Austin,  and  on  North  Island. 

14.  Cystopteris    bulbifera    (L.)    Bernh.     Bladder    fern. — In    damp 

woods  at  Sand  Point  and  east  of  Bayport. 

15.  Cystopteris    fragilis    (L.)    Bernh.     Brittle    fern. — Under    over- 

hanging rocks  west  of  Grindstone  City. 

16.  Woodsia  obtusa  (Spreng.)  Torr.     Blunt-lobed  woodsia. — ''Grow- 

ing abundantly  in  crevices  in  the  overhanging  rocks  on  the 
lake  shore  near  Port  Austin."     Davis. 

17.  Onoclea -sensibilis  L.     Sensitive  fern. — Common  in  damp  places. 

18.  Onoclea  struthiopteris   (L.)    Hoffm.     Ostrich  fern. — Low  bank 

of  Pigeon  River  near  Caseville. 

19.  Osmunda  regalis  L.     Flowering  fern. — Common  in  low  places 

between  sand  ridges. 

20.  Osmunda  cinnamomea  L.     Cinnamon  fern. — Occasional  in  damp 

])laces. 

21.  Botrychium    virginicum     (L.)     Sw.     Rattlesnake     fern. — Rich 

woods  at  Sand  Point,  Sebewaing  and  near  Rush  Lake. 

22.  Equisetum  arvense  L.    Common  horsetail.— Common,  especially 

on  damp  sand. 

23.  Equisetum  sylvaticum  L.     Wood  horsetail. — Freciuent  on  damp 

shaded  ground. 

24.  Equisetum  fluviatile   L.     Pipes. — Common  in  very  wet  places 

and  in  shallow  water. 

25.  Equisetum   hyemale    L.     Scouring   rush. — Frequent    on    sandy 

and  dry  shaded  ground. 

26.  Equisetum  hyemale  intermedium  A.  A.  Eaton.     Scouring  rush. 

— Common  on  sandy  ground  at  Sand  Point  and  Caseville. 

27.  Equisetum  hyemale  robustum  (A.  Br.)  A.  A.  Eaton.     Scouring 

rush.- — Occasional  on  sandy  ground  at  Sand  Point. 

28.  Equisetum  variegatum  Schleich.     Variegated  eciuisetum. — Lake 

Huron  shore  east  of  Caseville,  on  damp  sand. 

29.  Lycopodium  lucidulum  Michx.     Shining  cluli  moss. — East  end 

of  Sand  Point,  among  hemlocks. 

30.  Lycopodium  clavatum  L.      Common  clul)  moss.— In  dr>-  woods, 

east  end  of  Sand  Point. 

31.  Lycopodium     complanatum     L.      Trailing     Christmas-green. — 

Frequent  on  sides  of  sand  dunes  but  not  abundant. 

32.  Lycopodium  tristachyum  Pursh.       Trailing  club  moss. — "Com- 

mon on  sand  dunes  east  of  Port  Crescent."     Davis. 


74  .  CATALOG    OF    PLANTS. 

33.  Selaginella  apus  (L.)     Creeping  selaginella. — Common  on  clamp 

grx»und  at  Bay  port  and  Sebewaing. 

34.  Taxus  canadensis  Marsh.     American  yew. — Noticed  at  Bayport, 

Sand  Point,  Point  aux  Barques,  and  near  Rush  Lake. 

35.  Pinus    strobus    L.      Whi-te    pine. — Small    trees    are    frequent 

throughout  the  sand  region,  and  formerly  large  trees  were 
abundant  but  have  been  cut  by  lumbermen.  Occasional  on 
the  islands  of  Saginaw  Bay.     Seedlings  abundant. 

36.  Pinus  banksiana  Lamb.       Jack  Pine.  —  More    or    less  common 

throughout  the  sand  dune  district.  Abundant  at  Sand 
Point,  west  of  Caseville,  and  west  of  Port  Austin.  Not 
noticed  on  the  islands  of  Saginaw  Bay,  except  one  small 
tree  on  Charity  Island.  Seedlings  abundant.  Apparently 
a  tree  of  little  value. 

37.  Pinus     resinosa     Ait.     Red     pine;     Norway     pine. — Frequent 

throughout  the  sand  dune  district  and  formerly  abundant. 
Fine  specimens  still  exist  west  of  Caseville  and  on  big  Charity 
Island.     Seedlings  abundant. 

38.  Larix  laricina  (Du  Roi)  Koch.     Tamarack. — Occasional  through- 

out the  sand  region  and  formerly  abundant  in  low  wet  ground, 
but  now  nearly  exterminated  by  cutting,  drainage  and  fires. 

39.  Picea   mariana    (Mill.)    BSP.     Black    spruce.— Occasional    and 

formerly  much  more  abundant.  Noticed  at  the  west  end  of 
Sand  Point,  at  Bayport,  Caseville,  and  Point  aux  Barques. 
On  a  small  island  in  Rush  Lake  the  trees  are  being  killed  by 
a  parasite,  the  dwarf  mistletoe. 

40.  Picea  abies  (L.)  Karst.     Norway  spruce. — Planted  as  an  orna- 

mental tree  and  thriving,  but  not  spreading. 

41.  Abies  balsamea  (L.)  Mill.       Balsam  fir. — Occasional.     Over  .50 

trees  were  noticed  at  the  east  end  of  Sand  Point  and  a  few 
near  Bayport  and  Point  aux  Barques. 

42.  Tsuga  canadensis  (L.)  Carr.     Hemlock. — Occasional  throughout 

the  sand  district. 

43.  Thuja   occidentalis   L.      White   cedar;   arbor   vitae. — Frequent 

in  wet  places  between  sand  dunes  throughout  the  sand 
district.  Formerly  much  more  abundant,  but-  has  been 
cut  and  destroyed  by  fires. 

44.  Juniperus  communis  L.     Common  juniper. — Freciuent  through- 

out the  sand  dune  district.     Abundant  west  of  Port  Austin. 

45.  Juniperus  communis  depressa  Pursh.  Low  juniper. — Occasional 

near  Caseville. 

46.  Typha  latifolia  L.     Common  cat-tail — Common  in  wet,  boggy 

places.- 


CATALOG    OF    PLANTS.  75 

47.  Typha   angustifolia   L.     XarroAv-leaved   cat-tail. — In   very   wet 

places  along-  the  lake  .shore  near  Bayport. 

48.  Sparganium    eurycarpum    Engelm.     Broad-fruited    bur-reed. — 

Abundant   in  very  wet  places  throughout  the  sand  region. 

49.  Potamogeton     natans     L.      Common     floating     pondweed. — 

Noticed  in  Rush  Lake,  in  coves  near  Caseville.  Port  Austin, 
and  Sebewaing. 

50.  Potamogeton  heterophyllus  Schreb.     Various-leaved  pondweed. 

— In  Rush  Lake  and  at  Sand  Point  near  fishing  dock.  ''East 
of  Port  Austin."     Davis. 

51.  Potamogeton   heterophyllus  longipedunculatus  (Merat)  Morong. 

Various-leaved  pondweed.— "In  water  nearly  four  feet  deep 
off  the  beach  of  Point  of  Pines  Hotel.  Port  Austin.  The 
root  stocks  of  the  plants  grow  in  the  crevices  in  the  rocks, 
and  the  plants  thrive  in  spite  of  the  violent  surf  which  fre- 
ciuently  breaks  on  the  shore."     Davis. 

52.  Potamogeton  angustifolius  Berchtold  &  Presl.     Ziz's  pondweed. 

— In  Rush  Lake. 

53.  Potamogeton  richardsonii  (Benn.)  Rydb.     Clasping-leaved  pond- 

weed.— Near  fish  dock,  8ton\'  Island. 

54.  Potamogeton  perfoliatus  L.     Clasping-leaved  pondweed. — Near 

fish  docks  at  Sand  Point  and  on  Stony  Island. 

55.  Potamogeton  foliosus  niagarensis    (Tucherm.)   ^Morong.     Leafy 

pondweed. — Noticed  in  Pigeon  River  at  Caseville.  "Pinne- 
bog  RiA'er."     Davis. 

56.  Potamogeton    filiformis    Pers.     Filiform    pondweed. — "Shallow 

water  less  than  one  foot  deep  on  beach  between  Port  Austin 
and  Port  Crescent.  Also  at  North  Charity  Island  in  water 
six  inches  deep.     Abundant  at  both  locaUties."     Davis. 

57.  Potamogeton     pectinatus     L.      Fennel-leaved     pondweed. — In 

shallow  water  on  margin  of  the  lake  and  near  the  fishery 
dock  on  Stony  Island.     "Pigeon  River,  Caseville."     Davis. 

58.  Najas  flexilis   (Willd.)  Rostk.   and  Schmidt.     Slender  naiad. — 

Al)un(lant  in  Rush  Lake. 

59.  Triglochin  maritima  L.     Seaside  arrow-grass. — Frecjuent  in  bogs 

and  marshes  at  Sand  Point,  Bayport,  Sebewaing  and  on 
North  Island. 

60.  Triglochin  palustris  L.     ^larsh  arrow-grass. — Frecjuent  on  damp 

sand  along  Lake  Huron  shore. 

61.  Sagittaria  latifolia  "Willd.     Broad-leaved  arrow-head. — Common 

on  mud  and  in  shallow  water  throughout  the  sand  region. 

62.  Alisma  plantago-aquatica  L.     Water  plantain. — Yery  comuKMi 

on  mud  and  in  shallow  water. 


7G  CATALOG    OF    PLANTS. 

63.  Elodea  canadensis  Michx.     Water- weed. — In  Rush  Lake,  coves 

of  Pigeon  River,  and  near  the  fishery,  dock,  Stony  Island. 

64.  Vallisneria  spiralis  L.     Wild  celery.     Tape  grass.     Eel  grass. — 

Abundant  in  Rush  Lake  and  the  coves  of  Pigeon  River. 

65.  Andropogon  scoparius  Michx.     Broom  beard-grass. — Frequent 

throughout  the  sand  dune  region,  mostly  growing  in  tufts. 

66.  Andropogon  furcatus  Muhl.     Forked  beard-grass. — Frec^uent  on 

and  near  sand  dunes. 

67.  Sorghastrum  nutans  (L.)  Nash.     Indian  grass.     Wood  grass. — 

Frequent  on  light  sandy  ground  and  on  fixed  dunes. 

68.  Digitaria  sanguinalis  (L.)  Scop.     Crab  grass. — A  common  weed 

throughout  the  sand  region.  "At  Port  Crescent  in  drifting 
sand  where  it  was  getting  a  foothold  and  may  help  hold  the 
sand  in  place."     Davis. 

69.  Panicum    capillare    L.     Old- witch    grass. — A    common    weed 

throughout  the  sand  region,  especially  in  adjacent  gardens 
and  fields. 

70.  Panicum    miliaceum    L.     European    millet. — Cultivated    and 

occasionally  escaping  near  villages. 

71.  Panicum    virgatum    L.     Switch    grass. — Occasional    in    tufts 

throughout  the  sand  district.  "On  Charity  Islands  in  sandy 
soil."     Davis. 

72.  Panicum  depauperatum  ]\Iuhl.      Starved  panicum. — Occasional 

on  sandy  ground  and  sand  dunes. 

73.  Panicum  lindheimeri  Xash.     Lindheimer's  panicum. — On  open 

sandy  ground  at  Bayport,  Sebewaing,  and  Port  Austin. 

74.  Panicum    meridionale    Ashe.     Panicum. — Along    the    railroad 

near  Sebewaing. 

75.  Panicum    tsugetorum    Xash.     Hemlock    panicum. — On    sandy 

ground  at  Bayport. 

76.  Panicum  scribnerianimi  Xash.     Scribner's  panicum. — On  sandy 

ground  at  Sand  Point  and  near  Rush  Lake. 

77.  Panicum    xanthophysum    Gray.     Slender    panicum. — On    light 

sandy  ground  at  Sand  Point  and  Bayport. 

78.  Panicum  latifolium  L.     Porter's  panicum. — On  sandy  ground 

and  shaded  sand  dunes  at  Sand  Point,  Bayport.  and  Port 
Austin. 

79.  Echinochloa  crus-galli  (L.)  Beauv.     Barnyard  grass. — A  com- 

mon weed  on  damp  ground  and  in  waste  places  throughout 
the  sand  dune  region. 

80.  Setaria  glauca  (L.)  Beauv.     Foxtail.  Pigeon  grass.— A  weed  in 

gardens,  about  fish  shanties,  country  dwellings  and  in  fields. 


CATALOG    OF    PLANTS.  77 

81.  Setaria   viridis    (L.)    Beauv.     Green   foxtail.    Bottle   grass. — A 

common  weed  in  gardens,  fields,  and  about  fish  shanties. 

82.  Setaria  italica  (L.)  Beauv.     Millet.     German  millet.     Hungarian 

grass. — Cultivated  as  a  field  crop  and  occasionally  escaping. 

83.  Cenchrus   carolinianus  Walt.     Sand  bur.   Bur  grass. — Noticed 

in  the  streets  of  villages,  on  roadsides,  about  country  dwel- 
lings, fish  shanties  and  occasionally  in  adjacent  fields.  Also 
on  the  islands  of  Saginaw  Bay.  Said  to  be  of  recent  intro- 
duction and  spreading  rapidly. 

84.  Zizania  aquatica  L.     Wild  rice.  Water  rice.    Indian  rice. — In 

Rush  Lake,  w'here  it  had  been  sown  by  sportsmen  to  attract 
wild  ducks,  but  apparently  not  thriving  there.  Reported 
that  several  barrels  of  seed  had  been  sown  in  the  lake  a 
number  of  years  ago.  Reported  by  W.  H.  Wallace  as 
abundant  in  shallow  water  near  Stony  and  Katechay  Islands. 
"Marshs^  places  along  the  lake  shore  usually  small  in  such 
localities."     Davis. 

85.  Leersia   virginica    Willd.     White   grass. — In  damp   rich    woods 

near  Bayport  and  Sebewaing. 

86.  Leersia  oryzoides  (L.)  Sw.     Rice  cut-grass.     Often  called  scratch 

grass. — Frequent  in  moist  places  and  along  low  banks  of 
streams. 

87.  Phalaris  arundinacea  L.     Reed  canary  grass.- — Frequent  in  low 

wet  places  throughout  the  sand  dune  region  and  on  the 
islands  of  Saginaw  Bay. 

88.  Millium   effusum   L.     Millet   grass. — In  rich   damp  woods  near 

Rush  Lake  and  Port  Austin. 

89.  Oryzopsis  pungens   (Torr.)    Hitchc.     Slender   mountain  rice. — 

Frequent  on  sandy  ground  and  shaded  sand  dunes. 

90.  Oryzopsis  asperifolia   Michx.     White-grained  mountain  rice. — 

"Sides  of  older  dunes  about  Port  Austin."     Davis. 
9L      Stipa  spartea  Trin.     Porcupine  grass.  —  Occasional  in  sandy 
ground  at  Sand  Point. 

92.  Muhlenbergia  sylvatica  Torr.     Wood  muhlenbergia. — In  moist 

woods  east  of  Port  Austin. 

93.  Muhlenbergia   mexicana    (L.)   Trin.     Meadow   muhlenbergia. — 

Along  a  small  stream  east  of  Port  Au.stin. 

94.  Muhlenbergia  racemosa  (Michx.)  BSP.     Marsh  muhlenbergia. — 

Occasional   in   low    damp   ground   at    Sand   Point. 

95.  Phleum   pratense    L.     Timothy. — In   good  ground   throughout 

the  sand  region.  Fine  fields  of  it  noticed  under  cultivation 
on  adjacent  farms. 


78  CATALOG    OF    PLANTS. 

96.  Sporobolus    cryptandrus    (Torr.)    Gray.     Sand    dropseed. — Fre- 

quent and  often  abundant  in  sand  on  the  lake  shore  and  on 
sand  dunes,  acting  as  a  sand  binder. 

97.  Agrostis  alba  L.     Red  top.- — Frequent  between  sand  dunes  on 

damp  prairie-like  ground. 

98.  Agrostis  hyemalis   (Walt.)   BSP.     Hair  grass. ^ — In  dry  ground 

near  Port  Austin.     Not  abundant. 

99.  Calamovilfa  longifolia  (Hook).  Hack.     Long-leaved  reed-grass. 

— A  very  remarkable  grass.  Often  abundant  on  drifting 
sand  along  the  lake  shore  and  on  the  sides  of  the  dune  nearest 
■  the  lake.  In  Michigan  it  is  probably  the  best  sand  binder 
against  the  action  of  strong  winds.  It  usually  takes  a 
position  on  the  shore  farther  away  from  the  water  than 
A mmo phila  arenaria . 

100.  Calamagrostis  canadensis  (Michx.)  Beauv.     Blue-joint  grass. — 

Frequent  between  sand  dunes  in  damp  places. 

101.  Ammophila  arenaria  (L.)  Link.     Sea  sand-reed. — Frequent  and 

often  abundant  along  the  sandy  shore  of  Lake  Huron.  Prob- 
ably in  Michigan  the  best  shore  sand  binder  against  the 
action  of  waves.  Occasionally  mingled  with  Calamovilfa 
longifolia,  but  where  the  shore  is  fairly  even  it  takes  its  place 
nearer  the  water  than  the  other  grass.  This  is  noticed 
particularly  on  the  north  shore  of  Sand  Point  and  west  of 
Hat   Point.     Its  root  or  rootstoek   system  is  remarkable. 

102.  Cinna  arundinacea  L.     Wood  reed  grass. — Occasional  in  moist 

Avoods  and  damp  shaded  places. 

103.  Koeleria    cristata    (L.)    Pers.     Koeleria. — Frec^uent    in    sandy 

ground  and  on  sand  dunes. 

104.  Deschampsia   flexuosa    (L.)   Trin.     Common   hair   grass. — Fre- 

C[uent  on  shaded  sand   dunes.     Abundant  on  Sand  Point. 

105.  Danthonia    spicata    (L.)    Beauv.     Common    wild    oat    grass. — 

Frequent  throughout  on  sandy  ground  and  sand  dunes. 

106.  Spartina  michauxiana  Hitchc.     Slough  grass. — Frequent  in  wet 

marshy  ground. 

107.  Phragmites  communis  Trin.       Reed. — Occasional  in  very  wet 

))laces,  l)ut  nowhere  abundant  in  the  sand  region. 

108.  Eragrostis     hypnoides     (Lam.)     BSP.     Creeping     eragrostis.— 

Occasional  on  damp  sand  and  in  other  damp  places. 

109.  Eragrostis    megastachya    (Koeler)    Link.     Strong-scented    era- 

grostis— On  sandy  ground  on  Stony  Island  and  abundant  on 
sand  along  the  Pinnebog  River  at  Port  Crescent. 

110.  Melica    striata    (Michx.)    Hitchc.     Purple    oat. — In   rich   open 

woods  at  SeTiewainR-. 


CATALOG    OF    PLANTS.  79 

111.  Dactylis  glomerata  L.     Orchard  grass.— Fre(iiK'iit  in  the  streets 

of  viUages  and  on  roadsides. 

112.  Poa  annua  L.     Low  spear  grass. — Frequent  in  the  hiwns  and 

streets  of  villages. 

113.  Poa  compressa  T^.     Canada  blue  grass.     English  l)lue  grass. — 

Frequent   on   sandy   ground    and   sand    dunes   throughout. 
Often  acting  as  a  sand  binder  on  the  older  dunes. 

114.  Poa  triflora  Gilib.     Fowl  meadow  grass. — Along  the  railroad  in 

a  dani])  place  south  of  Port  Austin. 

115.  Poa  pratensis  L.     June   grass;  Kentucky  blue  grass. ^-Frequent 

throughout  the  sand  region  in  good  ground  and  often  on 
sand. 

116.  Glyceria    canadensis     (Michx.)    Trin.     Rattlesnake    grass.— In 

very  wet  places  near  Port  Austin. 

117.  Glyceria  nervata   (Willd.)  Trin.     Fowl  meadow  grass.  Nerved 

manna-grass. — Common  in  moist  and  wet  places  and  damp 
open  woods. 

118.  Glyceria    grandis    Wats.     Reed    meadow    grass. — Frequent    in 

dam])  open  ])laces  on  Sand  Point  and  near  Caseville. 

119.  Glyceria    septentrionalis     Hitchc.     Floating     manna-grass. — In 

very  wet  places  near  Port  Austin. 

120.  Festuca   octoflora   Walt.     Slender   fescue   grass. — Frequent   on 

sandy  ground  and  on  sand  dunes. 

121 .  Festuca  elatior  L.       Meadow  fescue. — On  roadsides  and  in  streets 

at  Jiayport  and  Sebewaing. 

122.  Festuca    nutans    Spreng.     Nodding    fescue    grass. — In    damp 

shaded  places  at  Sand  Point. 

123.  Bromus  secalinus  L.     Chess. — Occasional  as  a  weed  in  villages 

and  adjacent  fields. 

124.  Bromus  ciliatus  L.     Wood  chess. — In  damp  shaded  places  at 

Sand  Point  and  near  Rush  Lake. 

125.  Agropyron    repens    (L.)    Beauv.     Couch-grass. — Occasional    in 

streets  of  villages  and  about  country  dwellings. 

126.  Agropyron    dasystachyum    (Hook.)    Scribn.     Northern    wheat- 

grass. — Common  on  sand  along  the  lake  shore  and  on  sand 
dunes.     Abundant    at    Port    Austin.     A    good    sandbinder. 

127.  Agropyron     caninum      (L.)      Beauv.     Awned     wheat-grass. — 

Occasional  in  dry  open  woods  at  Sand  Point. 

128.  Hordeum  jubatum  L.     Squirrel-tail  grass.— Occasional  in  streets 

and  about  the  grain  elevators  in  villages. 

129.  Elymus  virginicus  L.     Virginia  wild  rye.- — Occasional  in  damp 

open  places. 


80  CATALOG    OF    PLANTS. 

130.  Elymus  canadensis  L.    Nodding  wild  rye. — Common  on  sand  on 

the  lake  shore  and  on  sand  dunes.  A  fair  sand  binder  against 
the  action  of  mnd. 

131.  Elymus  striatus  Willd.     Slender  wild  rye. — Occasional  in  dry 

shaded  places  at  Sand  Point. 

132.  Hystrix  patula  Moench.     Bottle-brush  grass. — Frequent  in  damp 

woods. 

133.  Cyperus  rivularis  Kunth.     Shining  cyperus.^In  damp  sand  on 

lake  shore  east  of  Caseville. 

134.  Cyperus    strigosus    L.     Straw-colored    cyperus. — Occasional   in 

damp  open  places  near  Rush  Lake  and  Port  Austin. 

135.  Cyperus  houghtonii  Torr.     Houghton's  cyperus. — Frequent  on 

sandy  ground  and  sand  dunes. 

136.  Cyperus  filicuhnis  Vahl.     Slender  cyperus. — In  sandy  ground 

throughout  the  sand  dune  district. 

137.  Dulichium  arundinaceum  (L.)  Britton.     Dulichium. — Frequent 

in  wet  swampy  places  between  sand  dunes. 

138.  Eleocharis    olivacea    Torr.     Bright    green    spike-rush. ^ — "Lake 

shore."     Davis. 

139.  EUocharis    obtusa  (Willd.)    Schultes.     Ovoid   spike-rush. — Wet 

places  about  Rush  Lake.  "Common  along  shore  of  Lake." 
Davis. 

140.  Eleocharis    palustris    (L.)    R.    and   vS.     Creeping    spike-rush. — 

Common  in  wet  marshy  ground  and  on  damp  sand. 

141.  Eleocharis  palustris  glaucescens  (Willd.)  Gray.     Creeping  vspike- 

rush. — Frequent  in  wet  shaded  places. 

142.  Eleocharis  acicularis  (L.)  R.  and  S.     Needle  spike-rush. — Wet 

ground  edge  of  Rush  Lake  and  near  Port  Austin.  "Very 
abundant  along  the  lake  shore."     Davis. 

143.  Eleocharis   tenuis    (Willd.)    Schultes.     Slender    spike-rush. — In 

marshy  places  and  on  damp  sand  along  the  lake  shore. 

144.  Eleocharis     acuminata     (Muhl.)     Nees.     Flat-stemmed     spike- 

rush. — In  wet  places,  often  on  wet  sand  near  the  lake  shore. 

145.  Scirpus  pauciflorus  Lightf.     Few-flowered  club-rush. — Shore  of 

Rush  Lake  and  at  Bayport.  "Forming  large  masses  on  the 
marshy  belt  left  by  the  retreat  of  the  lake  near  Port  Austin." 
Davis. 

146.  Scirpus    subterminalis    Torr.     Water    club-rush. — Plentiful    in 

edge  of  ponds  enclosed  by  sand  dunes  east  of  Caseville. 

147.  Scirpus  debilis  Pursh.     Weak-stalked  club-rush. — Abundant  in 

Rush  Lake. 

148.  Scirpus  americanus  Pers.     Three-square. — Found  in  wet  places 

generally.  \er\  common  in  wet  places  along  the  lake 
shore. 


CATALOG    OF    PLANTS.  81 

149.  Scirpus    validus     Vahl.     Great    bulrush. — Common    on     damp 

ground  and  in  very  wet  places. 

150.  Scirpus  occidentalis  (Wats.)  Chase.     Western  bulrush.— Common 

on  marshy  ii'round  and  on  borders  of  ponds. 

151.  Scirpus     heterochaetus     Chase.       Unequal-bristled     bulrush. — 

Lake  sliore  at   Bayi)ort,  growing  in  six  inches  of  water. 

152.  Scirpus    atrovirens    Muhl.     Dark-green    bulrush. — Common    in 

wet  open  places. 

153.  Scirpus  lineatus  Michx.     RedcUsh  bulrush. — Frequent  on  low 

dani])  <)])en  ground  between  sand  dunes. 

154.  Scirpus    cyperinus    pelius    Fernald.     Wool   grass. — Common   in 

wet  and  marshy  open  places. 

155.  Eriophorum  viridi-carinatum  (Engelm.)  Fernald.     Tall  cotton- 

grass. — Frequent  in   very   wet   open   places   between   sand 
dunes. 

156.  Rynchospora    fusca    (L.)    Ait.    f.     Brown    beaked-rush. — In    a 

boggy  place  at  Sand  Point. 

157.  Rynchospora  alba  (L.)  Vahl.     White  beaked-rush. — Occasional 

in  very  wet  oj^en  places  between  sand  dunes. 

158.  Rynchospora     capillacea     Torr.      Capillary     beaked-rush. — In 

marshes  aliout  Rush  Lake  and  near  lake  shore  at  Bayport. 

159.  Cladium   mariscoides    (IMuhl.)    Torr.     Twig-rush.— Common   in 

very  wet  marshy  ])laces. 

160.  Carex  scoparia  Schkuhr.     Pointed  broom  sedge. — Frequent  on 

low  o]^en  ground. 

161.  Carex  tribuloides  Wahlenb.     Blunt  broom  sedge. — Frequent  in 

edges  of  damp  woods. 

162.  Carex  siccata   Dewey.     Dry  spiked  sedge. — Frequent  on   dry. 

sandy  ground,  occasional  in  shade  on  the  fixed  sand  dunes. 

163.  Carex    cristata    Schwein.     Crested    sedge. — Frequent    in    wet 

shaded  places  near  Sebewaing. 

164.  Carex  straminea  Willd.     Straw  sedge. — Occasional  in  dry  open 

places  at  Sand  Point  and  near  Rush  Lake. 

165.  Carex   suberecta    (Olney)    Britton.     Prairie    sedge.— On    damp 

ground  on  Stony  Island. 

166.  Carex  bebbii  Olney.     Bebb's  sedge.— Stony  Island  on  mar.shy 

ground. 

167.  Carex   stelluata    Good.     Little   prickly    sedge.— On    low    damp 

ground  west  of  Caseville. 

168.  Carex  scirpoides   Schk.     Inland  sedge.— On   wet   ground   near 

Caseville. 

169.  Carex  canescens  L.     Silvery  sedge. — On  damp  sand  at  the  upper 

end  of  Sand  Point. 
11 


82  CATALOG    OF    PLANTS. 

170.  Carex  canescens  subloliacea  Laested.       Silvery  sedge. — On  wet 

ground  west  of  Caseville. 

171.  Carex    bromoides    Schkuhr.     Brome-like    sedge. — Frequent    in 

very  wet  places. 

172.  Carex  deweyana  Schwein.     Dewey's  sedge. — Frequent  in  rich 

open  woods  at  Sebewaing,  Bayport,  and  near  Rush  Lake. 

173.  Carex    tenella     Schkuhr.     Soft-leaved    sedge. — On     very    wet 

shaded  ground  near  Rush  Lake. 

174.  Carex  rosea  Schkuhr.     Stellate  sedge. — On  open  dry  ground  on 

Big  Charity  Island. 

175.  Carex  rosea  radiata   Dewey.     Stellate   sedge. — In   shaded   dry 

ground  on  Stony  Island. 

176.  Carex  muhlenbergii  Schkuhr.     Muhlenberg's  sedge. — Frequent 

on  sandy  ground  throughout  the  sand  region. 

177.  Carex    vulpinoidea    Michx.     Fox    sedge. — Common    on    damp 

ground. 

178.  Carex  diandra  ramosa  (Boott)  Fernald.     Lesser  panicled  sedge. 

— In  a  wet  place  near  Rush  Lake. 

179.  Carex  stipata  Muhl.     Awl-fruited  sedge.— Frequent  on  very  wet 

ground. 
ISO.    Carex  sartwellii  Dewey.     Sartwell's  sedge. — In  very  wet  places 
at  Sand  Point  and  on  border  of  Rush  Lake. 

181.  Carex  crinita  Lam.     Fringed  sedge. — In  very  wet  places  about 

Rush  Lake. 

182.  Carex    aquatilis    Wahlenb.     Water    sedge. — Frequent    in    wet 

marshy  places  near  and  along  the  lake  shore. 

183.  Carex   stricta    Lam.     Tussock    sedge. — Frequent    in    very    wel 

marshy  places. 

184.  Carex   aurea    Nutt. — Golden-fruited   sedge. — In    damp   ground 

near  Rush  Lake.     Abundant  at  the  end  of  Sand  Point. 

185.  Carex    leptalea    Wahlenb. — Bristle-stalked    sedge.— In    boggy 

places  near  Caseville  and  Rush  Lake. 

186.  Carex   polygama   Schkuhr.     Brown   sedge. — Frequent   in   very 

wet  and  lioggy  places. 

187.  Carex  gracillima  Schwein.     Graceful  sedge. — Frequent  in  edge 

of  damp  woods  near  Bayport. 

188.  Carex  communis  Bailey.     Fibrous-rooted  sedge. — ''Near  Grind- 

stone City."     Davis. 

189.  Carex  pennsylvanica  Lam.     Pennsylvania  sedge. — Common  on 

sandy  ground  and  fixed  sand  dunes. 

190.  Carex  livida  (Wahlenb.)  Willd.     Livid  sedge. — In  a  very  wet 

and  swampy  place  west  of  Caseville. 


CATALOG    OF    PLANTS.  83 

191.  Carex  tetanica  Schk.     Wood's  sedge. — On  very  wet  ground  west 

of  Caseville. 

192.  Carex    tetanica    meadii    (Uewey)    Bailey.     Mead's    sedge.— On 

rich  open  ground  at  Sel)ewaing. 

193.  Carex    eburnea    Boott.     Bristle-leaved    sedge. — Occasional    on 

shaded  fixed  sand  dunes. 

194.  Carex     laxiflora     patulifolia     (Dewey)     Carey.     Loose-flowered 

sedge. — In  woods  near  Port  Austin. 

195.  Carex    laxiflora     varians     Bailey.     Loose-flowered     sedge. — In 

woods  at  Port  Austin,  Sebewaing  and  on  Big  Charity  Island. 

196.  Carex   laxiflora    latifolia    Boott.     White    bear    sedge. — In   rich 

woods  at  Bayport  and  near  Rush  Lake. 

197.  Carex   granulans   haleana    (Olney)    Porter.     Meadow   sedge.— 

On  prairie-like  ground  near  Sebewaing. 

198.  Carex  crawei  Dewey.     Crawe's  sedge. — On  damp  sand  on  the 

upper  end  of  Sand  Point  and  on  Little  Charity  Island. 

199.  Carex  flava  L.     Yellow  sedge. — Frequent  in  wet  marshy  places. 

200.  Carex  oederi   Retz.     Sedge. — On   wet   ground   on   Sand   Point 

and  near  Sebewaing. 

201.  Carex  oederi  pumila   (Cosson  and  Germain).   Fernald.      Green 

sedge. — Frequent  on  damp  sand  along  the  lake  shore. 

202.  Carex  filiformis  L.     Slender  sedge. — Common  in  boggy  places. 

203.  Carex  lanuginosa   Michx.     Woolly   sedge. — On  edge  of  ponds 

enclosed  by  sand  dunes  east  of  Caseville,   and  near  Rush 
Lake. 

204.  Carex  riparia  W.  Curtis.     River-bank  sedge. — Borders  of  streams 

near  Sebewaing,  Port  Austin  and  Rush  Lake. 

205.  Carex  pseudo-cyperus  L.     Cyperus-like  sedge. — In  very  wet  and 

boggy  ground  near  Rush  Lake. 

206.  Carex  comosa  Boott.     Bristly  sedge. — On  wet  ground  at  Sand 

Point  and  Sebewaing. 

207.  Carex  hystericina    Muhl.     Porcupine   sedge. — Common  in   wet 

marshy  places. 

208.  Carex  lurida  Wahlenb.     Sallow  sedge. — In  swampy  places  near 

Bayport.  Rush  Lake  and  Sebewaing. 

209.  Carex  lurida  gracilis  (Boott)  Bailey.     Bailey's  sedge. — In  edge 

of  damp  woods  near  Bayport. 

210.  Carex  retrorsa  Schwein.     Retrorse  sedge. — In  wet  places  near 

Port  Austin  and  Rush  Lake. 

211.  Carex  lupulina  Muhl.     Hop  sedge. — Frequent  in  swampy  places 

and  wet  woods. 

212.  Carex  intumescens   Rudge.     Bladder  sedge. — In   dami)   woods 

near  Bayport  and  Sebewaing. 


84  CATALOG    OF    PLANTS. 

213.  Carex  intumescens  fernaldii   Bailey.     Bladder  sedge. — In  rich 

damp  woods  near  Sebewaing. 

214.  Carex  rostrata   iStokes.     Yellowish   sedge. — In  swampy   places 

near  Sebewaing. 

215.  Carex  rostrata  utriculata  (Boott)  Bailey.      Bottle  sedge. — Fre- 

cjiient  on  edge  of  streams  and  very  wet  places. 

216.  Carex  tuckermani  Dewey.     Tuckerman's  sedge. — On  open  rich 

ground  near  Rush  Lake. 

217.  Arisaema  triphyllum  L.     Schott.     Indian  turnip.     Jack-in-the- 

pulpit. — Common  in  damp  rich  woods  and  shaded  places. 

218.  Symplocarpus  foetidus  (L.)  Nutt.     Skunk  cabbage. — On  moist 

ground  near  Port  Austin.     Infrequent. 

219.  Acorus   calamus   L.     Sweet   flag. — In   shallow   water   and   wet 

places    along  streams  at  Caseville,  Port  Crescent    and    Port 
Austin. 

220.  Spirodela      polyrhiza      (L.)      Schleid.      Greater      duckweed. — 

Occasional  in  ponds  and  pools. 

221.  Lemna    minor    L.     Lesser    duckweed. — On    stagnant    shallow 

water  at  Caseville. 

222.  Pontederia    cordata    L.     Pickerel-weed. — Occasional    in    c^uiet 

parts  of  streams.     Abundant  in  Rush  Lake. 

223.  Juncus  bufonius  L.     Toad  rush. — Very  common  on  damp  open 

ground.     Abundant   on   damp   sand   at    Port   Crescent   and 
Port  Austin. 

224.  Juncus -tenuis  Willd.     Slender  rush. — Common  along  paths  and 

road  sides. 

225.  Juncus  dudleyi  Wiegand.     Dudley's  rush. — On   bank   of  large 

flitch  at  Sebewaing.     Apparently  infrequent. 

226.  Juncus  balticus  littoralis  Engelm.     Baltic  rush. — Frequent  on 

damp  ground  and  common  on  sand  along  the  lake  shore. 
A  good  sand  binder. 

227.  Juncus  effusus  L.     Common  rush. — Common  on  damp  ground. 

228.  Juncus    brachycephalus     (Engelm).     Buchenau.     Small-headed 

rush. — In  wet  places  near  lake  shore,  Rush  Lake  and  Port 
Austin. 

229.  Juncus    brevicaudatus     (Engelm.)     Fernald.     Canada    rush. — 

"Port  Austin."     Davis. 

230.  Juncus  canadensis  J.  Gay.     Canada  rush.- — Frequent  in  marshy 

places  and  on  damp  sand  on  lake  shore. 

231.  Juncus  nodosus  L.     Knotted  rush.^ — Common  in  marshy  places 

and  on  damp  sand. 

232.  Juncus  alpinus  insignis  Fries.     Richardson's  rush. — "Abundant 


CATALOG    OF    PLANTS.  85 

in  the  creek  valley  at  Port  Austin,  also  not  uncommon  along 
the  lake  shore."     Davis. 

232a.  Juncus  alpinus  fuscescens  Fernald.  Richardson's  rush. — Char- 
ity Island  in  damp  sand  along  the  west  shore. 

238.  Luzula  saltuensis  Fernald.  Hairy  wood-rush. — Aljundant  in 
moist  woods. 

234.  Luzula   campestris  multiflora   (Ehrh.)   Celak.     Common  wood- 

rush. — Occasional  in  open  woods  near  Bayport.  l^^ebewaing 
and  Port  Austin. 

235.  Uvularia  grandiflora   Sm.     Large-flowered  bellwort. — Frequent 

in  i-ich  woods. 

236.  Oakesia   sessilifolia    (L.)    Wats.     Sessile-leaved   Ijellwort. — Fre- 

cjuent  on  damp  open  ground  and  in  open  woods. 

237.  Allium    tricoccum    Ait.     "Wild    leek. — In    rich    woods    west    of 

Caseville.  Not  noticed  elsewhere,  but  reported  as  formerly 
very  abundant. 

238.  Allium    canadense    L.     Wild    garlic. — In    meadow-like    ground 

near  Rush  Lake  and  on  North  Island. 

239.  Hemerocallis  fulva  L.     Common  day  lily. — Common  as  an  escape 

in  the  villages  and  near  country  dwellings. 

240.  Lilium    philadelphicum    andinum    (Xutt.)    Ker.     Western    red 

lily. — Occasional  on  sandy  ground  at  Sand  Point,  Sebewaing 
and  on  Charity  Island. 

241.  Lilium  superbum  L.     Turk's-cap  lily. — Occasional  on  rich  low 

ground. 

242.  Erythronium  americanum  Ker.     Yellow  adder's-tongue. — Fre- 

quent on  shaded  rich  ground. 

243.  Asparagus  officinalis  L.     Garden  asparagus. — A  freciuent  escape 

to  jjoor  and  sand\'  ground. 

244.  Clintonia  borealis   (Ait.)   Raf.     Yellow  clintonia. — Frequent   in 

moist  woods. 

245.  Smilacina  racemosa  (L.)  Desf.     False  spikenard. — Frequent  in 

moist  shaded  places,  often  on  sandy  ground  and  shaded 
sand  dunes. 

246.  Smilacina  stellata   (L.)   Desf.     Star-flowered  Solomon's  seal. — 

Common  on  moist  shaded  ground,  often  abundant  on  sand 
near  the  lake  shore. 

247.  Maianthemum  canadense  Desf.     False  lily-of-the-valley.— Very 

common  in  damp  woods  and  thickets. 

248.  Streptopus  roseus  Michx.     Sessile-leaved  twisted-stalk. — In  rich 

damp  woods  at  Sand  Point. 

249.  Polygonatum  bifiorum  (Walt.)  Ell.     Small  Solomon's  seal. — In 


86  CATALOG    OF    PLANTS. 

open  woods  at  Sand  Point,  Port  Austin,  Sebewaing,  Bayport, 
Stony  Island,  and  North  Island. 

250.  Polygonatum  commutatum  (R.  and  S.)  Dietr.     Great  Solomon's 

seal.— In  open  woods  at  Sand  Point,  near  Rush  Lake,  and 
on  Charity  Island. 

251.  Medeola  virginiana  L.     Indian  cucumber-root. ^ — On  shaded  rich 

ground  at  Sand  Point,  Caseville.  near  Rush  Lake,  on  Stony 
Island  and  Charity  Island. 

252.  Trillium  rectum  L.       Ill-scented  wake-robin. — Common  on  rich 

shaded  ground  at  Sand  Point  and  near  Rush  Lake.     The 
white-flowered  form  is  frequent. 

253.  Trillium  grandiflorum   (Michx.)   Salisb.     Large-flowered  wake- 

robin.  ^ — Common  in  rich  shaded  woods. 

254.  Smilax  herbacea  L.     Carrion-flower. — Frequent  in  moist  places 

throughout  the  sand  region  and  on  the  islands. 

255.  Smilax  ecirrhata  (Engelm.)  Wats.     L^pright  smilax. — Frequent 

in  rich  woods  and  thickets. 

256.  Smilax  hispida  Muhl.     Hispid  greenbrier. — Frequent  on  borders 

of  moist  woods  and  in  damp  thickets. 

257.  Dioscorea  villosa  L.     Wild  yam-root. — Common  in  damp  thick- 

ets. 

258.  Hypoxis  hirsuta  (L.)  Coville.     Star  grass. — Common  on  meadow- 

like ground  near  Caseville  and  on  Stony  Island. 

259.  Iris  versicolor  L.     Larger  blue  flag. — Frequent  in  wet  places, 

but  not  noticed  as  abundant  anywhere. 

260.  Sisyrinchium  albidum  Raf.     White  blue-eyed  grass. — Frequent 

on  damp  ground.     Noticed  on  the  islands. 

261.  Cypripedium   parviflorum   pubescens    (Willd.)    Knight.     Larger 

yellow  lady's  slipper. — A  very  few  specimens  observed  near 
Caseville.     Apparently  rare. 

262.  Cypripedium   acaule    Ait.     Stemless    lady's   slipper. — Frequent 

between  and  on  the  sides  of  fixed  shaded  sand  dunes. 

263.  Habenaria  bracteata    (Willd.)    R.    Br.     Long-bracted  orchis. — 

Occasional  in  damp  woods  and  thickets. 

264.  Habenaria  flava  (L.)  Gra}'.     Small  pale  green  orchis. — Occasional 

in  wet  places. 

265.  Habenaria  hyperborea   (L.)  R.  Br.     Tall  leafy  green  orchis. — 

Occasional  on  Avet  boggy  places. 

266.  Habenaria  dilatata  (Pursh.)  Gray.     Tall  white  bog  orchis. — In 

a  very  wet  and  boggy  place  west  of  Caseville. 

267.  Habenaria    hookeri    Torr.     Hooker's    orchis. — In    dry    shaded 

ground  at  Sand  Point. 


CATALOG    OF    PLANTS.  87 

268.  Habenaria  blephariglottis  (AVilld.)  Torr.     White-fringed  orchis. 

—  Noticed  l)y  Coons  in  boggy  ground  on  Sand  Point. 

269.  Habenaria  psycodes  (L.)  Sw.     Smaller  purple-fringed  orchis. — 

Fre([uent  in  damp  grassy  places. 

270.  Calopogon  pulchellus   (Sav.)   R.   Br.     Grass-pink. — In  very  wet 

nuirshy  places  at   Sand  Point   and  near  Rush  Lake. 

271.  Spiranthes   gracilis    (Bigel.)    Beck.     Slender   ladies   tresses. ^ — A 

few  specimens  noticed  on  open  sandy  ground  at  Sand  Point. 

272.  Spiranthes    cernua    (L.)    Richard.     Nodding    ladies    tresses. — 

Occasional  at  Sand  Point  on  damp  ground.  Common  near 
the  lake  shore  below  Grindstone  City.  "What  seems  to  be 
this  species  was  collected  by  Dr.  Lane  in  the  neighborhood 
of  Bay  port."     Davis. 

273.  Epipactis  pubescens  (Willd.)  A.  A.  Eaton.     Downy  rattlesnake 

plantain. — A  few  specimens  noticed  in  dry  woods  near 
Rush  Lake. 

274.  Corallorhiza    maculata    Raf.     Large    coral-root. — Frequent    in 

rich  woods.     "Point  aux  Barques."     Winchell's  catalogue. 

275.  Saururus   cernuus    L.     Lizard's-tail. — "Pinnebog   river,    Hume 

township."     Davis. 

276.  Salix  nigra  Marsh.     Black  willow. — Mostly  on  banks  of  .streams, 

and  seldom  more  than  a  shrub. 

277.  Salix    amygdaloides    Anders.     Peach-leaved    willow. — Common 

on  damp  ground  along  streams  and  on  borders  of  moist 
woods. 

278.  Salix    lucida    Muhl.     Shining    willow.— Common    on    low    wet 

ground. 

279.  Salix  alba  L.     White  willow. — Planted  more  or  less  in  all  the 

villages  and  often  escaping. 

280.  Salix  babylonica  L.     Weeping  willow. — Noticed  in  cultivation 

at  Sebewaing,  but  not  escaping. 

281.  Salix  longifolia  Muhl.     Sand  bar  willow. — Common  along  the 

lake  shore,  in  damp  sand  and  along  streams. 

282.  Salix  glaucophylla  Bebb.     Broad-leaved  willow.— Common  along 

the  lake  shore  and  on  sand  dunes  nearest  to  the  water.  A 
good  sand  binder. 

283.  Salix  glaucophylla  brevifolia  Bebb.      Broad-leaved  willow. — On 

sand  dunes  near  Caseville. 

284.  Salix  discolor  Muhl.     Glaucous  willow. — Freciuent  along  streams 

antl  on  borders  of  marshes. 

285.  Salix  petiolaris  Sm.     Slender  willow. — Common  on  damp  ground. 

286.  SaUx   humilis    Marsh.     Prairie    willow. — On   sandy   ground    at 

Sand  Point  and  near  Rush  Lake.     Not  abundant. 


88  CATALOG    OF    PLANTS. 

287.  Salix  sericea  Marsh.     Silky  willow. — On  damp  ground  at  Sand 

Point. 

288.  Salix   rostrata   Richards.     Bebb's   willow. — Frequent    in     open 

woods  and  on  borders  of  marshes. 

289.  Salix  Candida  Fliigge.     Sage  willow. — In  a  very  wet  and  boggy 

place  west  of  Caseville. 

290.  Populus  alba  L.     White  poplar. — Cultivated  in  the  villages  and 

spreading  by  root. 

291.  Populus  tremuloides  Michx.  American  aspen. — Yevy  common  in 

damp  ground,  frecjuent  on  sand  dunes  and  abundant  on 
burnt-over  lands  throughout  Huron  County. 

292.  Populus  grandidentata  Michx.    Large-toothed  aspen. — Frequent 

Ijetween  and  on  sand  dunes. 

293.  Populus    balsamifera    L.     Balsam    poplar. — Common    on    sand 

"  along  the  lake  shore  and  frequent  on  sand  dunes.  A  sand 
binder.  Trees  usually  small.  Covers  large  areas  in  Huron 
County  north  of  Bad  Axe. 

294.  Populus   deltoides    Marsh.     Cotton- wood. — Frequent   on   damp 

ground  with  other  trees  and  along  streams  throughout  the 
sand  region.  The  large-leaved  poplar  occasionally  planted. 
is  for  the  present  referred  to  this  species. 

295.  Populus  nigra  italica  Du  Roi.     Lombardy  poplar. — Cultivated 

in  the  villages  and  spreading  by  root. 

296.  Myrica  gale.     Sweet  gale. — Abundant  in  a  large  marsh  at  Sand 

Point.     Also    noticed    near  Caseville  and  on  Charity  Island. 

297.  Myrica  asplenifolia  L.     Sweet  fern.--In  small  patches  on  sandy 

ground  at  Sand  Point  and  near  Caseville. 

298.  Juglans  cinerea  L.     Butternut. — Frequent  on  rich  damp  ground 

with  other  trees  and  often  between  sand  dunes. 

299.  Juglans  nigra  L.     Black  walnut. — Noticed  only  in  cultivation. 

Lumbermen  report  that  it  is  not  known  to  grow    wild    in 
the  sand  district.     Noticed  in  Tuscola  County. 
:300.    Carya  ovata  (Mill.)  K.  Koch.     Shag-bark  hickory. — Throughout 
the   sand  region  on  rich  ground  with  other  trees.     Trees 
now  usually  small,  the  larger  ones  having  been  cut. 

301.  Carya  microcarpa  Nutt.     Small-fruited  hickory. — A  few  trees 

noticed  in  good  ground  about  Sebewaing. 

302.  Carya   cordiformis    (Wang.)    K.    Koch.     Bitter  nut. — Frequent 

on  rich  damp  ground  with  other  trees,  but  mostly  south  of 
the  sand  area. 

303.  Corylus  americana  Walt.     Hazel-nut. — Not  noticed  in  or  near 

tlie  sand  region,  but  reported  l)y  W.  H.  Wallace  as  occa- 
sionally growing  ne.ar  Bayport  and  on  Stony  Island. 


CATALOG    OF    PLANTS.  89 

304.  Ostrya   virginiana    (Mill.)    K.    Koch.     Ironwood. — Common   on 

rich  ground  with  other  trees. 

305.  Carpinus    caroliniana    Walt.       Blue  beech. — Common  on    rich 

dam]:)  ground  with  other  trees. 

306.  Betula    lutea    Michx.    f.     Yellow    birch. — Frequent     on    moist 

ground  with  other  trees.  Trees  mostly  small,  the  larger 
ones  having  been  cut. 

307.  Betula    alba    L.     Paper    birch;    canoe    birch;     white    birch. — 

Common  throughout  the  sand  district,  often  on  sand  near 
the  lake  shore.  Abundant  throughout  Huron  County  on 
burnt-over  lands. 

308.  Alnus  incana  (L.)  Moench.     Speckled  alder. — Very  common  on 

damp  ground  and  along  streams. 
,309.    Fagus  grandifolia  Ehrh.    American  beech. — Not  alumdant,  but 

noticed  on  small  patches  of  rich  ground  with  other  trees 

throughout  the  sand  region. 
-310.    Quercus   alba    L.     White   oak. — Frequent    on    rolling    or    level 

sandy  ground  and  on  fixed  sand  dunes. 

311.  Quercus    macrocarpa    Michx.     Bur    oak. — Frequent    on    small 

patches  of  good  ground  between  sand  dunes.  Occasional 
on  sand  near  the  lake  shore,  where  it  acts  as  a  sand  binder 
but  usually  smaller  in  such  places. 

312.  Quercus  bicolor  Willd.     Swamp  white  oak. — Occasional  on  rich 

patches  of  ground  near  and  between  sand  dunes. 

313.  Quercus  rubra  L.     Red  oak. — Plentiful  at  Sand  Point  on 'level 

sandy  ground  and  common  on  all  the  fixed  sand  dunes. 

314.  Quercus   coccinea   Moench.     Scarlet  oak. — Ablmdant   at  Sand 

Point.  Fine  large  specimens  noticed  near  Port  Austin. 
Common  throughout  the  sand  region. 

315.  Quercus      velutina     Lam.      Yellow-barked  oak;    black    oak. — 

Frequent  on  sandy  ground  and  sand  dunes. 

316.  Ulmus    americana    L.     American    elm. — Very    common    along 

streams  and  in  damp  ground. 

317.  Ulmus  fulva  Michx.     Slippery  elm.     Red  elm. — A  few  specimens 

noticed  near  Sebewaing,  but  reported  by  lumbermen  as  fre- 
quent throughout. 

318.  Ulmus     racemosa    Thomas.      Rock    elm. — Not     noticed,     Init 

reported  by  lumbermen  as  occasional. 

319.  Celtis  occidentalis  L.     Sugarberry.     Hackl^erry. — Abundant  on 

Little  Charity  Island.  Some  of  the  trees  over  one  foot  in 
diameter  two  feet  from  ground.  Xot  noticed  elsewhere, 
but  reported  l^y  W.  H.  Wallace  as  occasional  near  Bay  port. 


90  CATALOG    OF    PLANTS. 

320.  Cannabis  sativa  L.     Hemp. — On  sandy  ground  as  a  weed  in  the 

villages. 

321.  Humulus  lupulus  L.     Common  hop. — Noticed  as  an"  escape  near 

Caseville,  Rush  Lake,  Port  Austin,  Bayport,  and  Sebewaing. 

322.  Madura  pomifera  (Raf.)  Schneider.     Osage  orange. — Occasion- 

ally planted  for  hedges,  but  not  a  success.     Not  spreading. 

323.  Urtica  gracilis  Ait.     Slender  nettle. — Frequent  along  streams, 

in  open  damp  woods  and  low  ground. 

324.  Laportea   canadensis    (L.)    Gaud.     Wood   nettle. — Common   in 

rich  woods. 

325.  Pilea  pumila  (L.)  Gray.     Richweed. — In  damp  rich  woods  near 

Rush  Lake,  Port  Austin  and  Sebewaing. 

326.  Boehmeria    cylindrica    (L.)    Sw.     False    nettle. — Frequent    on 

moist  and  shaded  ground. 

327.  Comandra   umbellata    (L.)    Nutt.      Bastard  toad-flax. — Abun- 

dant on   flat  or  dry  rolling    ground    and    frecjuent  on  fixed 
shaded  sand  dunes. 

328.  Arceuthobium   pusillum    Peck.     Dwarf    mistletoe. — A    para.site 

on  Picea  mariana  on  a  little  island  in  Rush  Lake,  where  the 
trees  are  being  attacked  and  killed  by  it. 

329.  Asarum  canadense  L.     Wild  ginger. — Common  in  rich  woods. 

330.  Rumex  britannica  L.     Great  water  dock. — On  low  marshy  open 

ground  near  Rush  Lake,  Port  Austin  and  Sebewaing. 

331 .  Rumex  crispus  L.     Yellow  dock. — Frequent  as  a  weed  in  villages 

and  adjacent  fields  throughout  the  sand  region.     A  trouble- 
some weed  in  meadows  and  hay  fields. 

332.  Rumex  obtusifolius  L.     Bitter  dock. — Occasional  as  a  weed  in 

villages  and  around  country  dwellings. 

333.  Rumex  acetosella  L.     Field  sorrel. — Occasional  as  a  weed  on 

poor -ground. 

334.  Polygonum  aviculare  L.     Knotgrass.     Knotweed. — Common  as 

a  weed  in  villages  and  about  country  dwellings. 

335.  Polygonum    erectum    L.     Erect     knotweed.— Occasional    near 

Rush  Lake  and  Port  Austin. 

336.  Polygonum  lapathifolium  L.     Dock-leaved  persicaria. — In  a  wet 

place  at  Port  Austin  and  frec^uent  below  Grindstone  City. 

337.  Polygonum  amphibium  L.     Water  persicaria. — Frequent  in  very 

w^et  and  marshy  places  at  Sebewaing,  Port  Austin,  Bayport, 
and  near  Rush  Lake. 

338.  Polygonum     amphibium     hartwrightii     (Gray)     Bissel.      Hart 

Wright's  persicaria.— On  very  wet  ground  at  Port  Austin 
and  near  Rush  Lake. 

339.  Polygonum  muhlenbergii  (Meisn.)  Wats.     Swamp  persicaria. — 


CATALOG    OF    PLANTS.  91 

In  .shallow  water  and  in  very  wet  ]:)lace.s  along  streams  and 
near  Rush- Lake. 

340.  Polygonum     pennsylvanicum     L.       rennsylvania     persicaria. — 

Occasional  at  Port  Au.stin  and  below  CJrindstone  City. 

341.  Polygonum  hydropiper  L.     Common  smartweed. — Frecjuent  in 

moist  ()])en  or  shaded  places. 

342.  Polygonum    acre    HBK.     Water    smartweed. — On    very    wet 

marshy  ground  near  Rush  Lake.   Port  Austin  and  Har])or 
Beach. 

343.  Polygonum  orientale   L.     Prince's  feather. — Occasional  in  the 

villages  as  an  escape. 

344.  Polygonum   persicaria   L.     Lady's   thumb. — Usually   on   damp 

ground  in  and  near  the  villages. 

345.  Polygonum  hydropiperoides  Michx.     Mild  water  pepper. — Fre- 

quent in  Ijottoms  of  ditches  arfd  along  and  in  beds  of  small 
streams. 

346.  Polygonum  virginianum   L.     Virginia  knotweed. — Common  in 

damp  rich  open  woods  and  thickets. 

347.  Polygonum    convolvulus     L.     Black    bindweed. — A     weed    in 

gardens,  fields,  and  waste  places. 

348.  Polygonum    cilinode    Michx.     Fringed   black    bindweed. — ^'ery 

abundant   on    Little   Charity   Island.     Occasional   in   other 
localities. 

349.  Polygonum  scandens  L.     Climbing  false  buckwheat. — Occasional 

in  moist  thickets  at  Sand  Point. 

350.  Fagopyrum  esculentum  Moench.     Buckwheat. — Occasional  in 

the  villages  as  an  escape. 

351.  Polygonella  articulata  (L.)  Meisn.     Coast  joint  weed. — On  sand 

at   Sand   Point,  near  Caseville.  Rush  Lake  and  on  Charitv 
Island.     Abundant  on  the  beach  at  Grindstone  City. 

352.  Cycloloma  atriplicifolium  (Spreng.)  Coult.     Winged  pigweed. — 

On  sandy  ground  at  Port  Austin  and  Grindstone  City. 

353.  Chenopodium    botrys    L.     Jerusalem    oak. — On    sand    at    Port 

Austin  and  Grindstone  City. 

354.  Chenopodium  capitatum  (L.)  Asch.     Strawberry  blite. — On  bank 

of    Pigeon    river    at    Caseville.     "Occasional    in    woods." 
Davis. 

355.  Chenopodium  hybridum  L.     Maple-leaved  goosefoot. — Frecjuent 

in  open  woods  and  a  weed  in  villages  and  fields. 

356.  Chenopodium  album  L.     Lamb's  quarters.     Pigweed. — A  com- 

mon weed  in  villages,  gardens,   and  fields. 

357.  Atriplex  patula  hastata   (L.)   Gray.     Halberd-leaved  orache. — 


92  CATALOG    OF    PLANTS. 

A  frequent  weed  in  waste  places,  villages,  and  about  country - 
dwelliniis. 

358.  Salso'a  kali  tenuifolia  G.  F.  \\.  Mey.     Russian  thistle. — Noticed 

as  a  weed  in  sandy  ground  at  Bayport.  Sebewaing,  and  Port 
Austin.     Not  abundant. 

359.  Amaranthus    retroflexus     L.     Green     amaranth.     Pigweed. — A 

common  weed  in  villages,  fields,  and  about  country  dwellings. 

360.  Amaranthus  graecizans  L.     Tumble  weed. — Frec^uent  as  a  weed 

in  villages,   gardens,   fields,   and  waste  places. 

361.  Amaranthus  bhtoides  Wats.     Prostrate  amaranth. — A  frecjuent 

weed  in  the  streets  and  gardens  of  villages. 

362.  Mollugo    verticillata    L.     Carpet    weed. — Frecjuent    on    sandy 

ground  throughout  the  sand  district. 

363.  Arenaria  serpyllifolia  L.     Thyme-leaved  sandwort. — A  freciuent 

weed  on  sandy  ground  in  villages. 

364.  Stellaria    longifoha    Muhl.     Long-leaved    stitchwort. — Freciuent 

in. damp  grassy  places. 

365.  Stellaria    borealis    Bigel.     Northern    stitchwort. — "Pointe  aux 

Barc[ues."     In  Michigan  Flora. 

366.  Stellaria  media  (L.)  Cyrill.     Common  chickweed. — A  common 

weed  in  the  streets  and  gardens  of  villages. 

367.  Cerastium    vulgatum    L.     Common    mouse-ear    chickweed. — A 

common  weed  in  the  gardens  of  villages  and  in  adjacent 
fields. 

368.  Agrostemma    githago    L.     Corn    cockle. — Occasional   in    waste 

]ilaces  in  villages  and  in  adjacent  wheat  fields. 

369.  Lychnis  coronaria   (L.)    Desr.     Mullein  pink. — "Waste  places, 

Port  Austin."     Davis. 

370.  Silene  antirrhina   L.     Sleepy  catchfly. — Freciuent  on  dry  and 

sandy  ground  throughout  the  sand  region. 

371.  Silene  noctiflora  L.     Night-flowering  catchfly. — Frecjuent  as  a 

weed  in  villages  and  adjacent  fields. 

372.  Saponaria   officinalis   L.     Bouncing   bet. — Common  in   villages 

and  along  the  lake  shore,  often  covering  large  areas  of  sandy 
ground. 

373.  Clayton'a  virginica  L.     Spring  l^eauty. — Common  in  rich  woods. 

374.  Portulaca  oleracea  L.     Common  purslane. — Freciuent  on  sandy 

ground  in  the  gardens  and  streets  of  villages. 

375.  Nymphaea  advena  Ait.     Yellow  pond  lily. — Common  in  stagnant 

water. 

376.  Nymphaea    tuberosa    (Paine)    Greene.     Tuberous   white    water 

lily. — Frequent      in     coyes,      ponds,      and    slow    streams. 
Abundant  in  Rush  Lake. 


CATALOG    OF    PLANTS.  93 

377.  Brasenia    shreberi    rimel.     Water    shield. — In    quiet    water  in 

I'i.oeon  River.     Aluindant  in  Rush  Lake. 

378.  Ranunculus  delphinifolius  Torr.     Water  crowfoot. — Common  in 

still  water  and  slow-flowing  streams. 

379.  Ranunculus  sceleratus  L.     Cursed  crowfoot. — Common  in  wet 

and  liogiiv  ]ilaces. 

380.  Ranunculus  abortivus  L.     Small-flowered  crowfoot. — Very  com- 

mon on  damp  shadetl  ground. 

381.  Ranunculus  recurvatus  Poir.     Hooked  crowfoot. — Common  in 

damp  places,  rich  open  woods  and  thickets. 

382.  Ranunculus  septentrionalis  Poir.     Swamp  buttercup. — Frerpient 

in  moist  and  shaded  places. 

383.  Ranunculus  pennsylvanicus  L.  f.     Bristly  crowfoot. — Frequent 

on  damp  open  grassy  ground. 

384.  Ranunculus  acris  L.     Tall  crowfoot. — In  waste  places  at    Bay- 

port  and  Caseville.      Not  frequent. 
38,5.    Thalictrum  dioicum  L.     Early  meadow  rue. — Frequent  in  rich 
open  woods  and  thickets. 

386.  Thalictrum  dasycarpum  Fisch.  and  Lall.     Purplish  meadow  rue. 

—On  damp  rich  ground  at  Caseville.  Bayport.  Port  Austin, 
Sebewaing.  and  near  Rush  Lake. 

387.  Hepatica   triloba   Chaix.     Round-lobed  liverleaf.— Frequent  in 

rich  open  woods  and  thickets  near  Ru.sh  Lake.  Port  Austin, 
Bayport  and  on  Charity  Island. 

388.  Hepatica  acutiloba  DC.     Sharp-lobed  liverleaf.— In  rich  damp 

woods   at    Bayport.   Port   Austin  and  Sebewaing.     Also  on 
the  islands. 

389.  Anemone  cylindrica   Gray.     Long-fruited  anemone. — Through- 

out the  sand  dune  region,  but  nowhere  abundant. 

390.  Anemone  virginiana  L.     Tall  anemone. — Occasional  on  borders 

of  woods,  thickets  and  banks  of  streams. 

391.  Anemone  canadensis  L.     Canada  anemone. — Plentiful  on  damp 

ground  in  small  ]~iatches. 

392.  Anemone    quinquefolia    L.     Wood   anemone. — In   o]ien    woods 

near  Port  Austin  and  on  Stony  Island. 

393.  Clematis  virginiana   L.     Virgin's  bower.— Occasional  in  damp 

thickets  and  on  banks  of  streams. 

394.  Caltha    palustris    L.     ^larsh    marigold. — Frequent    in    swampy 

places. 

395.  Coptis  trifolia  (L.)  Salisb.     Goldthread.— On  damp  ground  near 

Port  Austin  and  Rush  Lake. 

396.  Aquilegia  canadensis  L.     Wild  columbine.— Frequent  on  sandy 

ground. 


94  CATALOG    OF    PLANTS. 

397.  Delphinium  consolida  L.     Field  larkspur. — Occasionally  escap- 

ing to  streets  in  villages. 

398.  Actaea  rubra  (Ait.)  Willd.     Red  baneberry.— Frequent  in  rich 

woods  and  thickets. 

399.  Actaea  alba   (L.)   Mill.     White  baneberry.— Occasional  in  rich 

woods  and  thickets. 

400.  Liriodendron      tulipfera      L.      Tulip      tree.     Whitewood.— Not 

noticed  but  reported  as  formerly  existing  near  Sebewaing. 
"Not  uncommon  in  southern  Tuscola  Co."     Davis. 

401.  Menispermum  canadense  L.     Moonseed. — Occasional  on  banks 

of  streams  and  in  damp  shaded  places.     Also  on  the  islands. 

402.  Podophyllum    peltatum    L.      May    apple;    wild    mandrake.— 

Frecjuent    on    rich    shaded    ground    throughout    the    sand 
district  and  on  the  islands. 

403.  Caulophyllum  thalictroides  (L.)  Michx.     Blue  cohosh. — Frequent 

in  rich  woods  and  thickets. 

404.  Sassafras  variifolium   (Salisb.)    Ktze.     Sassafras. — A  very  few 

small  shrul)s  noticed  in  sandy  ground  north  of  Rush  Lake. 
Reported  as  existing  in  many  other  places. 
40.5.    Benzoin  aestivale   (L.)   Nees.       Spice  bush. — Frequent  in  rich 
woods  and  thickets. 

406.  Sanguinaria  canadensis  L.     Bloodroot. — Noticed  in  open  rich 

woods  near  Rush  Lake.     Abundant  on  Charity  Island. 

407.  Adlumia  f ungosa  (Ait.)  Greene.     Climbing  fumitory. — Abundant 

among  broken  rocks  near  cliff  west  of  Grindstone  City.     "At 
the  quarries,  Grindstone  City,  on  refuse  piles."     Davis. 

408.  Dicentra   cucullaria    (L.)    Bernh.     Dutchman's  breeches. — Not 

noticed  but  reported  as  existing  at  Port  Austin,  Bayport 
and  Sebewaing. 

409.  Dicentra    canadensis    (Goldie)    Walp.     Squirrel   corn. — In   rich 

woods  near  Rush  Lake  and  on  the  flats  between  the  bluff  and 
the  lake  shore  above  Harbor  Beach. 

410.  Corydalis  sempervirens  (L.)  Pers.     Pale  corydahs. — Occasional 

on  sandy  ground  at  Caseville  and  Port  Austin. 

41 1 .  Corydalis  aurea  Willd.     Golden  corydalis. — Occasional  on  shaded 

sides  of  sand  dunes  near  Port  Austin  and  Caseville. 

412.  Alyssum  alyssoides   L.     Yellow   alyssum. — Along  the   railroad 

south  of  Caseville  and  Port  Austin.     Apparently  rare. 

413.  Thlaspi  arvense  L.     Field  penny  cress. — A  weed  on  sandy  ground 

at  Port  Austin  l)ut  apparently  rare. 

414.  Lepidium    virginicum    (L.)    Willd.     Peppergrass. — A    common 

weed  about  villages  and  country  dwellings. 


CATALOG    OF    PLANTS.  95 

415.  Lepidium  apetalum  ^^illd.     Apetalous  peppergrass. — A  frequent 

^vee(l  about  villages. 

416.  Lepidium  campestre  (L.)  R.  Br.     Field  cress. — Along  the  railroad 

south  of  Caseville. 

417.  Capsella  bursa-pastoris  (L.)  Medic.     Shepherd's  purse. — A  com- 

mon weed  in  villages  and  adjacent  fields. 

418.  Camelina    sativa    (L.)    Crantz.     Gold-of-pleasure. — Along    the 

railroad  south  of  Caseville. 

419.  Cakile  edentula  (Bigel)  Hook.     American  sea  rocket. — Common 

in  sand  along  the  lake  shore.  "Not  observed  back  of  the 
outer  row  of  dunes  and  usually  on  the  side  facing  the  lake." 
Davis. 

420.  Brassica  arvensis  (L.)  Ktze.     Common  mustard.     Charlock. — 

A  f refluent  weed  in  villages  and  adjacent  fields. 

421.  Brassica  campestris  L.     Ruta-baga. — An  occasional  weed    along 

railroads  and  in  villages;  an  escape  from  cultivation. 

422.  Conringia  orientalis  (L.)  Dumort.     Hare's-ear  mustard. — Along 

the  railroad  south  of  Caseville.     Apparently  rare. 

423.  Sisymbrium  officinale  (L.)  Scop.     Hedge  mustard. — A  common 

weed  about  villages. 

424.  Sisymbrium  altissimum  L.      Tumble  mustard. — Near  the  grain 

elevator. at. Caseville.  . 

425.  Sisymbrium  cheiranthoides  L.     Wormseed  mustard. — A  weed  in 

villages,  al)out  fishery  buildings  and  in  adjacent  fields. 

426.  Radicula  nasturtium  aquaticum  (L.)  Britten  and  Rendle.     True 

water  cress. — Abundant  in  a    creek  near  Port  Austin. 

427.  Radicula   palustris    (L.)    Moench.     Marsh    cress. -^Frequent    in 

wet  open  places. 

428.  Radicula  armoracia  (L.)  Robinson.     Horseradish. — Frequent  on 

damp  ground  as  an  escape. 

429.  Dentaria  diphylla  Michx.     Two-leaved  toothwort;   crinkle-root. 

—Not  noticed  but  found  in  the  herbarium  of  Miss  Elma 
Kelley  at  Harbor  Beach  and  collected  near  there.  No 
doubt  common  on  rich  shaded  ground  throughout  the  sand 
region. 

430.  Dentaria  laciniata  Muhl.     Cut-leaved  toothwort. — Abundant  on 

east  side  of  Charity  Island.     Not  noticed  elsewhere. 

431.  Cardamine  bulbosa   (Schreb.)   BSP.     Spring  cress. — Occasional 

on  wet  springy  ground. 

432.  Cardamine  douglasii  (Torr.)   Britton.     Purple  cress. — Common 

in. rich  damp  woods. 

433.  Cardamine  pratensis  L.     Cuckoo  flower. — On  border  of  a  creek 

east  of  Port  Austin. 


96  CATALOG    OF    PLANTS. 

434.  Cardamine  pennsylvanica  Muhl.     Pennsylvania  bitter  cress. — 

Occasional  on  damp  shaded  ground. 

435.  Arabis    lyrata    L.     Lyre-leaved   rock    cress.- — Common   on   flat 

:^andy  around  and  on  sand  dunes. 

436.  Arabis  drummondi  Gray.     Drummond's  rock  cress. — Frequent 

near  the  lake  shores  of  the  islands. 

437.  Arabis  laevigata  (Muhl.)  Poir.     Smooth  rock  cress. — Frequent 

on  sand  on  lake  shore  and  sand  dunes. 

438.  Drosera  rotundifolia  L.     Round-leaved  sundew. — Abundant  on 

a  small  island  in  Rush  Lake.     Xot  noticed  elsewhere. 

439.  Sarracenia   purpurea   L.     Pitcher   plant. — Abundant  in  boggy 

places  about  Rush  Lake  and  west  of  Caseville. 

440.  Penthorum    sedoides    L.     Ditch    stonecrop. — Frequent    in    wet 

places. 
44L    Sedum  acre  L.     Mossy  stonecrop. — A  harmless  weed  in  villages, 
often  covering  large  patches  of  sandy  ground. 

442.  Sedum  purpureum  Tausch.     Live-for-ever. — Frequent  on  sandy 

ground  as  an  escape. 

443.  Tiarella  cardifolia  L.      False  miterwort. — Common  in  rich  damp 

woods. 

444.  Mitella    diphylla    L.      Two-leaved   bishop's    cap. — Common   in 

rich  damp  woods  and  thickets. 
44.5.    Mitella  nuda  L.     Xaked  bishop's  cap. — Freciuent  in  rich  damp 
woods  and  thickets. 

446.  Chrysosplenium  americanum   Schwein.     Golden   saxifrage. — In 

very  wet  shaded  places  near  Rush  Lake  and  Port  Austin. 

447.  Ribes  cynosbati  L.     Prickly  gooseberry. — Common  in  open  damp 

woods  and  thickets. 

448.  Ribes    huronense    Rydl).     Lake    Huron    gooseberry. — In    rich 

woods  near  Sebewaing. 

449.  Ribes    oxyacanthoides    L.     vSmooth  gooseberry. — Frequent    on 

damp  ground  and  along  streams. 

450.  Ribes  floridum  L'Her.     Wild  black  currant. — Common  in  damp 

thickets  and  on  banks  of  streams. 

451.  Ribes  triste  Pall.     Swamp  red  currant. — In  rich  damp  woods 

near  Rush  Lake  and  Bayport. 

452.  Ribes  aureum  Pursh.     Buffalo  currant. — Inclined  to  escape  in 

the  villages  to  sandy  ground. 

453.  Hamamelis  virginiana  L.     "Witch-hazel. — Common.     I'sually  in 

damp  ground,  often  on  sides  of  and  between  sand  dunes. 

454.  Platanus   occidentalis   L.     Sycamore.     Buttonwood. — Frequent 

in  rich  ground  with  other  trees.     Occasional  in  sand  along 
lake  shore.     Trees  not  large. 


CATALOG    OF    PLANTS.  97 

455.  Physocarpus    opulifolius     (L.)    Maxim.     Nine-bark. — Frecjuent 

aloiiti'  streams  and  ])orders  of  woods.     Also  on  the  islands. 

456.  Spiraea  salicifolia  L.     ^Iea(k)\v-sweet. — Common  on  low  ground, 

on  borders  of  marshes,  ponds,  and  often  on  damp  sand  be- 
tween sand  dunes. 

457.  Sorbaria  sorbifolia  (L.)  A.  Br.    Mountain  ash  spiraea. — Inclined 

to  escape  to  sandy  ground  in  villages. 

458.  Pyrus  baccata  L.     Siberian  oral). — On  Stony  Islantl.  apparently 

part  of  an  old  abandoned  orchard. 

459.  Pyrus    coronaria    L.     American    crab. — In   thickets    and   open 

woods  l)ut   usually  not  common.     Rare  on  the  islands. 

460.  Pyrus  malus  L.     Ajiple. — Frequent  throughout  the  sand  region. 

461.  Pyrus    arbutifolia    atropurpurea    (Britton)    Robinson.     Choke- 

berry. — Noticed  in  very  wet  places  between  sand  dunes 
near  Caseville  and  Rush  Lake,  and  often  over  ten  feet  high. 

462.  Pyrus  melanocarpa   (Michx.)   Willd.     Black  chokeberry.^ — Fre- 

(pient  on  damp  ground,  occasional  on  damp  sand. 

463.  Amelanchier  canadensis  (L.)  Medic.     Juneberry;  May-cherry. — 

Frequent  along  banks  of  streams  and  on  sandy  ground 
throughout  the  sand  district.  Abundant  at  Sand  Point 
and  on  Stony  Island. 

464.  Amelanchier    oblongifolia    (T.    and    G.)    Roem.     Shad-bush. — 

Abundant  at  Sand  Point.     Frec[uent  on  sand  dunes. 

465.  Amelanchier  spicata   (Lam.)   Koch.     Round-leaved  Juneberry. 

— Abundant  at  Sand  Point  and  on  Stony  Island.  Common 
on  sand  dunes  throughout.  Fruit  comparatively  large  and 
very  palatable. 

466.  Crataegus    crus-galli    L.     Cockspur    thorn. — Frequent    in    dry 

ground  throughout.  Crataegus  attenuata  Ashe  and  C. 
arduennae  Sarg. 

467.  Crataegus     punctata     Jacq.      Large-fruited     thorn. — Frequent 

throughout  the  sand  district  and  on  the  islands. 
Throughout    the  sand  dune  district   and  on  the  islands  of  Saginaw 
Bay  many  species  of  Crataegus  were  noticed  that  are  not  yet  identi- 
fied.    These  were  formerly  included  under  C.  coccinea. 

468.  Fragaria  virginiana  Duchesne.     Common  strawberry. — Common 

throughout. 

469.  Fragaria  vesca  americana  Porter.     American  wood  strawberry. 

Freciuent  in  damp  open  woods  and  thickets. 

470.  Potentilla    monspeliensis    L.     Rough    cinquefoil. — A    common 

weed  in  villages,  adjacent  fields,  and  about  fishery  buildings. 

13 


98  CATALOG    OF    PLANTS. 

471.  Potentilla  argentea  L.      Silvery  cinquefoil.— Frequent  on  dry 

and  sandy  ground. 

472.  Potentilla  palustris  (L.)  Scop.     Marsh  five-finger.— Frequent  in 

wet  marshy  open  places. 

473.  Potentilla  fruticosa  L.     Shrubby  cinquefoil. — Occasional  on  wet 

or  dry  open  ground. 

474.  Potentilla  anserina  L.     Silver  weed.— Common  in  many  places 

and  often  abundant  not  far  from  the  lake  shore.  Usually 
not  extending  far  inland. 

475.  Potentilla  canadensis  L.     Five-finger. — Frequent  throughout  the 

sand  region. 

476.  Geiim  canadense  Jacq.     White  avens. — Frequent  in  damp  open 

woods  and  thickets. 

477.  Geum  virginianum  L.     Rough  avens. — Occasional  on  low  ground 

and  on  borders  of  woods  at  Bayport,  Sel)ewaing  and  near 
Rush  Lake. 

478.  Geum  strictum  Ait.     Yellow  avens. — Frequent  in  moist  meadow- 

like i)laces  at  Sebewaing,  Bayport  and  Port  Austin. 

479.  Geum  rivale  L.     Water  avens. — Occasional  in  wet  boggy  places 

at  Sebewaing  and  near  Rush  Lake. 

480.  Rubus  idaeus  aculeatissimus    (C.   A.   Mey).   Regel  and  Tiling. 

Wild  red  rasp])erry. — Common  on  dry  and  sandy  ground 
throughout  the  sand  region. 

481.  Rubus  occidentalis  L.     Black  caps.  Black  raspberry. — Frequent 

in  damp  open  woods  and  thickets. 

482.  Rubus  triflorus  Richards.     Dwarf  raspberry. — Common  in  damp 

woods  and  thickets. 

483.  Rubus  allegheniensis  Porter.     High  ])ush  blackl)erry. — Common 

on  flat  sandy  ground  and  on  fixed  sand  dunes. 

484.  Rubus  hispidus  L.     Hispid  blackberry. — Common  on  low  dry 

ground  and  between  sand  dunes. 

485.  Rubus   villosus    Ait.     Dewberry. — Common    on    flat    or   rolling 

ground  and  on  shaded  sides  of  fixed  sand  dunes. 

486.  Agrimonia  gryposepala  Wallr.     Tall  hairy  agrimony. — Frequent 

on  dry  ground  in  open  woods. 

487.  Rosa    blanda    Ait.     Meadow    rose. — Frequent    on    borders    of 

marshes  and  on  sandy  ground  not  far  from  the  lake  shore, 
where  it  often  acts  as  a  sand  binder.  "Growing  in  sand 
and  nearly  buried  by  it  at  Hat  Point."     Davis. 

488.  Rosa  rubiginosa   L.     Sweet  brier. — Frequent  on  sandy  ground 

throughout  the  sand  district. 

489.  Rosa  Carolina  L.     Swamp  rose. — Common  on  borders  of  swamps 

in  marshes  and  along  streams. 


CATALOG    OF    PLANTS.  99 

490.  Prunus  serotina  Ehrh.     Wild  black  cherry. — Frequent  on  rich 

ii'rouud  with  other  trees. 

491.  Prunus  virginiana  L.     Choke  cherry. — Common  on  flat  sandy 

firound  and  on  sand  dunes.  Fringing  the  lake  shore  in 
al)undance  on  the  north  side  of  Sand  Point. 

492.  Prunus   pennsylvanica    L.    f.     Wild   red   cherry. — Frecfuent    in 

.     open   dry   woods   throughout   the   sand   region   and  on  the 
islands. 

493.  Prunus    pumila    L.     Sand    cherry. — Frequent    throughout    the 

sand  region  on  du«es  and  flat  sandy  ground.  "Abundant 
on  the  dunes  west  of  Port  Crescent."     Davis. 

494.  Prunus  cerasus  L.     Common  sour  cherry. — Noticed  as  a  frequent 

escape  in  the  ^•illages. 

495.  Prunus  americana  Marsh.     Wild  plum. — Apparently  rare  in  the 

immediate  vicinity  of  sand  dunes.  Two  specimens  noticed 
on  the  west  side  of  Stony  Island.  Rare  on  the  islands. 
More  frequent  east  of  Port  Austin  to  and  below  Grinrlstone 
City  as  far  as  White  Rock.  "Hume  township  along 
streams."     Davis. 

496.  Lupinus  perennis   L.     Wild  lupine. — Al)undant  on  south  side 

of  Sand  Point,  on  flat  sandy  ground.  Apparently  rare  in 
other  places. 

497.  Trifolium  pratense  L.     Red  clover. — Occasional  throughout  the 

sand  region.     A1)undant   in   cultivation  in   adjacent   fields. 

498.  Trifolium  repens   L.     White  clover. — Common  in  streets   and 

waste  places  of  villages,  abundant  in  adjacent  pastures  and 
fields. 

499.  Trifolium  hybridum  L.     Alsike  clover. — Frequent  in  streets  and 

waste  places  of  villages,  abundant  under  culti^'ation  in 
adjacent  fields. 

500.  Melilotus  ofl[icinalis  (L.)  Lam.     Yellow  sweet  clover. — Occasional 

in  villages,  around  country  dwellings  and  fishery  buildings. 

501.  Melilotus  alba  Desr.     White  sweet  clover. — Frequent  in  streets 

and  waste  places  of  villages.  Abundant  along  the  road 
below  Grindstone  City. 

502.  Medicago  sativa   L.     Alfalfa.   Lucerne.— Occasional  near  Rush 

Lake.  Port  Austin  and  Sebewaing. 

503.  Medicago  lupulina  L.     Black  medic. — Common  in  villages  and 

adjacent  fields. 

504.  Robinia  pseudo-acacia  L.     Common  locust. — Cultivated  as  an 

ornamental  tree  ami  escaping  in  the  villages. 

505.  Astragalus    canadensis    L.     Carolina    milk    vetch. — Along    the 

bank  of  a  creek  near  Harbor  Beach. 


100  CATALOG    OF    PLANTS. 

506.  Desmodium  nudiflorum  (L.)  DC.     Naked-flowered  tick  trefoil. 

— On  rich  shaded  ground  at  Sand  Point. 

507.  Desmodium    grandiflorum     (Walt.)     DC.     Pointed-leaved  tick 

trefoil. ^ — Frequent  in  rich  woods. 

508.  Desmodium  dillenii  Dark     Di lien's  tick  trefoil.- — On  poor  shaded 

ground  near  Rush  Lake. 

509.  Desmodium  paniculatum  (L.)   DC.     Panicled  tick  trefoil. — On 

flat  sandy  and  shaded  ground  at  Sand  Point. 

510.  Desmodium  canadense  (L.)  DC.      Showy  tick  trefoil.— In  open 

dry  woods  and  on  open  ground  at  Sand  Point  and  Port 
Austin. 

511.  Lespedeza  frutescens   (L.)   Britton.     Wand-like  bush  clover. — 

On  poor  sandy  ground  on  Stony  Island.     Apparently  rare. 

512.  Lespedeza  hirta  (L.)  Hornem.     Hairy  bush  clover.— On  sandy 

ground  near  Rush  Lake.     Apparently  rare. 

513.  Lespedeza   capitata    Michx.     Round-headed    bush    clover. — On 

poor  sandy  ground  at  Sand  Point,  Port    Austin    and  Sebe- 
waing.     Not  common. 

514.  Vicia  sativa  L.     Spring  vetch. — Occasional  as  a  weed  in  villages 

and  adjacent  fields. 

515.  Vicia  augustifolia   (L.)   Reichard.     Common  vetch. — Frequent 

along  railroad  near  Caseville  and  Port  Austin. 

516.  Lathyrus  maritimus  (L.)  Bigel. — A  conspicuous  beach  and  sand 

dune  plant  and  sand  binder.  Common  on  sand  along  the 
lake  shore,  often  growing  near  the  wave  line,  and  on  the 
dunes  nearest  to  the  water.  Very  abundant  at  Port  Austin 
and  on  south  side  of  Little  Charity  Island,  where  it  almost 
completely  covers  the  ground. 

517.  Lathyrus  palustris  L.     Marsh  vetchling. — Frec^uent  in  damp  and 

marshy  places. 

518.  Lathyrus    palustris    myrtifolius    (Muhl.)    Gray.     Myrtle-leaved 

marsh   pea. — On   borders   of   marshes   and   along   streams. 
Freciuent. 

519.  Apios   tuberosa   Moench.     Groundnut.     Wild   bean. — Frequent 

on  borders  of  woods  and  thickets. 

520.  Amphicarpa  monoica  (L.)  Ell.     Hog  peanut.— Frequent  on  dry 

open  or  shaded  ground.  . 

521.  Amphicarpa  pitcheri  T.  and  G.' — Common  in  rich    damp  woods 

and  thickets. 

522.  Linum  usitatissimum  L.     Common  flax. — Occasional  as  a  weed 

in  villages  and  along  railroads.     A  common  weed  in  fields 
near  Ruth. 


CATALOG    OF    PLANTS.  101 

523.  Oxalis  stricta   L.     Yellow  wood-sorrel. — Common  on  damp  or 

dry  ground. 

524.  Geranium   maculatum   L.     Wild  craneslsill. — Common  in  rich 

open  woods  and  in  open  places. 

525.  Geranium  robertianum  L.     Herb  robert. — Abundant  in  shade 

on  North  Island  and  near  Harbor  Beach.  ''Along  the 
beach  near  Grindstone  City,  also  in  rocky  soil  inland." 
Davis. 

526.  Geranium  carolinianum  L.     Carolina  cranesbill. — Occasional  on 

dry  ground  in  the  villages. 

527.  Geranium  bicknellii  Ikitton.     Bicknell's  cranesl^ill. — On  the  edge 

of  overhanging  rocks  at  Pointe  aux  Barques. 

528.  Geranium     pusillum     Burra.     f.     Small-flowered     cranesbill. — 

Noticed  as  an  occasional  lawn  weed  in  the  villages. 

529.  Zanthoxylum    americanum     Mill.       Northern    prickly     ash. — 

Common  on  rich  damp  ground  throughout  the  sand  region. 
Specimens  over  three  inches  in  diameter  and  15  feet  high 
were  observed. 

530.  Polygala   paucifolia    Willd.     Fringed   polygala. — On   poor   and 

sandy  ground  east  of  Bayport,  near  Rush  Lake,  and  on 
Charity  Island. 

531.  Polygala    polygama     Walt.     Racemed     milkwort. — On    sandy 

ground  on  Sand  Point. 

532.  Polygala  senega  L.     Seneca  snakeroot. — On  poor  ground  west 

of  Caseville.     Apparently  rare. 

533.  Euphorbia  polygonifolia  L.     Seaside  spurge. — Observed  only  in 

drifting  sand  on  the  lake  shore  where  it  is  often  abundant. 

534.  Euphorbia  preslii  Guss.     Upright  spotted  spurge. — On  dry  open 

ground  near  Sebewaing. 

535.  Euphorbia    maculata    Engelm.     Milk    purslane. — Frecjuent    in 

villages,  about  country  dwellings  and  fishery  buildings. 

536.  Euphorbia  hirsuta  (Torr.)  Wiegand.     Hairy  spurge. — Frequent 

along  railroad  near  Caseville  and  Port  Austin. 

537.  Euphorbia  corollata  L.     Flowering  spurge. — On  poor  dry  ground 

at  Port  Austin  and  Bayport.     Not  common. 

538.  Euphorbia   cyparissias   L.     Cypress   spurge. — Common,   especi- 

ally on  sand\'  ground,  in  and  near  villages,  about  country 
dwellings  and  in  cemeteries. 

539.  CalUtriche  palustris  L.     Water  fennel. — "Dry  bed  of  branch  of 

Pinnebog  River,  Hume  Township."     Davis. 

540.  Rhus  typhina  P.     Staghorn  sumach. — Very  abuntlant  on  damp 

ground  and  on  sand  dunes. 

541.  Rhus    copallina    L.     Dwarf   sumach. — "Sand    dunes."     Davis. 


102  CATALOG    OF    PLANTS. 

542.  Rhus  vernix  L.     Poison  sumach;   poison  dogwood. — Frequent 

in  swampy  places. 

543.  Rhus   toxicodendron   L.     Poison  ivy;    poison  oak. — Abundant 

on  sand  dunes  and  generally  in  dry  sandy  or  rich  damp 
ground. 

544.  Ilex  verticillata  (L.)  Gray.     Black  alder;  winterberry. — Common 

in  low  damp  ground. 

545.  Nemopanthus     mucronata     (L.)     Trel.      Mountain     holly. — In 

swampy  places  near  Caseville  and  Rush  Lake.     Apparently 
infrecjuent. 

546.  Evonymus    obovatus    Nutt.     Running    strawberry    bush. — In 

damp  shaded  places  at  Caseville,  Port  Austin,  and  Stony 
Island. 

547.  Colastrus  scandens  L.     Bittersweet. — Common  along  streams, 

in  open  woods  and  thickets. 

548.  Acer    spicatum    Lam.     Mountain    maple. — Frec[uent    in    damp 

woods.     Also  on  the  islands. 

549.  Acer    saccharum    Marsh.     Sugar    maple. — Frequent    on    rich 

ground  with  other  trees.     Charity  Island. 

550.  Acer  saccharinum  L.     Silver  maple. — Frequent  on  rich  ground 

along  streams  with  other  trees. 
55L    Acer  rubrum  L.     Red  maple. — Common  on  rich  damp  ground 
with  other  trees. 

552.  Acer  negundo  L.     Box  elder. — Cultivated  as  an  ornamental  tree 

and  spreading. 

553.  Aesculus  hippocastanum  L.     Common  horsechestnut. — An  orna- 

mental street  tree  but  apparently  not  spreading. 

554.  Impatiens  biflora  "Walt.     Spotted  touch-me-not. — Common  on 

damp  shaded  ground. 

555.  Ceanothus  americanus  L.     New^  Jersey  tea. — Frequent  on  sand 

dunes  and  flat  sandy  ground. 

556.  Ceanothus  ovatus   Desf.     Smaller  red-root. — Common  on  sand 

dunes  and  flat  sandy  ground. 

557.  Psedera  vitacea  (Kneer.)  Greene.     Virginia  creeper.     American 

ivy. — Common  in  woods  and  thickets  and    along  streams. 

558.  Vitis  bicolor  Le  Conte.     Summer  grape.— On  dry  ground  near 

Rush  Lake  and  Bayport.     Apparently  rare. 

559.  Vitis    vulpina    L.     River-bank   grape;     frost   grape. — Common 

along  streams  and  on  sides  of  sand  dunes,  often  acting  as  a 
sand  binder. 

560.  Tilia  americana  L.     Basswood. — Common  on  rich  ground  with 

other  trees. 


CATALOG    OF    PLANTS.  103 

561.  Abutilon  theophrasti  Medic.     Indian  mallow. — Occasional  as  a 

weed  in  the  .streets  and  gardens  of  villages. 

562.  Malva  rotundifolia  L.     Common  mallow;    cheeses. — A  common 

weed  ill  the  streets,  gardens,  and  waste  i)laces  of  villages. 

563.  Malva  sylvestris  L.     High  mallow. — "Port  Austin."     Davis. 

564.  Malva  moschata  L.     .Musk  mallow. — "Roadsides.     Fretjuent." 

Davis. 

565.  Hypericum  perforatum  L.     Common  St.  John's-wort. — Frec}uent 

in  tlry  sandy  ground  on  roadsides  and  about  country  dwel- 
lings. 

566.  Hypericum  punctatum  Lam.     Spotted  St.  John's-wort. — Noticed 

on  damp  and  usually  shaded  ground  near  Caseville  and  Port 
Austin. 

567.  Hypericum  kalmianum  L.     Kalm's  St.  John's-wort. — Frecjuent 

on    sandy    ground,    usually    along    the    lake    shore."    Often 
abundant.     "Prairies  near  Bayport."     Davis. 

568.  Hypericum    mutilum    L.     Dwarf    St.    John's-wort. — In    damp 

o]ien  ground  at  Port  Au.stin. 

569.  Hypericum  majus  (Gray)  Britton.     Larger  Canadian  St.  John's- 

wort. ^ — "Crevices  in  the  rocks  on  the  lake  shore  near  Port 
Austin."     Davis. 

570.  Hypericum  canadense  L.     Canadian  St.  John's-wort. — On  damp 

open  ground  among  grasses  and  sedges  near  Rush  Lake. 

571.  Hypericum  virginicum  L.     Marsh  St.  John's-wort. — Common  in 

marshes  and  swamps. 

572.  Helianthemum  canadense  (L.?)  Michx.     Frost-wort. — Common 

on  sand  dunes  and  poor  sandy  ground. 

573.  Viola  cucullata  Ait.     Marsh  blue  violet. — On  marshy  ground 

near  Sebewaing. 

574.  Viola    nephrophylla     Greene.     Small    mottled     lilue    violet. — 

Along  the  railroad  near  Sebewaing. 

575.  Viola  sororia  Willd.     Woolly  blue  violet.- — In  open  woods  near 

Sebewaing,  Bayport,  and  Rush  Lake. 
575a  Viola  sagitata    Ait.       ArroAv-leaved  violet. — Along   the    railroad 
near  Sebewaing. 

576.  Viola  pallens   (Banks)   Brainard.     Small  sweet  white  violet. — 

In  very  wet  and  springy  places. 

577.  Viola   incognita   Brainard.     Sweet    white    violet. — Common   in 

rich  woods  and  thickets. 

578.  Viola  pubescens  Ait.     Downy  yellow  violet. — Occasional  on  tlry 

shaded  sandy  ground. 

579.  Viola  scabriuscula  Schwein.     Smooth  yellow  violet. — Common 

in  rich  damp  wootls. 


104  CATALOG    OF    PLANTS. 

> 

580.  Viola  conspersa  Reichenl).     American  dog  violet. — Common  on 

rich,  damp  and  shaded  ground. 

581.  Viola  arenaria   DC.     Sand  violet. — Occasional  on  sand  dunes 

north  of  Rush  Lake. 

582.  Viola  rostrata  Pursh.     Long-spurred  violet. — Below  Grindstone 

City  on  the  bluff  facing  the  lake  and  from  that  point  south 
to  Harbor  Beach. 

583.  Dirca  palustris  L.     Moose  wood. — On  rich  shaded  ground  near 

Caseville. 

584.  Shepherdia   canadensis    (L.)    Nutt.     Canadian   buffalo-berry.— 

At  Pointe  aux  Barques  near  the  edge  of  the  overhanging 
rocky  shore.  "Also  on  sand  dunes  west  of  Port  Crescent." 
Davis. 

585.  Decodon   verticillatus    (L.)    Ell.     Water   willow. — On   swamp}- 

ground  about  Rush  Lake. 

586.  Lythrum  alatum  Pursh.     Wing-angled  loosestrife. — In  a  small 

"cranberry  marsh"  near  Caseville;  wet  places  near  Bayport 
and  Port  Austin. 

587.  Ludvigia  polycarpa  Short  and  Peter.     Many-fruited  ludvigia. — 

"Common  in  marshy  places  near  lake  shore  in  Tuscola  Co." 
Davis. 

588.  Ludvigia  palustris  (L.)  Ell. — In  ditches  and  muddy  places  near 

Caseville  and  Port  Austin. 

589.  Epilobium  densum  Raf.     Linear-leaved  willow-herb. — On  wet 

marshy  ground  among  grasses  and  sedges  near  Rush  Lake 
and  Port  Austin. 

590.  Epilobium  coloratum  Muhl.     Purple-leaved  willow-herb. — "Port 

Austin."     Davis. 

591.  Epilobium  adenocaulon  Haussk.     Northern  willow-herb. — Com- 

mon on  rich  damp  ground. 

592.  Oenothera  biennis  L.     Common  evening  primrose. — Common  on 

sand  on  or  near  the  lake  shore  and  on  sand  dunes. 

593.  Circaea    lutetiana    L.     Enchanter's    nightshade. — Common   in 

damp  open  woods. 

594.  Circaea  alpina  L.     Smaller  enchanter's  nightshade. — Common 

in  damp  woods  and  thickets. 

595.  Myriophyllum    spicatum    L.     Spiked    water    milfoil. — In    quiet 

places  in  Pigeon  River  at  Caseville. 

596.  Myriophyllum  heterophyllum  Michx.     Various-leaved  water  mil- 

foil.— "Pinnebog  River,  Port  Crescent."     Davis. 

597.  Proserpinaca   palustris    L.     Mermaid-weed. — Frequent   in   wet, 

marshy  places. 

598.  Aralia  racemosa  L.       Spikenard. — Very  frequent  in  rich  woods. 


CATALOG    OF    PLANTS.  105 

599.  Aralia    hispida    ^'ent.     Bristly    sarsaparilla. — On    poor    sandy 

ground  at  Sand  Point  and  near  Rush  Lake.     Xot  common. 

600.  Aralia  nudicaulis  L,     Wild  sarsaparilla. — Abundant  throughout. 

in  rich    woods  and  thickets,   often  spreading  to   ]wor  and 
sandy  ground. 

601.  Panax  quinquefolium  L.     Gin.-<eng.     Rich  woods. ^Xot  noticed. 

but   reported    as  having  been  collected  in    the  vicinity  of 
all  the  villages. 

602.  Panax  trifolium  L.     Dwarf  ginseng;   groundnut.— ''Hard  wood 

lands  west  of  Bad  Axe  and  probal^ly  in  beach  and  maple 
woods  near  sand  dune  region."     Davis. 

603.  Sanicula  marilandica   L.     Black  snakeroot. — Common   in  rich 

open  woods  and  thickets. 

604.  Hydrocotyle    americana    L.     American     marsh    pennywort. — 

''Moist  woods.  Port  Austin."     Davis. 

605.  Osmorhiza   claytoni    (^lichx.)   Clarke.     Woolly  sweet   cicely. — 

In  rich  open  woods  at  Caseville.  Bayport.  Sebewaing,  Stony 
Island  and  near  Rush  Lake. 

606.  Osmorhiza   longistylis    (Torr.)    DC.     Smoother   sweet   cicely. — 

In  rich  open  woods  at  Port   Austin.  Stony  Island.   Charity 
Island  and  near  Rush  Lake. 

607.  Cicuta  maculata  L.     Water  hemlock. — Common  on  damp  open 

ground. 

608.  Cicuta  bulbifera  L.     Bulb-bearing  water  hemlock. — Common  on 

marshy  ami  swampy  ground. 

609.  Carum"  canii  L.     Caraway. — Along  railroad  south  of  Caseville 

and  near  Rush  Lake.     Infrequent. 

610.  Sium    cicutaefolium    Schrank.       V\'ater    parsnip. — Common    in 

very  wet  and  muddy  places. 

611.  Cryptotaenia  canadensis   (L.)   DC.     Honewort. — ^'ery  common 

on  rich,  dam})  and  usually  shaded  ground. 

612.  Zizia  aurea  (L.)   Koch.     Golden  alexanders. — Along  the  bank 

of  Pigeon  River  at  Caseville.     Apparently  infrequent, 

613.  Taenidia  integerrima  (L.)  Drude.     Yellow  pimpernel. — Frequent 

and  often   abundant   on   dry   flat   or  iT)lling  sandy  ground 
and  on  sand  dunes.  .^ 

614.  Pastinaca  sativa  L.     Parsnip. — Noticed  as  a  weed  about   Port 

Austin. 

615.  Heracleum  lanatum  ]\Iichx.     Cow  parsnip. — Abundant  in  rich 

open    woods     at    Bayport,    on    North  Island   and    Charity 
Island. 

616.  Angelica   atropurpurea   L.     Great    angelica. — Plentiful     at   one 

place  near  Rush  Lake.     Xot  noticed  elsewhere. 


106  CATALOG    OF    PLANTS. 

617.  Caucus     carota     L.     Wild     carrot. — Occasional     at     Caseville, 

Sebewaing  and  Port  Austin.  Not  noticed  as  a  troublesome 
weed  in  adjacent  fields.  Abundant  on  roadsides  and  in 
cultivated  fields  below  Grindstone  City.     " 

618.  Cornus  canadensis  L.     Dwarf  cornel;  pigeon-berry. — Frequent 

in  damp  woods. 

619.  Cornus   circinata   L'Her.     Round-leaved   cornel. — Common   on 

damp  ground  and  on  sand  dunes. 

620.  Cornus  amomum  Mill.     Silky  cornel;    kinnikinnik.^ — Frequent 

along  streams  on  damp  ground  and  occasional  on  sand 
along  the  lake  shore. 

621.  Cornus  baileyi  Coult  and  Evans.     Bailey's  cornel. — Observed  on 

sandy  ground  near  Port  Austin.  "Very  common  along  the 
lake  on  sand  dunes.     Also  at  Bayport."     Davis. 

622.  Cornus  stolonifera   Michx.     Red-osier   dogwood. — Common  on 

damp  ground  and  sand  dunes. 

623.  Cornus  paniculata  L'Her.     Panicled  cornel. — Common  on  banks 

of  streams,  liorders  of  woods,  and  in  damp  thickets. 

624.  Cornus  alternifolia  L.  f.     Alternate-leaved  cornel. — Frequent  in 

open,  rich  woods. 

625.  Chimaphila  umbellata  (L.)  Nutt.     Prince's  pine;  pipsissewa. — 

Frequent  among  pines  and  on  shaded  sand  dunes. 

626.  Pyrola  secunda  L.     One-sided  wintergreen. — In  rich  woods  at 

Sand  Point,  Caseville,  Port  Austin  and  near  Rush  Lake. 

627.  Pyrola  elliptica  Nutt.     Shin  leaf. — In  dry  woods  and  thickets, 

at  Sand  Point,  Caseville,  Port  Austin,  Charity  Island  and 
near  Rush  Lake. 

628.  Pyrola  americana  Sweet.     Round-leaved  wintergreen. — In  open 

woods  on  dry  sandy  ground  at  Sand  Point,  Charity 
Island  and  near  Rush  Lake. 

629.  Monotropa  unifllora  L.     Indian  pipe. — In  dry  ground  at    Port 

Austin  and  near  Rush  Lake. 

630.  Ledum    groenlandicum    Oeder.     Labrador    tea. — In    a    swamp 

near  Rush  Lake. 

631.  Kalmia    polifolia  Wang.     Pale  laurel. — In  SAvamps  about  Rush 

Lake. 

632.  Andromeda    glaucophylla    Link.     Bog    rosemary. — In    swamps 

about  Rush  Lake. 

633.  Chamaedaphne    calyculata     (L.)     Moench.     Leather    leaf. — In 

swamps  about  Rush  Lake.  "Bog  in  Chandler  township." 
Davis. 

634.  Epigaea   repens    L.     Trailing    arbutus.     ]\I  ay  flower. — Frequent 


CATALOG    OF    PLANTS.  107 

on   fiat  or  rolling  sandy  ground  under   j^nes  and  on  shaded 
sand  dunes,  but  nowhere  abundant. 

635.  Gaultheria  procumpens  L.     In  Michigan  known  as  wintergreen. 

—  \'ery  coninion  on  flat  or  rolling  sandy  ground,  usually  in 
shade,  and  on  shaded  sand  dunes. 

636.  Arctostaphylos  uva-ursi  (L.)  Spreng.     Rearberry. — Common  on 

sand  dunes,  and  a  good  sand  binder. 

637.  Gaylussacia  baccata   (Wang.)   C.    Koch.     Black   huckleberry. — 

\'ery  common  on  flat  or  rolling  sandy   ground  and  on  sand 
dunes.     Fruit  usually  al)undant. 

638.  Gaylussacia  baccata   forma  glaucocarpa   (Robinson)  McKenzie. 

HIup  huckleberry. — On  drifting  sand  near  Port  Austin. 

639.  Vaccinium    pennsylvanicum    Lam.      Low    sweet    lilueberry. — 

Xery   common   on   flat   sandy  ground   and  on   sand   dunes. 
Fruit  usually  aV)undant. 

640.  Vaccinium   pennsylvanicum   nigrum   Wood.     Low   lilack   blue- 

berry.— On  fiat  sandy  ground  at  Sand  Point.     Not  noticed 
elsewhere. 

641.  Vaccinium  vacillans  Kalm.     Late  low  l)lueberry. — "Sand  dunes 

west  of  Port  Crescent."     Davis. 

642.  Vaccinium  corymbosum  L.    High  l)ush  huckleberry. — Abundant 

in  the  swamps  al)out  Rusk  Lake. 

643.  Vaccinium  macrocarpon  Ait.     American  cranlierry. ^Frequent 

near  Caseville  between  sand  dunes,  in  what  are  called  "cran- 
lierry  marshes."     Occasional  in  other  localities. 

644.  Samolus     floribundus     HBK.     AVater     pimpernel. — "Bank     of 

Pinne])og  River.  Hume  Township."     Davis. 

645.  Lysimachia    terrestris    (L.)    BSP.     Bulb-bearing   loosestrife. — 

Frequent  in  open  low  wet  places. 

646.  Lysimachia  nummularia  L.      Moneywort. — Abundant   at   Port 

Ho]ie.   covering  large  areas  of  damp  clayey  ground. 

647.  Lysimachia  thyrsiflora  L.     Tufted  loosestrife. — Frequent  in  wjt 

l>laces.  often  growing  in  shallow  stagnant  water. 

648.  Steironema  ciliatum  (L.)  Raf.     Fringed  loosestrife. — Common  in 

low  damp  ground,   damp  open  woods  and  thickets. 

649.  Steironema   quadriflorum    (Sims)    Hitchc.     Prairie    moneywort. 

— Freciuent  on  open  marshy  grountl. 

650.  Trientalis  americana  (Pers.)  Pursli.     Star  flower. — Common  in 

rich  woods  and  thickets. 
65L    Fraxinus  americana   L.     White   ash. — Common  on  rich   moist 

ground  with  other  trees. 
652.    Fraxinus   pennsylvanica    ALarsh.     Red   ash. — Fretpient    on   low 

rich  urounil  with  other  trees. 


108  CATALOG    OF    PLANTS. 

653.  Fraxinus  pennsylvanica  lanceolata  (Borkh.)  Sarg.     Green  ash. 

— In  rich  woods  at  Bayport.     Apparently  infrequent. 

654.  Fraxinus  nigra  Marsh.     Black  ash. — Frequent  in  swamps  and 

wet  places  with  other  trees.  Reported  as  formerly  very 
abundant,  but  it  has  been  mostly  destroyed  by  drainage 
and  fires. 

655.  Syringa  vulgaris  L.     Common  lilac. — Frequent  as  an  escape  in 

villages  and  near  country  dwellings. 

656.  Ligustrum  vulgare  L.       Privet. — On  Stony  Island,  apparently 

persisting  in  an  old  garden  or  yard. 

657.  Gentiana  crinita  Froel.     Fringed  gentian.; — Frequent  on  damp 

ground  near  the  lake  shore  from  Grindstone  City  to  Harbor 
Beach. 

658.  Gentiana    andrewsii    Griseb.     Closed    gentian. — Abundant    on 

flat  damp  ground  near  Harbor  Beach. 

659.  Menyanthes    trifoliata    L.     Buckbean. — Common   in   very    wet 

places  and  often  in  shallow  water. 

660.  Apocynum    androsaemifolium    L.     Spreading     dogbane. — Fre- 

quent on  open  dry  ground  in  open  woods,  and  on  shaded 
sand  dunes. 

661.  Apocynum  cannabinum  L.     Indian  hemp. — On  the  bank  of  a 

stream  near  Sebewaing.  "Stream  banks  near  Port  Austin." 
Davis. 

662.  Apocynum  cannabinum  pubescens   (R.   Br.)   DC.     Velvet  dog- 

V)ane. — "Charity  islands."     Winchell's  catalogue. 

663.  Apocynum  cannabinum  hypericifolium  (Ait.)   Gray.     Clasping- 

leaved  dogbane. — Common  on  marshy  ground,  the  prevail- 
ing form  in  the  sand  region. 

664.  Asclepias  tuberosa  L.     Butterfly- weed. — Frequent  on  flat  sandy 

ground  and  sand  dunes. 

665.  Asclepias    purpurascens    L.     Purple    milkweed. — Reported    as 

found  in  Tuscola  County  by  Davis. 

666.  Asclepias   incarnata    L.     Swamp    milkweed. — Common   in   wet 

and  swampy  places. 

667.  Asclepias    syriaca    L.     Common    milkweed. — Common    on    flat 

sandy  ground  and  sand  dunes.  Often  growing  on  drifting 
sand  near  the  lake  shore,  and  acting  as  a  sand  binder.  Very 
abundant  on  the  sandy  shore  at  Port  Austin. 

668.  Asclepias  suUivantii  Engelm.    Sullivant's  milkweed. — "Common 

on  ]n-airie-like  land,  Akron  Township,  Tuscola  County." 
Davis. 

669.  Acerates   floridana    (Lam.)    Hitchc.     Florida   milkweed. — Com- 

mon on  prairie-like  ground  l^etween  Bayport  and  Sebe- 
wains;. 


CATALOG    OF    PLANTS.  109 

670.  Convolvulus  sepium  L.     Hedge  binchveed.-r-Common  on  open 

dani])  liround. 

671.  Convolvulus  arvensis  L.     Field  bindweed. — Occasional  at  Sebe- 

Avaing  and  l)clo\v  Grindstone  City. 

672.  Cuscuta  gronovii  Willd.     Gronovius'  dodder. — Occasional  near 

Rush   Lake    and   below   Grindstone   City.     "Valley   of  the 
Pinnel)0g  River."     Davis. 

673.  Phlox  divaricata  L.     Blue  phlox. — In  damp  rich  woods  near 

Port  Austin  and  Sebewaing. 

674.  Cynoglossum  officinale  L.     Common  hound's  tongue. — Noticed 

as  a  weed  in  viHages  and  about  country  dwellings. 

675.  Cynoglossum    virginianum    L.     Wild    comfrey. — Frequent    in 

rich  open  woods  near  Bayport  and  Sebewaing. 

676.  Lappula  virginiana  (L.)  Cireene.     Beggar's  lice. — Occasional  on 

borders  of  woods  at  Sebewaing,  Bayport  and  Sand  Point. 

677.  Lappula   echinata   Gilibert.     European   stickseed. — A  roadside 

weed  and  in  the  streets  and  waste  places  of  villages. 

678.  Lithospermum  arvense  L.     Corn  gromwell. — A  weed  noticed  in 

the  streets  and  waste  places  of  Caseville  and  Port  Austin. 

679.  Lithospermum    gmelini    (Michx.)    Hitchc.     Hairy    puccoon. — 

Frequent  on  flat  sandy  ground  and  sand  dunes.     Noticed  on 
Charity  Island. 

680.  Verbena     urticaefolia     L.     White     vervain. — "Port     Austin." 

Davis. 

681.  Verbena  hastata   L.     Blue  vervain. — Common  on  damp  open 

ground. 

682.  Verbena  bracteosa  Michx.     Large-bracted  vervain. — Noticed  as 

a  weed  in  the  streets  of  Caseville. 

683.  Teucrium   canadense   L.     Wood   sage. — Frequent   on  rich   low 

open  ground. 

684.  Teucrium   occidentale    Gray.     Hairy    germander. — On    marshy 

ground  at  Sand  Point. 

685.  Scutellaria  lateriflora  L.     Mad-dog  skullcap. — Frequent  in  damp 

shaded  ]ilaces. 

686.  Scutellaria      galericulata      L.     Marsh   skullcaj).— Frequent      in 

marshy  places. 

687.  Marrubium    vulgare    L.     Common    horehound. — Frequent    on 

sandy  ground  in  the  streets  and  wa.ste  places  of  villages  and 
about  country  dwellings. 

688.  Agastache    nepetoides    (L.)    Ktze.     Catnip;'  giant-hyssop. — In 

damp  open  woods,  Sebewaing,  North  Island. 

689.  Nepeta    cataria    L.     Catnip. — Common   in   villages   and    about 

country  dwellings. 


110  CATALOG    OF    PLANTS. 

690.  Nepeta   hederacea    (L.)    Trevisan.     Ground   ivy. — Frequent   in 

villages  and  near  country  dwellings. 

691.  Prunella  vulgaris  L.     Heal-all.— Very  common  everywhere    ex- 

cept on  sand  dunes. 

692.  Leonurus  cardiaca  L.     Common  motherwort. — Frecjuent  in  vil- 

lages and  about  country  dwellings. 

693.  Stachys   palustris   L.     Woundwort;    hedge   nettle. — Occasional 

on  marshy  ground. 

694.  Monarda   fistulosa   L.     Wild  bergamot. — Occasional  on   damp 

shaded  ground. 

695.  Monarda    mollis    L.     Pale    wild   bergamot. — Frequent    on   flat 

sandy  ground  and  shaded  sand  dunes. 

696.  Blephilia  hirsuta  (Pursh)  Benth.     Wood  mint.- — In  rich  woods 

near  Harbor  Beach. 

697.  Satureja   vulgaris    (L.)    Fritsch.       Basil. — Occasional   on   poor 

open  ground. 

698.  Hyssopus  officinalis  L.     Hyssop. — Abundant  on  sandy  ground 

at  one  place  in  Caseville. 

699.  Pycnanthemum  virginianum   (L.)   Durand  &  Jackson.     Moun- 

tain-mint.— On  damp  open  ground  at  Sebewaing  and  Stony 
Island. 
699a.  Pycnanthemun  pilosum  Nutt.  Hairy  mountain-mint. — In  damp 
prairie-like  ground  near  Caseville.  Not  noticed  elsewhere. 
Dr.  Edward  L.  Greene  has  lately  named  this  P.  huronense 
Greene. 

700.  Lycopus  virginicus  L.     Bugle  weed. — On  rich  moist  ground  near 

Rush  Lake  and  at  Harbor  Beach. 

701.  Lycopus  uniflorus  Michx.     Thin-leaved  bugle  weed. — On  damp 

ground  at  vSand  Point. 

702.  Lycopus  rubellus  ^loench.     Stalked  water  hoarhound. — In  rich 

woods  near  Rush  Lake.     This  may  be  doubtful. 

703.  Lycopus    americanus    Muhl.     Cut-leaved    water    hoarhound. — 

Very  common  on  clamp  open  ground. 

704.  Mentha    spicata    L.     Spearmint. — Occasional    in    villages    and 

about  country  dwellings. 

705.  Mentha  piperita  L.     Peppermint. — Frequent  on  damp  ground 

near  country  dwellings  and  about  fisheries. 

706.  Mentha  arvensis  canadensis  (L.)  Briquet.     American  wild  mint. 

— Common  in  damp  places  and  on  shaded  rich  ground. 

707.  Collinsonia    canadensis    L.     Horsebalm. — In   rich    woods    near 

Rush  Lake.     Apparently  infrequent. 

708.  Solanum  dulcamara  L.     Known  as  "nightshade"  in  Michigan. 

the  common  name  "bittersweet"  being  applied  only  to  Celas- 


CATALOG    OF    PLANTS.  Ill 

triis  scandens.  —  Frequent,   usually  appearing  like  a  native 
plant,  being  found  even  in  deep  woods  and  swamps. 

709.  Solanum  nigrum  L.     Common  nightshade. — Common  on  rich 

shaded  or  o])en  ground,  and  a  common  garden  weed. 

710.  Physalis  heterophylla  Xees.     Clammy  ground-cherry. — Frequent 

on  open  sandy  ground,  but  not  a  sand  dune  plant. 

711.  Physalis  pruinosa  L.     Strawberry  tomato. — Along  the  roadsides; 

on  sandy  ground  west  of  Caseville. 

712.  Physalis  subglabrata  McKenzie  &  Bush.       Philadelphia  ground- 

cherry. -^In  a  cultivated  field  near  Rush  Lake. 

713.  Lycium    halimifolium    Mill.     Common    matrimony    vine. — In- 

clined to  escape  from  cultivation  to  sandy  ground,  in  villages 
and  about  country  dwellings. 

714.  Datura  stramonium  L.     Stramonium. — Noticed  as  a  weed  in  the 

streets  of  villages  and  about  country  dwellings.     Also  a  weed 
in  adjacent  bean  fields. 
71.5.    Datura  tatula  L.     Purple  thorn  apple. — In  streets  and  waste 
places  at  Port  Austin. 

716.  Verbascum  thapsus  L.     Common  mullein. — Occasional  as  a  weed 

along  roads  and  often  abundant  in  pastures. 

717.  Linaria  vulgaris  Hill.     Butter  and  eggs. — Common  as  a  weed  in 

poor  and  sandy  ground  in  the  villages.     Yery  abundant  at 
Bayport. 

718.  Linaria  canadensis  (L.)  Dumont.     Wild  toad-flax. — Common  on 

flat  sandy  ground  and  shaded  sand  dunes  throughout  the 
sand  region. 

719.  Linaria  minor  (L.)  Desf.     Small  toad-flax. — Along  the  railroad 

at  Port  Au.stin. 

720.  Chelone  glabra  L.     Turtle-head. — Frequent  in  damp  places. 

721.  Mimulus   ringens    L.     Sc^uare-stemmed    monkey-flower. — Com- 

mon in  wet  open  places. 

722.  Veronica  americana  Schwein.     American  lirooklime. — "Brooks 

near  Port  Austin."     Davis. 

72,3.  Veronica  scutallata  L.  Marsh  speedwell. — Frequent  in  wet 
open  places. 

724.  Veronica  serpyllifolia  L.  Thyme-leaved  speedwell. — With  gras- 
ses on  dami^  ground  near  Port  Austin. 

72.5.  Veronica  peregrina  L.  Xeckweed. — A  garden  weed  at  Port 
Austin. 

726.  Veronica  arvensis  L.     Corn  speedwell. — In  grassy  places  about 

Port  Austin. 

727.  Gerardia  pedicularia  L.     Fern-leaved  false  foxglove. — On  shaded 

sandv  oround  at  Sand  Point. 


112  CATALOG    OP^    PLANTS. 

728.  Gerardia    virginica     (L.)    B8P.     Smooth    false    foxglove. — On 

sandy  ground  on  Charity  Island. 

729.  Gerardia  paupercula  (Gray)  Britton.     Small-flowered  gerardia. — 

Common,  usually  on  damp  sandy  ground,  at  Sand  Point, 
near  Rush  Lake,  and  Harbor  Beach. 

730.  Castilleja    coccinea    (L.)    Spreng.     Scarlet    painted    cup. — On 

prairie-like  ground  at  Sand  Point  and  on  Stony  Island.  Ap- 
parently not  frequent. 

731.  Melampyrum  lineare  Lam.     Cow  wheat. — Frec^uent  in  open  dry 

woods. 

732.  Pedicularis    canadensis    L.     Wood   betony. — Frequent   on    dry 

shaded  ground. 

733.  Utricularia  vulgaris  americana  Bray.     Greater  bladderwort.- 

In  shallow  water  on  Sand  Point  and  North  Island. 

734.  Utricularia   intermedia   Hayne.     Flat-leaved  bladderwort. — On 

very  wet  and  boggy  ground  at  Sand  Point.  "Chandler 
Township."     Davis. 

735.  Utricularia  cornuta  Michx.   Horned  bladderwort. — "In  shallow 

pools  left  by  the  retreat  of  the  lake  on  the  beach  just  east  of 
Port  Austin.  A  small  flowered  stunted  form  of  the  species 
common  at  Bayport  on  the  flats  along  the  bay  shore." 
Davis. 

736.  Epifagus  virginiana  (L.)  Bart.     Beech-drops. ^Occasional  under 

beech  trees  near  Port  Austin. 

737.  Conopholis  americana  (L.  f.)  Wallr. — Occasional  at  Sand  Point, 

and  abundant  on  north  side  of  Stony  Island. 

738.  Catalpa  bignonioides  Walt.     Catalpa. — Occasionally  planted  in 

the  villages  as  a  street  tree,  but  not  thriving  or  spreacUng. 

739.  Phryma  leptostachya  L.     Lopseed.— In  moist  open  woods  on 

Sand  Point  and  North  Island. 

740.  Plantago  major  L.     Common  plantain.  — Common  in  the  villages 

and  about  country  dwelhngs. 

741.  Plantago  rugelii  Dene.     Rugel's  plantain. ^Frequent  in  villages, 

open  woods,  fields,  and  along  roadsides. 

742.  Plantago  lanceolata  L.     English  plantain. — Frequent  as  a  weed 

in  villages,  fields,  along  roadsides,  and  about  country  dwell- 
ings. 

743.  Plantago   aristata   Michx.     Large-bracted  plantain.— "Grounds 

of  the  Bayport  Hotel  under  trees,  sandy  soil."         Davis. 

744.  Galium    aparine    L.     Cleavers.     Goose    grass.  — Occasional    on 

rich  shaded  ground.  Very  abundant  on  the  Saginaw  Bay 
islands. 


CATALOG    OF    PLANTS.  113 

745.  Galium  pilosum  Ait.      Ilaiiy  bedstraw. — Freciuent  on  fiat  .■^andy 

.croiind  and  shady  sand  dunes. 

746.  Galium  circaezans   Michx.     Wild  liquorice.— Frecjuent   in  rich 

woods. 

747.  Galium  lanceolatum  Torr.     Torrey's  wild  lic|Uorice.^ln  dry  open 

woods  near  Port  Austin. 

748.  Galium  boreale  L.     Northern  bedstraw. — Borders  of  dry  woods 

near  Port  Austin  and  Se])ewaing. 

749.  Galium  trifidum  L.     Small  bedstraw. — Freciuent  on  very  wet 

and  l)oi!;o;y  ground. 

750.  Galium    tinctorium    L.     Stiff    marsh    bedstraw. — Frecjuent    on 

marshy  ground  and  in  damp  shaded  places. 

751.  Galium  asprellum  Michx.     Rough  bedstraw. — Common  in  damp 

thickets. 

752.  Galium  triflorum  :\lichx.     Sweet-scented  bedstraw. — \'ery  com- 

mon in  rich  dry  woods. 

753.  Mitchella  repens  L.     Partridge  berry. — Common  in  dry  shaded 

]daces. 

754.  Cephalanthus    occidentalis    L.     Buttonbush. — Frequent    along 

streams,  about  small  ponds,  and  in  very  wet  swampy  places. 

755.  Diervilla  lonicera  Mill.     Bush  honeysuckle. — Frequent  on  dry 

open  or  shaded  ground. 

756.  Lonicera  canadensis  Marsh.     American  fly  honeysuckle. — Fre- 

quent in  rich  open  woods. 

757.  Lonicera  oblongifolia  (Goldie)  Hook.     Swamp  fly  honeysuckle. — 

In  very  wet  marshy  places  at  Sand  Point  and  west  of  Case- 
ville. 

758.  Lonicera  hirsuta  Eat.     Hairy  honeysuckle. — "Charity  Islands." 

Winchell's  catalog. 

759.  Lonicera  glaucescens  Rydb.     Douglas  honeysuckle. — Frequent 

on  sandy  ground  throughout  the  sand  region. 

760.  Lonicera  dioica  L.     Glaucous  honeysuckle. — On  Stony   Island 

and  Charity  Island.     Apparently  infrecjuent. 

761.  Symphoricarpos  racemosa  Michx.     Snowberry.^In  open  woods 

east  of  Port  Austin  and  not  far  from  the  lake  shore. 

762.  Linnaea  borealis  americana   (Forbes)   Rehder.     Twin-flower. — 

Frequent  on  dry  shaded  ground. 

763.  Triosteum   aurantiacimi    Bicknell.      Scarlet-fruited   horse   gen- 

tian.— In  open  damp  woods  near  Port  Austin  and  Sebewaing. 

764.  Viburnum   opulus   americanum    (Mill.)   Ait.     Cranberry-tree. — 

Borders  of  rich  woods  west  of  Caseville  and  near  Port  Austin. 

765.  Viburnum     acerifolium     L.     Dockmackie.     Arrow-wood. — Fre- 
15 


114  CATALOG    OF    PLANTS. 

quent  in  open  woods,  Sand  Point,  Port  Austin,  and  near 
Rush  Lake. 

766.  Viburnum  pubescens   (Ait.)    Pursh.     Downy  arrow-wood.— On 

dry  shaded  ground  at  Sand  Point  and  near  Rush  Lake. 

767.  Viburnum    lentago     L.      Nannyberry;     sheepberry. — Frequent 

in  rich  woods.     Also  on  the  islands. 

768.  Sambucus    canadensis    L.     Common   elder. — Common   on   rich 

o])en  ground. 

769.  Sambucus  racemosa  L.     Red-berried  elder. — Frequent  in  damp 

woods  and  thickets. 

770.  Dipsacus  sylvestris  Huds.     Wild  teasel. — Frequent  along  road- 

side below  Grindstone  City.     Not  noticed  elsewhere. 

771.  Sicyos    angulatus    L.     One-seeded    bur    cucumber. — In    waste 

places  at  Caseville  and  Port  Austin. 

772.  Echinocystis  lobata  (Michx.)  T.  &  G.     Wild  balsam  apple.— On 

damp  sand  at  the  extreme  west  end  of  Sand  Point,'  appearing 
as  an  escape. 

773.  Campanula    americana    L.     Tall    bellflower. — On    shaded    rich 

ground  near  Port  Austin.     Apparently  infrequent. 

774.  Campanula     rotundifolia      L.      Harebell:     bluebell. — Frequent 

along  and  near  the  lake  shore,  on  flat  sandy  ground  and  sand 
dunes. 

775.  Campanula  aparinoides  Pursh.     Marsh  bellflower. — Frequent  in 

wet  grassy  ■[)laces. 

776.  Lobelia  cardinalis  L.     Cardinal  flower. — Frequent  on  low  open 

and  often  shaded  ground. 

777.  Lobelia  siphilitica  L.     Great  lobelia. — -On  low  damp  ground  near 

Port  Austin  and  Rush  Lake. 

778.  Lobelia  spicata  Lam.     Pale  spiked  lobelia. — Frequent  on  prai- 

rie-like ground.     Also  on  islands. 

779.  Lobelia  kalmii  L.     Brook  lobeha. — Frequent  in  wet  places  along 

creeks,  and  around  small  ponds.     Occasional  on  damp  sand. 

780.  Lobelia  infiata  L.     Indian  tobacco. — Occasional  on  dry  open 

ground  below  Grindstone  City. 

781.  Eupatorium  purpureum  L.     Joe-pye  weed. — Occasional  in  damp 

places  on  1)or(lers  of  woods. 

782.  Eupatorium  purpureum  maculatum  (L.)  Darl.     Spotted  joe-pye 

weed. — Frecjuent  in  wet  marshy  places. 

783.  Eupatorium    perfoliatum    L.      Thorough  wort ;     boneset. — ^'ery 

common  on  low  marshy  ground. 

784.  Eupatorium    urticaefolium    Reichard.     White    snakeroot. — Oc- 

casional in  rich  damp  woods. 

785.  Liatris  cylindracea  ]\lichx.     Cylindric  blazing  star. — Occasional 

on  flat  sandv  "round  and  shaded  sand  dunes. 


CATALOG    OF    PLANTS.  115 

786.  Liatris  spicata   (L.)   Willcl.     Dense  button-snakeroot. — On  wet 

marshy  iiround  west  of  Caseville  and  near  Rayport. 

787.  Solidago  caesia  L.     Wreath  golden-rod. — Common  on  rich  shad- 

ed ground. 

788.  Solidago  caesia  axillaris  (Pursh)  Gray.     Wreath  golden-rod.— 

Fretiuent  in  damp  woods. 

789.  Solidago    latifolia    L.     Broad-leaved   golden-rod. — Common    in 

rich  woods. 

790.  Solidago  hispida   Muhl.     Hairy  golden-rod. — Frequent  on  flat 

sandy  ground  and  shaded  sand  dunes. 

791.  Solidago    uliginosa    Xutt.     Bog    golden-rod. — On    wet    marshy 

ground  near  Rush  Lake.     Apparently  infrequent. 

792.  Solidago  juncea  Ait.     Early  golden-rod. — Common  on  dry  sandy 

ground.     Occasional  on  shaded  sand  dunes. 

793.  Solidago  neglecta  T.  ct  G.     Swamp  golden-rod. — Occasional  in 

ver\'  wet  places  at  Sand  Point  and  near  Rush  Lake. 

794.  Solidago      rugosa      Mill.     Wrinkle-leaved      golden-rod. — Often 

abundant  on  flat  sandy  ground,  occasional  on  shaded  sand 
dunes. 
79,5.    Solidago     nemoralis     Ait.     Field    golden-rod. — Occasional     on 
shaded  sand  dunes  and  flat  sandy  ground. 

796.  Solidago  canadensis  L.     Canada  golden-rod. — Common  on  bor- 

ders of  woods,  thickets  and  fields. 

797.  Solidago    serotina    Ait.     Late    golden-rod. — Frequent    on    rich 

open  ground. 

798.  Solidago  serotina  gigantea  (Ait.)  Bray.     Late  golden-rod. — Oc- 

casional on  low  ground. 

799.  Solidago  ohioensis    Riddell.     Ohio    golden-rod.— "Marsh    near 

Bayport."     Davis. 

800.  Solidago    graminifolia    (L.)    Salisb.     Bushy    golden-rod.— Very 

common  in  moist  open  ground. 

801.  Aster  macrophyllus  L.     Large-leaved  aster. — Very  common  in 

dry  open  woods  and  thickets. 

802.  Aster   novae-angliae   L.     New   England   aster. — Occasional  on 

moist  ground,  but  nowhere  abundant,  at  Caseville.  Bayport, 
Port  Austin.  Sebewaing.  North  Island  and  near  Rush  Lake. 

803.  Aster    azureus    Lindl.       Sky-blue    aster.— Occasional    on    flat 

sandy  ground  near  Rush  Lake  and  Bayport. 

804.  Aster  cordifolius  L.     Common  blue  wood  a.ster. — Frequent  in 

woods  and  thickets. 

805.  Aster  laevis  L.     Smooth  aster.— Common  on  flat  sandy  ground 

and  on  shaded  sand  dunes. 

806.  Aster  polyphyllus   Willd.     Faxon's  aster.— Occasional   at   Sand 


116  CATALOG    OF    PLANTS, 

Point,  on  dam])  sand  near  the  lake  shore.     Apparently  in- 
frequent. 

807.  Aster    multiflorus    Ait.     Dense-flowered    aster.— On    dry    open 

ground  east  of  Port  Austin  and  near  Sebewaing. 

808.  Aster    vimineus    Lam.     Small    Avhite    aster. — Abundant    near 

Huron  on  roadsides  and  borders  of  fields.     Not  noticed  else- 
where. 

809.  Aster    lateriflonis     (L.)     Britton.     Cahco    aster. — Common    in 

fields  and  along  roadsides  below  Grindstone  City. 

810.  Aster  tradescanti  L.     Tradescant's  aster. — Common  on  low  wet 

ground. 

811.  Aster  junceus  Ait.     Rush  aster. — On  very  wet  marshy  ground 

near  Rush  Lake.     "Bog  on  North  Charity  Island."     Davis. 

812.  Aster   puniceus    L.     Red-stalk   aster. — Common   on   wet   open 

ground  and  in  damp  open  woods. 

813.  Aster  umbellatus  Mill.     Tall  flat-top  white  aster. — Common  in 

damp  open  woods  and  thickets. 

814.  Aster  angustus  (Lindl.)  T.  &  G.     Rayless  aster. — Plentiful  in 

the  streets  of  Port  Hope.     An  immigrant  from  the  west. 

815.  Erigeron  pulchellus  Michx.     Robin's  plantain. — Occasional  on 

open  shaded  ground  at  Sand  Point,  Caseville,  and  near  Rush 
Lake. 

816.  Erigeron  philadelphicus  L.     Philadelphia  fleabane. — Common  as 

a  weed  in  villages  and  adjacent  fields. 

817.  Erigeron  annuus    (L.)    Pers.     Sweet  scabious. — Common   as   a 

weed  in  villages  and  adjacent  fields. 

818.  Erigeron  ramosus  (Walt.)  BSP.     Daisy  fleabane.- — Usually  on 

poor  dry  and  sandy  ground.     Common  as  a  weed  in  villages 
and  adjacent  fields. 

819.  Erigeron  canadensis  L.     Horseweed. — A  common  weed  in  waste 

places  and  fields. 

820.  Antennaria  dioica  (L.)  Gaert.     Smaller  cat-foot. — Common  on 

dry  and  sandy'  ground  at  Sand  Point  and  near  Rush  Lake. 
Usually  in  shade. 

821.  Antennaria  canadensis  Greene.     Canadian  cat's-foot. — Frequent 

on  sandy  ground  at  Sand  Point. 

822.  Antennaria  fallax  Greene.     Tall  cat's-foot. — Frequent  on  shaded 

sandy  ground  at  Sand  Point. 

823.  Anaphalis  margaritacea  (L.)  B.  »t  H.     Pearly  everlasting. — Fre- 

cjuent  on  dry  open  or  shaded  ground. 

824.  Gnaphalium  polycephalum  Michx.     Common  everlasting. ^ — Fre- 

cjuent  on  borders  of  woods  and  often  abundant  in  adjacent 
fields. 


CATALOG    OF    PLANTS.  117 

825.  Gnaphalium  decurrens 'Ives.     Clammy  everlasting.— Occasional 

on  open  sandy  ground,  often  with  Gnaphalium   polycephalunt. 

826.  Gnaphalium  uliginosum  L.     Low  cudweed. — Fretjuert  in  dry 

ditches,  low  ground,  and  along  roadsides.  Often  abundant 
as  a  weed  in  cultivated  fields. 

827.  Inu'a  helenium  L.     Elecampane. — Occasional  along  roadsides 

and  in  ])astures. 

828.  Silphium  terebinthinaceum  Jacci.     Prairie  dock. — Common  and 

in  many  places  abundant  on  prairie-like  ground  between  Bay- 
port  and  Sebewaing,  often  invading  cultivated  fields  and  be- 
coming a  troul:)lesome  weed. 

829.  Ambrosia  trifida  L.     Great  ragweed. — As  a  weed  in  waste  places 

at  Port  Austin. 

830.  Ambrosia  artemisiaefolia  L.  Ragweed. — Common  as  a  weed  in 

villages  and  adjacent  fields. 

831.  Xanthium    canadense    Mill.     American    cocklebur. — Occa.sional 

in  moist  open  or  shaded  places. 

832.  Xanthium    echinatum    ^lurr.     Beach    clotbur. — Occasional    on 

or  near  the  lake  shore;  more  frequent  in  the  streets  of  the  vil- 
lages. 

833.  Heliopsis  helianthoides  (L.)  Sweet.      Ox-eye;     false    sunflower. 

— Occasional  on  banks  of  small  streams  and  in  damp  places 
])eIow  Grindstone  City. 

834.  Rudbeckia    hirta    L.      Yellow    daisy;     black-eyed-susan. — Fre- 

quent on  light  sandy  ground  and  occasional  on  shaded  sand 
dunes.  l)ut  nowhere  abundant. 

835.  Rudbeckia  laciniata  L.     Tall  cone-flower. — The  cultivated  form 

known  as  "golden  glow."  In  low  damp  ground  l)elow  Grind- 
stone City. 

836.  Helianthus  annuus  L.     Common  sunflower. — Noticed  as  an  oc- 

casional escape  in  the  villages. 

837.  Helianthus  giganteus  L.     Tall  sunflower. — Occasional  in  damp 

o]>en  ground.     Not  al:)undant. 

838.  Helianthus  divaricatus  L.     Woodland  sunflower. — Common  in 

dry  open  woods,  on  flat  sandy  land  and  on  shaded  sand  dunes. 

839.  Helianthus  strumosus  L.     Pale-leaved  wood  sunflower. — In  open 

dry  woods  on  Charity  Island  antl  near  Port  Austin.  Ap- 
jiarently  infreciuent. 

840.  Helianthus  tracheliifolius  Mill.     Throatwort  sunflower. — In  dry 

ground  north  of  Rush  Lake.     Apparently  rare. 

841.  Helianthus  tuberosus  L.     Jerusalem  artichoke. — Ob.served  only 

in  cultivation. 


118  CATALOG    OF    PLANTS. 

842.  Bidens  frondosa  L.     Beggar-ticks.— Common  on  damp  ground 

and  as  a  weed  in  villages  and  adjacent  fields. 

843.  Bidens    comosa    (Gray)    Wiegand.     Leafy-bracted    tickseed.— 

Noticed  in  clamp  rich  ground  below  Grindstone  City  and  from 
there  to  White  Rock.  Probably  frequent  in  rich  ground 
throughout  the  sand  region. 

844.  Bidens  connata  Muhl.     Swamp  beggar-ticks. — In  swampy  places, 

ditches,  and  on  the  borders  of  damp  cultivated  fields,  from 
Grindstone  City  to  White  Rock.  Probably  common  through- 
out Huron  County. 

845.  Bidens  cernua  L.      Stick-tight;     small  bur-marigold. — Frecjuent 

in  open  wet  places. 

846.  Bidens  laevis  (L.)  BSP.     Larger  bur-marigold. — Occasional  in 

wet  and  swampy  places  along  the  lake  shore,  from  Grind- 
stone City  to  White  Rock.  Probably  common  throughout 
Huron  County. 

847.  Bidens  trichosperma  (Mich.)  Britton.     Tickseed  sunflower. — In 

wet  swampy  places  at  Sand  Point  and  near  Rush  Lake. 

848.  Bidens  trichosperma   tenuiloba  (Gray)  Britton.     Tickseed  sun- 

flower.— Occasional  on  swampy  ground  about  Rush  Lake. 

849.  Helenium    autumnale    L.     Sneeze^veed. — Occasional    on    damp 

ground  from  Grindstone  City  to  White  Rock. 

850.  Achillea  millefolium  L.     Common  yarrow. ^ — A  common  weed 

along  roadsides,  in  villages  and  adjacent  fields. 

851.  Anthemis  cotula  L.     Mayweed. — Common  in  villages  and  about 

country  dwellings. 

852.  Chrysanthemum  leucanthemum  pinnatifidum  Lecocj.  tt  Lamotte. 

Ox-eye  daisy ;  marguerite. — A  few  specimens  noticed  on  the 
north  side  of  Stony  Island  and  near  Port  Austin.  Not  no- 
ticed as  a  weed  in  the  cultivated  fields  adjacent  to  the  sand 
region. 

853.  Tanacetum  vulgare  L.     Common  tansy. — Frecjuent  as  an  escape 

in  villages  and  about  country  dwellings. 

854.  Artemisia  caudata  Michx.     Tall  wormwood. — Common  on  sand 

along  the  lake  shore  and  seldom  far  away  from  the  lake. 

855.  Artemisia  vulgaris  L.     Common   mugwort. — On  North   Island 

near  an  old  stable. 

856.  Artemisia  stelleriana  Bess.      Beach  wormwood;     dusty  miller; 

old  woman. — Often  cultivMed.  More  than  ten  years  ago 
Davis  noted  and  reported  this  as  an  escape  from  cultivation 
to  sandy  ground,  saying:  "This  plant  is  well  established  in 
the  sand  of  a  roadside  dune  between  Port  Austin  and  Port 
Crescent  where  it  covers  a  large  space.     It  is  also  abundant 


CATALOG    OF    PLANTS.  119 

in  the  barren  sand  near  Huron  City,  and  a  large  tuft  of  the 
phint  grows  in  the  sand  just  back  of  the  storm  wave  Hne  near 
the  old  Carrington  Salt  Blocks  at  Port  Austin.  Prof.  Wheeler 
of  the  agricultural  college  informs  the  writer  that  it  has  not 
been  previously  reported  as  growing  wild  in  the  state."  In 
1908  and  1909  it  was  noticed  as  a  common  and  permanent 
escape  covering  large  areas  of  sandy  ground  about  country 
dwellings  and  in  all  the  villages  of  the  sand  region.  Also 
found  in  sand  at  Port  Huron,  Michigan,  and  near  Sarnia, 
Lamliton  County.  Ontario. 

857.  Artemisia     biennis     Willd.     Biennial     wormwood. — Occasional 

about  villages  and  fisheries,  and  on  Stony  Island. 

858.  Artemisia  absinthium   L.     Wormwood. ^"Roadside   near   Port 

Austin."     Davis. 

859.  Erechtites    hieracifoh'a     (L.)    Raf.     Fireweed.— Occasional    on 

dam])  gromid  and  in  damp  open  woods. 

860.  Cacalia  tuberosa  Nutt.     Tuberous  Indian  plantain. — Frequent 

on  prairie-like  ground  between  Bayport  and  Sebewaing. 

861.  Senecio  aureus  L.     Golden  ragwort. — Occasional  in  moist  places 

l)elow  (iriiulstone  City. 

862.  Senecio  balsamitae  Muhl.     Balsam  groundsel. — On  poor  sandy 

ground  on  Stony  Island  and  west  of  Caseville. 

863.  Arctium   minus   Bernh.     Common    burdock. — Common  every- 

where on  dry  or  damp  ground. 

864.  Cirsium  lanceolatum   (L.)   Hill.     Common  thistle. — Occasional 

about  country  dwellings,  along  roadsides,  and  in  pastures. 

865.  Cirsium  pitcheri   (Torr.)  T.   A:  G.     Pitcher's  thistle.— Frequent 

and  often  plentiful  on  drifting  sand  along  the  lake  shore. 
"Not  seen  back  of  the  crest  of  the  first  dune  line."     Davis. 

866.  Cirsium  muticum  Michx.     Swamp  thistle. — On  damp  marshy 

ground  near  Port  Austin,  Bayport  and  Sebewaing. 

867.  Cirsium  arvense  (L.)  Scop.     Canada  thi.stle. — Not  often  on  sand 

dunes,  occasional  in  villages,  more  frequent  on  roadsides  and 
in  adjacent  cultivated  fields. 

868.  Cichorium    intybus    L.     Common    chicory. ^ — Occasional    in    the 

villages  and  aliout  country  dwellings. 

869.  Tragopogon  porrifolius  L.     Oyster-plant. — Noticed  as  an  escape 

near  Port  Austin  and  Sebewaing. 

870.  Taraxacum  officinale  Weber. ^Infreciuent  on  sand  dunes,  more 

common  about  country  dwellings,  in  villages  and  cultivated 
fields. 

871.  Sonchus  arvensis  L.     Field  sow  thistle. — Noticed  at  Caseville 

and  along  the  railroad  at  Port  Hope. 


120  CATALOG    OF    PLANTS. 

872.    Sonchus  oleraceus  L.     Common  sow  thistle. — Noticed  as  a  weed 

in  fields,  gardens,  and  waste  places. 
873i    Sonchus  asper  (L.)  Hill.     Spiny-leaved  sow  thistle. — Frequent 

as  a  weed  in  cultivated  grounds. 

874.  Lactuca  scariola  L.     Prickly  lettuce. — Along  the  railroad  be- 

tween Bayport  and  Sebewaing.     Rare. 

875.  Lactuca  scariola  integrata   Gren.   &   Godr.     Prickly  lettuce. — 

Frequent  about  country  dwellings,  along  railroads,  and  in 
villages.     The  prevailing  form. 

876.  Lactuca  canadensis  L.     Wild  lettuce. — Borders  of  woods,  thick- 

ets, and  on  damp  ground.     Frequent;  --^ 

877.  Lactuca    hirsuta    Muhl.     Hairy    wood   lettuce. — On    dry   open 

ground  on  Sand  Point,  Stony  Island  and  near  Rush  Lake. 

878.  Lactuca  spicata  (Lam.)   Hitchc.     Tall  blue  lettuce. — Frequent 

on  damp  ground  and  in  damp  open  woods. 

879.  Prenanthes  racemosa  Michx.     Glaucous  white  lettuce. — In  wet 

marshy  places  at  Sand  Point  and  near  Rush  Lake. 

880.  Prenanthes  alba  L.     White  lettuce. — In  rich  open  woods  at  Sand 

Point. 

881.  Prenanthes    altissima    L.     Tall    white    lettuce. ^ — In    rich    open 

woods  at  Sand  Point,  Bayport  and  Sebewaing. 

882.  Hieracium  venosum  L.     Rattlesnake-weed. — Frequent  on  poor 

sandy  ground;  occasional  on  shaded  sand  dunes. 

883.  Hieracium  scabrum  Michx.     Rough  hawkweed. — Occasional  in 

sandy  ground  at  Sand  Point. 

884.  Hieracium    gronovii     L.     Gronovius'     hawkweed. — On    sandy 

ground  on  Charity  Island. 

885.  Hieracium    canadense    Michx.     Canada    hawkweed. — On    poor 

sandy  ground  near  Bayport  and  Sebewaing. 

886.  Hieracium    umbellatum    L.     Narrow-leaved    hawkweed. — Fre- 

quent on  sandy  shaded  ground  throughout  the  sand  region. 


MOLLUSCA.  121 


MOLLUSCA. 


BY  H.  BURRINGTOX  BAKER. 

Introduction. 
General  Discussion. 
Physiography. 
Sand  Dunes. 

North  and  Stony  Islands. 
'     Caseville  and  the  Pigeon  River. 
Ru.sh  Lake. 
Geographic  Relations. 
Aquatic  Forms. 
Terrestrial  Forms. 
Habitat  Study. 

Aquatic  Habitats. 

Habitats  of  Saginaw  Bay. 
Habitats  of  the  Sand  Dune  Lakes. 
Habitats  of  Rush  Lake. 
Habitats  of  the  Swamps. 
Habitats  of  the  Pigeon  River. 
Land  Habitats. 

Habitats  of  the  Sand  Dunes. 
Habitats  of  North  and  Stony  Islands. 
Habitats  of  the  Creek  Flats. 
Habitats  of  the  Clay  Soil. 
List  of  Habitats. 
List  of  Species. 

INTRODUCTION. 

The  work  that  has  furnished  the  basis  of  this  report  was  done  bv  the 
writer  while  attached  to  the  biological  expedition  sent  out  by  the  Michi- 
gan Geological  and  Biological  Survey  during  the  summer  of  1908.  The 
party  made  its  headquarters  on  Sand  Point,  Huron  County,  but  made 
trips  to  a  number  of  other  places  in  the  vicinity.  Thus  the  writer 
worked  on  Sand  Point  from  June  14  to  July  12,  on  Stony  and  North 
Islands  from  July  12  to  20,  in  the  vicinity  of  Caseville  and  along  the 
Pigeon  River  from  July  20  to  28,  and  in  the  vicinity  of  Rush  Lake  (this 
includes  the  region  between  Hat  and  Oak  Points)  from  July  28  to  Au- 
gust 24. 

In  pursuing  this  work,  the  writer  has  become  indebted  to  a  number 
of  persons.  He  wishes  to  thank  all  of  the  members  of  the  party,  but 
especially  Dr.  Ruthven,  for  kind  assistance  in  collecting  and  in  locat- 
ing favorable  places  to  study.  He  is  also  under  considerable  obligation 
to  Mr.  C.  K.  Dodge  for  the  identification  of  many  of  the  plants  of  the 
various  habitats.     Some  of  the  identifications  of  the  shells  were  made 


122  MOLLUSC  A. 

in  the  field,  others  from  the  .specimens  after  the  party  had  returned  to 
Ann  Arbor.  In  this  connection  it  should  be  said  that  the  majority  of 
the  identifications  were  made  or  verified  by  Mr.  Bryant  Walker,  with 
the  exception  of  the  Sphaeridae,  which  were  sent  to  Dr.  Y.  Sterki 
for  examination. 

GENERAL  DISCUSSION. 

Physiography. 

The  region  studied  (see  map)  lies  in  about  83°  15'  longitude  and 
44°  latitude,  and  is  about  600  feet  above  sea-level.  Sand 
Point  is  four  miles  long,  about  one  and  one-half  miles 
wide  at  the  base,  and  runs  out  almost  due  we.st  into 
Saginaw  bay,  tapering  towards  the  point.  North  Island  lies 
about  two  miles  south  and  one  mile  west  of  the  end  of  Sand  Point  and 
is  approximately  one  mile  long  from  e^st  to  west  and  one-fourth  of  a 
mile  wide ;  Stony  Island  is  somewhat  over  a  mile  still  farther  south  and 
west,  is  tadpole-shaped,  and  measures  about  one  and  one-fourth  miles 
from  north  to  south,  by  one  mile  wide  in  the  widest  portion.  Caseville 
is  .situated  on  the  shore  of  the  Bay,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Pigeon  River, 
about  three  miles  north  and  east  of  the  base  of  Sand  Point ;  the  portion 
of  the  Pigeon  River  studied  is  that  running  east  from  Caseville.  Rush 
Lake  is  about  three  miles  long  from  the  north-east  to  the  south-west 
corner  and  one  mile  wide,  and  lies  about  four  miles  east  and  one  mile 
north  of  Caseville.  The  portion  of  the  Pinnebog  River  investigated  is 
about  three  miles  due  east  of  Ru.sh  Lake. 

The  shore  of  the  Bay  runs  almost  due  north  from  Caseville  for  about 
two  miles  to  Oak  Point,  w'here  it  turns  almost  straight  east  so  that 
Rush  Lake  is  but  little  over  a  mile  from  the  shore  of  the  Bay  and  lies 
immediately  behind  the  innermost  sand  dune.  This  strip  of  sand  dunes 
between  Oak  Point  and  Hat  Point  is  about  nine  miles  long  by  one  wide. 
It  is  broken  along  the  Bay  in  three  places  by  outcroppings  of  rocks, 
viz.,  at  Hat,  Little  Oak,  and  Oak  Points. 

Sand  Dunes. — The  sand  dunes  were  most  thoroly  studied  on  Sand 
Point,  but  the  strip  along  the  coast  between  Oak  and  Hat  Points  was 
also  examined.  The  underlying  rock  in  the  latter  region  is  Marshall 
sandstone,  with  the  exception  of  the  western  end;  there  and  at  Sand 
Point  the  sand  is  underlaid  by  rocks  of  the  Michigan  or  Lower  Grand 
Rapids  Series,  hydraulic  Umestones,  shales,  gypsum,  etc.  Thruout 
this  entire  region  the  rock  is  but  a  short  distance  below  the  surface  so 
that  it  outcrops  in  several  places  as  mentioned  above.  (.A  C.  Lane* 
states  that  it  also  should  underlie  Sand  Point.) 

The  shallow  water  off  Little  Oak  and  Hat  Points  most  likely  rejire- 


*Geol.  Surv.  of  Mich.,  Vol.  VII,  part  2,  page  106. 


MOLLUSCA.  123 

sents  the  primitive  beach  habitats  of  this  region.  At  Hat  Point,  the 
sandstone  outcrops  in  ahnost  horizontal  layers  to  form  a  small  cliff 
about  twenty  feet  high.  For  some  distance  off  the  Point  the  water 
deepens  very  gradually  and  the  bottom  is  strewn  with  large  and  small 
irregular  rock  fragments  broken  from  the  shore  by  the  waves.  At 
Little  Oak  Point  the  conditions  are  similar  except  there  is  no  cliff  and 
the  outcrop  is  smaller. 

In  most  places  the  sand  has  been  washed  up  over  the  rock  outcrops 
and  has  covered  them  entirely,  but  at  Hat  Point  the  overhanging  cliff 
still  outcrops  some  distance  in  from  shore  and  forms  damp  caves  (habitat 
27).  In  the  former  case,  unprotected,  sand  beaches  (habitat  5)  are 
produced. 

TwQ  kinds  of  currents,  the  off-shore  and  the  littoral,  work  on  the  ex- 
posed, sandy  shores.  The  off-shore  currents  build  points  or  sand  hooks, 
while  the  littoral  currents  make  barrier  beaches  parallel  with  the  shore. 
The  former  are  usually  formed  in  partially  protected  places,  the  latter 
on  the  side  from  which  the  currents  come.  Behind  these  points  and 
bars,  the  water  is  more  nearly  calm  and  the  sand  is  not  disturbed  so 
that  another  habitat,  that  of  the  protected,  sandy  shores  (habitat  7), 
is  formed.  This  kind  of  a  habitat  is  also  found  on  the  protected  side 
of  projections  not  built  of  sand. 

The  barrier  beaches  often  become  connected  at  both  ends  with  the 
shore,  forming  shallow  lagoons  or  sand  pools  (habitat  6).  New  beaches 
are  built  up  farther  out  and  the  sand  dunes  are  blown  up  around  these 
lagoons,  the  larger  of  which  become  long,  shallow  lakes  (habitat  9), 
or  swamps  (habitats  18,  19).  In  a  similar  manner  the  free  ends  of  the 
sand  spits  produced  by  the  off-shore  currents  swing  in  towards  shore 
and  form,  at  first  partially  land-locked  coA'es  (habitat  8),  and  finally 
lakes  (habitat  10),  which  are  usually  deeper  and  more  nearly  circular 
than  those  produced  by  the  barrier  beaches.  Swamps  of  a  similar 
shape  may  also  be  produced  in  this  manner,  if  the  vegetation  in  the  cove 
forms  a  deposit  of  muck  fast  enough  to  fill  the  cove  before  it  becomes 
a  lake. 

The  sand  beaches  along  any  of  these  places  form  another  habitat 
(habitat  25),  and  the  wind,  blowing  back  the  sand  from  these  beaches, 
builds  up  rows  of  sand  dunes  (habitats  28,  29).  with  swamps  (habitats 
18,  19)  or  even  long,  shallow  lakes  (habitat  9).  similar  in  shape  to  those 
formed  from  the  sand  pools,  between  them. 

The  vegetation  in  all  of  these  lakes  soon  starts  depositing  material 
which  converts  them  first  into  perennial  (habitat  19),  and  then  into 
annual  swamps  (habitat  18).  and  finally  fills  them  entirely,  forming 
alluvial  flats  (habitat  26).  This  filling  in  takes  place  mainly  around 
the  edge  where  the  water  is  shallow,  so  that  all  except  the  very  young- 


124  MOLLUSCA. 

est  lakes  and  swamps  have  an  alluvial  deposit  partly  or  entirely  sur- 
rounding them.  These  deposits  may  be  reconverted  into  swamps 
artificially  by  the  Ijurning  of  the  peat  that  composes  them,  or  naturally 
by  the  formation  of  sand  dams  thru  the  agency  of  the  wind. 

North  and  Stony  Islands. — When  the  water  retired  from  the  Algon- 
quin level,  North  and  Stony  Islands  appeared  as  rocky  islands  covered 
with  a  thin  layer  of  clay  or  sand  and  the  currents  attacking  them  from 
the  north-west  soon  laid  bare  these  shores.  On  Stony  Island,  the  Max- 
ville  limestone  outcropped  for  some  distance  above  water,  but  on  North 
Island  the  outcropping  along  the  north-west  shore  was  mostly  under 
water.  The  soil  from  the  exposed  portions  of  these  islands  and  more 
sand  from  the  shallow  water  off  shore  was  carried  about  the  ends  of 
each  of  them  and  deposited  in  long  bars  which  converged  toward  a 
point  some  distance  southwest  of  each.  A  large  amount  of  sand  was 
also  deposited  between  the  bars  around  each  of  the  islands,  so  that 
North  Island  came  to  have  a  long,  submerged  triangle  of  sand  stretch- 
ing southeast  from  it,  while  Stony  Island  acc[uired  on  the  south  two  long 
converging  ridges  of  sand  above  the  water  with  a  large  swamp  between 
them.  A  bar  of  sand  along  the  south  side  of  North  Island  makes  the 
water  very  shallow  for  a  considerable  distance  off  shore;  in  fact,  there 
is  a  long  sand  bar,  reaching  from  the  eastern  shore  of  that  island  to  a 
sand  point  on  the  eastern  shore  of  Stony  Island,  along  which  the  water 
is  so  shallow  that  it  is  grown  up  with  bulrushes  along  the  entire  length. 
A  similar  strip  lies  between  Stony  and  Katechay  Islands. 

There  is  a  low  ridge  of  alluvial  soil  all  of  the  way  around  North  Island 
while  the  central  portion  is  low  and  swampy.  Only  the  northern  por- 
tion of  Stony  Island  corresponds  to  North  Island;  the  remainder  is 
built  up  of  drifted  sand,  as  described  above.  This  northern  alluvial 
portion  may  be  divided  into  a  northern  dry  ridge  and  a  southern  swampy 
strip  corresponding  to  the  similar  divisions  on  North  Island.  A  sand 
beach,  about  two  rods  wide,  along  the  southern  side  of  the  latter  island, 
together  with  the  shallow  water  off  shore,  is  all  that  represents  the  south- 
ern two-thirds  of  Stony  Island. 

Caseville  and  Pigeon  River. — ^The  region  around  Caseville  is  a  young 
coastal  plain  sloping  gently  towards  the  Bay,  the  soil  of  which  is  a  cal- 
ciferous,  gravelly  clay,  with  streaks  of  sand  and  even  boulders  in  it. 
forming  low  ridges  in  some  places,  and  with  high  dunes  between  it  and 
the  Bay. 

Thru  this  plain  cuts  the  Pigeon  River,  a  small  stream  which  is  very 
sluggish  until  it  gets  within  two  miles  of  Saginaw  Bay,  where  it  becomes 
swifter,  but  becomes  sluggish  again  near  the  town  where  it  cuts  thru  the 
sand  dunes  to  the  Bay.  On  account  of  the  very  gentle  slope  of  the  land," 
the  river  has  already  cut  its  valley  about  as  deep  as  possible  and  is  now 


MOLLUSCA.  125 

widening  it  by  meandering  greatly,  so  that  quite  extensive  creek  flats 
have  l)een  and  are  being  formed. 

Rush  Lake. — Rush  Lake  occupies  a  semi-circular  depression  in  the 
clay  plain  immediately  behind  the  sand  dune  area.  On  the  northern  and 
northwestern  .sides  of  the  lake  is  the  innermost  ridge  of  sand  dunes, 
while  on  the  southern  and  southwestern  sides  is  a  portion  of  the  clay 
plain,  similar  to  but  not  .so  well  drained  as  around  Caseville.  where  the 
land  is  .somewhat  higher  and  slopes  toward  the  Pigeon  River. 

Geographic  Relations. 

Aquatic  Forms. — The  portion  of  Huron  County  under  consideration 
was  fir.st  uncovered  after  the  Wisconsin  stage  of  glaciation  at  about  the 
time  when  Lake  Warren  combined  into  one  lake  what  had  been  Lake 
Saginaw,  a  lake  of  the  Saginaw  Bay  basin,  and  Lake  Whittlesey,  a  lake 
of  the  Huron-Erie  ba.sin.  At,  and  previous  to,  this  time,  the  Great 
Lakes  had  been  draining  into  the  Mississippi  valley,  and  it  was  not  until 
considerably  later  that  they  began  to  empty  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 
The  Saginaw-Grand  River  drainage  led  directly  past  here,  and  this  and 
others  following  nearly  the  same  route  were  the  main  ch-ainage 
channels,  altho  Lake  Maumee,  one  of  the  progenitors  of  Lake  Whittle- 
sey, early  in  its  life  hi.story  drained  thru  the  Fort  Wayne  outlet  into  the 
Ohio.* 

Thus  the  acjuatic  habitats  in  Huron  County  are  at. present  in  connec- 
tion with  the  northern  and  southeastern  portions  of  the  state,  and  have 
been  connected  with  the  western  portion.  It  is  then  not  surprising  to 
find  that  the  aquatic  shells  of  Huron  County  are  mostly  similar  to  those 
of  all  parts  of  the  lower  peninsula.  The  strongest  affinities  appear  to 
be  with  the  northern  and  southeastern  portions;  for  example,  Lamp- 
silis  multiradiata,  which  is  found  only  in  the  southeastern  portion  of  the 
state,  inhabits  the  Pigeon  River,  while  Sphaerium  flovum,  more  typical 
of  the  northern  portion,  is  common  in  Rush  Lake.  On  the  other  hand, 
no  shells  distinctive  of  the  western  portion  appear  to  occur  in  the  region 
stucUed.t 

Terrestrial  Forms. — The  land  molluscan  fauna  of  this  region  has  rather 
distinct  northern  affinities.  Altho  those  collected  with  the  excep- 
tion of  six  forms,  are  those  of  general  distribution  at  least  in  the 
lower  peninsula,  the  smaller  shells  which  are  mo.st  characteristic  of  the 
northern  regions  were  more  prevalent  here.  Of  the  six  exceptions, 
four  (Vitrea  hinneyana,  Zonitoides  milium.  Pyramidula  cronkhitei 
catskillensis.    and   Cochlicopa    luhrica    morseana)    ar,e    northern  forms, 


*A.  C.  Lane,  Geol.  Rept.  Huron  County.  Geol.  Surv.  Mich.,  Vol.  VII,  Pt.  II,  Chap.  IV. 
tWalker.  Bryant.     The  Di-stribution  of  the  Unionidae  in  Michigan.     Detroit.  Mich.,  1S9S. 


126  MOLLUSCA. 

while  two  (Strobilops  virgo  and  Bifidaria  cortkaria)  are  typical  of  the 
northern  and  middle  counties. 

This  northern  element  in  the  fauna  may  be  due  to  the  fact  that  the 
pecuHar  shape  and  location  of  this  county  make  it  a  sort  of  a  pocket 
which  prevented  the  shells  entering  it  after  the  retreat  of  the  glaciers 
from  migrating  farther  northward,  but  this  cannot  be  jDOsitively  ascer- 
tained until  more  is  known  of  the  interior  of  the  county.  Only  the  re- 
gion among  and  near  the  sand  dunes  was  studied,  and  the.se  conditions 
and  those  of  the  adjacent  swamps  are  often  favorable  to  northern  faunas 
and  thus  may  have  formed  a  region  of  preservation  of  these  forms.* 

HABITAT     .STUDY. 

Aquatic  Habitats. 

Habitats  of  Saginaw  Bay. — 1.  Deep  littoral,  16-24  feet.  This  is  just 
such  a  habitat  as  was  found  by  Hankinson  at  corresponding  depths  in 
Walnut  Lake,t  ))ut  in  -this  case  the  habitat  does  not  extend  so  far  in 
towards  shore,  as  the  instability  of  the  sand  in  shallower  water  effect- 
ually prevents  all  higher  plant  and  most  animal  life.  The  only  data  in 
regard  to  this  habitat  was  obtained  from  the  evidences  of  life  which 
were  brought  up  on  the  line  of  fish  nets  off  the  camp  on  Sand  Point, 
when  these  were  taken  out  for  the  summer.  It  was  found  at  this  time 
that  the  sandy  bottom  at  these  depths  has  a  scanty  vegetation,  con- 
sisting, in  the  main,  of  Potamogeton.  This  belt  of  vegetation  begins  in 
about  sixteen  feet  of  water,  is  most  dense  in  about  nineteen  feet,  and 
is  diminishing  at  the  end  of  the  net  in  about  twenty-four  feet  of  water, 
one  and  three-quarters  miles  off  shore.  Altho  this  is  the  only  locality 
actually  studied,  it  was  deduced  from  dead  shells  along  the  shore  that 
this  kind  of  a  habitat  stretches  all  the  way  along  the  north  shore  of  Sand 
Point. 

In  this  habitat  were  obtained  a  few  specimens  of  Goniobasis  livescens, 
one  of  Campeloma  decisum.  one  of  C.  integrum,  seven  of  C.  rufum.  a 
single  light-colored  specimen  of  Planorbis  bicarinatus,  two  specimens 
of  a  variety  of  Physa  ancillaria  (one  of  which  was  very  much  distorted),' 
and  a  specimen  of  the  lake  form  of  Lampsilis  luteola.  Two  other  species, 
Pkniorbis  truncatus  and  Lymnaea  catascopium.  which  had  been  washed 
up  on  the  beach  were  referred  to  this  hal)itat.  as  there  was  apparently 
no  other  habitat  in  the  vicinity  from  which  they  could  have  come. 

2.  Shallow  littoral,  rocky,  unprotected.  In  places,  especially  at  the 
ends  of  points  facing  the  north  and  on  the  north  sides  of  islands,  the 
sand  is  washed  away,  or  perhaps  has  never  been  deposited,  so  that  the 

*Adams.  C.  (".  Post  Glacial  Origin  and  Migration  of  Life.  Jour.  Geog.,  Vol.  I,  1902,  p.  310. 
t  State  Geol.  Siirv.  of  Mich.     Ann.  Rept.  1907. 


MOLLUSCA.  127 

bare  rock  is  ex]wsc(l.  The  farther  north  one  goe.s,  the  hirjier  are  the 
outcroppings,  until  Port  Austin  is  reached,  where  the  rock  predomi- 
nates. This  is  probably  due  to  the  fact  that  the  main  currents  come 
down  along  the  shore  from  the  north.  The  islands,  however,  being  out 
some  distance  from  the  protection  of  the  shore,  have  as  much  rock  ex- 
posed as  points  far  to  the  north  of  them.  The  rock  forming  the  points 
to  the  north  is  Marshall  sandstone;  that  forming  the  outcrops  on  the 
two  islands  studied,  North  and  Stony  Islands,  is  Maxville  limestone. 
(PI.  XIV). 

This  firm  sul)stratum  of  rock  gives  a  secure  footing  to  ])lants.  so  that 
there  is  often  a  narrow  belt  of  Scirpus  americanus  growing  in  the  crev- 
ices along  the  edge  of  the  water,  even  in  places  where  the  exposm'e  to 
the  wave  action  must  be  very  severe.  The  rocks  under  water  are  cover- 
ed with  a  thin  layer  of  gelatinous,  diatomaceous  material  and  marl, 
while  crevices,  etc.,  support  tufts  of  Cladophora  and  Chara.  These 
plants  can,  of  course,  obtain  no  such  footing  on  the  unprotected,  sandy 
stretches,  as  the  sand  there  is  constantly  shifting. 

This  habitat  was  preeminently  one  of  univalve  molluscs  with  large 
feet,  as  these  found  here  a  firm  substratum  to  which  they  could  cling. 
Physa  ancillaria  mognalacustris,  Lymnaea  emarginata  ontarioensis,  and 
Goniohasis  livescens  were  present  in  very  large  numbers  all  along  the 
rocky  shores  of  North  and  Stony  Islands ;  Goniobasis  livescens  and  Physa 
ancillaria  occurred  on  the  rocks  off  Oak  and  Hat  Point.  In  addition, 
a  few  specimens  of  Physa  heterostrapha  were  found  off  the  north  shore 
of  North  Island,  and  a  thin  form  of  Physa  ancillaria  magnalacustris  on 
an  artificial  rock  breakwater  off  Sand  Point. 

3.  Rock  pools.  On  the  northwest  shore  of  Stony  Island,  the  strata 
of  rock  are  slightly  tilted  up  toward  the  lake  so  that  the  beach  is  formed 
of  successive  terraced  outcroppings.  When  these  terraces  outcrop 
near  the  water's  edge,  shallow  pools  are  formed  behind  them;  some  of 
which  are  connected  with  the  Bay  all  of  the  time  while  others  are  filled 
only  by  the  waves.  The  outcropping  ledges  of  rock  protect  the  pools 
thus  formed  from  the  direct  action  of  the  waves,  and  along  these  ridges 
there  are  often  dwarfed  willows  and  belts  of  Scirpus  americanus  which 
also  help  to  protect  them.  A  rank  growth  of  Cladophora  is  character- 
istic of  these  spots,  and  the  rocks  are  covered  with  a  thin  layer  of  gel- 
atinous material,  probably  full  of  diatoms.  These  pools  form  a  habitat 
rich  in  food  for  molluscs,  but  with  rather  adverse  physical  conditions, 
despite  the  protection  already  referred  to. 

Go7iiobasis  livescejis.  Physa  ancillaria  magnalacustris,  and  Lymnaea 
emarginata  ontarioensis  were  found  in  these  places  in  considerable 
a])undance;  specimens  of  Lymnaea  humilis  and  a  light-colored,  little- 
malleated  form  of  L.  palustris,  were  also  collected,  but  in  lesser  numbers. 


128  MOLLUSCA. 

4.  Shallow  littoral,  rocky,  protected.  East  of  the  un))rotecte(l  north- 
west shore  of  Stony  Island,  described  under  habitat  two.  and  Ijetween 
that  strip  and  the  sandy  coast  along  the  north  and  east  sides  of  the  is- 
land, there  is  a  small  stretch  of  rocky  shore  protected  by  a  rocky  point 
jutting  out  to  the  east  of  it,  and  by  the  shallowness  of  the  water  for  some 
distance  off  shore.  Here,  the  water  plants,  obtaining  a  strong  foothold, 
have  formed  a  thick  layer  of  peaty  muck  over  a  small  area.  At  present, 
several  species  of  water  plants  that  flourish  here  form  a  small  swamp, 
much  like  tho.se  of  the  small  inland  lakes  on  Sand  Point.  Scirpus 
americanus,  S.  validus.  Pontederia  cordata  and  Typha  latifolia  predomi- 
nate; Carex  filiformis,  Sagittaria  latifolia  and  Spartina  cynosuroides  are 
also  present,  but  in  lesser  numbers. 

On  driftwood  and  decaying  plant  material  in  this  swamp,  variations 
of  Lymnaea  reflexa  were  cjuite  abundant,  together  with  lesser  numl^ers 
of  Planorbis  trivolvis,  P.  exacuous  and  P.  hirsutus. 

5.  Shcdloic  littoral,  sandy,  unprotected.  This  habitat  includes  all 
sandy  beaches  not  protected  from  the  direct  action  of  the  waves  by 
islands,  sandbars,  etc.  Of  course  no  distinct  boundary  hne  can  be 
drawn  between  this  habitat  and  the  one  that  includes  the  protected 
beaches,  as  they  intergrade  around  the  edges  of  the  barriers.  Usually 
there  is  no  vegetation  in  the  shallow  water  along  the  shore  in  this  habi- 
tat, but  in  places  where  the  shoals  extend  some  distance  out  from  shore 
there  is  a  narrow  belt  of  Scirpus  americanus  along  the  edge  of  the  water. 
Being  so  unprotected,  this  habitat  is  one  of  extremely  variable  physical 
conditions;  also,  the  substratum  being  sand,  every  storm  materially 
alTects  the  whole  shore-line  and  the  depths  of  the  water  thruout  the 
area.  This  drifting  makes  a  secure  footing  for  molluscs  impossible,  so 
that  most  of  the  forms  in  this  habitat  are  quite  large,  burrowing  ones. 
(Pis.  I  a,  II  b.) 

Under  this  head  were  included  all  of  the  beaches  from  Ca.seville  as 
far  west  as  Twin  Bars  (near  the  end  of  Sand  Point),  the  shoals  northwest 
of  them,  and  the  beaches  from  about  one  mile  west  of  Little  Oak  Point 
to  Hat  Point,  excepting  those  on  the  points  themselves,  where  there  are 
rocky  headlands. 

All  of  the  shells  of  this  habitat  are  bivalves,  with  the  exception  of  a 
few  which  were  found  on  the  rocks  in  artificial  breakwaters,  etc.,  and 
which  have  been  also  included  among  the  shells  of  the  rocky  littoral 
habitats,  2,  from  which  they  have  probably  been  brought  by  the  waAes 
and  currents.  This  is  probably  due  to  the  fact  that  the  univalve  mol- 
luscs are  unable  to  cling  to  the  drifting  sand,  which  would  also  be  liable 
to  bury  them  on  account  of  their  small  size.  The  univalve  shells 
above  mentioned  were  a  thin  form  of  Physa  ancillaria  magnalacustris, 
which  was  obtained  in  considerable  numbers  from  an  artificial  break- 


MOLLUSCA.  129 

water  on  Sand  Point,  a  single  specimen  of  Goniobosis  livesceyis  which 
was  found  on  a  board  that  had  jirobably  been  washed  from  some  other 
habitat,  and  specimens  of  Goniobasis  livescens  and  Physa  ancillaria  ob- 
tained from  the  stone  piers  of  a  dock  near  Little  Oak  Point.  The  small, 
lake  forms  of  LampsUis  luteola  and  L.  ventricosa  were  very  abundant  all 
along  the  coast,  and  a  similar  form  of  L.  nasuta  were  also  found,  but  in 
lesser  numbers;  all  of  these  were  most  abundant  in  places  where  the 
water  was  .shallow  for  some  considerable  distance  off  shore,  as  at  Twin 
Bars.  A  few  specimens  of  Unio  gibbosus  were  obtained  from  Sand 
Point  and  Stony  Island,  and  single  individuals  of  the  small,  lake  forms 
of  Anodonta  grandis  footiana  and  Anodontoide^  ferussacianus  subcyliyi- 
draceus,  and  specimens  of  LampsUis  recta  sageri  and  Alasmidonta  cal- 
ceola  were  also  collected,  the  fir.st  three  from  Sand  Point,  the  last  from 
Little  Oak  Point. 

6.  Sand  pools.  As  remarked  under  the  description  of  habitat  two, 
most  of  the  currents  in  this  region  come  from  the  north;  that  is,  their 
general  trend  is  southwest.  This  causes  the  sand  beaches  to  be  worn 
away,  more  or  less,  to  the  east  of  points  jutting  north,  while  wide  beaches 
are  deposited  to  the  west  of  them.  Also,  the  beaches  to  the  east  of 
the.se. points  are  piled  up  by  the  action  of  the  littoral  currents  during 
storms,  etc.,  so  that  they  are  relatively  steep,  while  the  sheltered  beaches 
on  the  western  sides  are  low.  On  such  beaches  as  the  latter,  where  the 
water  is  shallow  for  some  distance  off  shore,  the  sand  is  piled  up  slightly 
along  the  shore,  while  inside  of  this  low.  rounded  ridge  there  is  often  a 
more  or  less  temporary  lagoon.  This  relationship  is  caused,  as  is  shown 
at  Oak  Point,  by  a  barrier  beach,  parallel  to  the  shore,  being  formed  in 
shallow  water  by  the  drifting  and  pounding  up  of  the  sand,  especially 
during  the  high  water  produced  by  heavy  storms,  which  shoal  in  time 
landlocks  the  small  lagoon  left  behind  it. 

Sand  pools  are  also  formed  by  the  currents  blocking  up  the  mouths 
of  small,  intermittent  brooks,  which  have  washed  out  considerable  de- 
pressions in  the  beach  during  heaA'v  rains.  Pools  formed  in  both  wa}'S 
have  a  similar  fauna  and  apparently  constitute  but  one  habitat.  The 
water  in  these  pools  is  usually  strongly  impregnated  with  iron  obtained 
probably  from  repeated  evaporations. 

The  flora  of  these  pools  consisted,  in  the  main,  of  such  sedges  as 
Juncus  balticus;  one  pool  had  in  addition  several  shoots  of  Sparganium 
eurycarpum  in  it.  The  moUuscan  fauna  of  these  localities  consisted 
mostly  of  Lymnaea  palustris  and  a  small  form  of  L.  obrussa,  the  former 
being  very  abundant.  Succinea  retusa  and  the  form  major  of  S.  avara 
vermeta  occurred  in  and  around  several  of  them. 

These  pools  shift  considerably  with  the  ch'ifting  of  the  sand.     The 
17 


130  MOLLUSCA. 

larger  ones  may  form  the  shallow,  sand  dune  lakes  and  swamps,  as 
will  be  described  under  those  habitats. 

7.  Shalloiv  littoral,  sandy,  pi^otected.  Along  protected  portions  of 
sandy  shoals,  Scijyus  americaniis  has  formed  marshes  of  considerable 
extent.  These  marshes  are  protected  from  the  direct  force  of  the  waves 
and  currents  in  various  ways.  Off  some,  a  point  or  sandbar  has  been 
formed  as  described  under  habitat  six.  These  marshes,  when  small, 
are  often  the  first  stage  in  the  production  of  the  sand  pools  (or  when 
larger,  of  the  sand  dune  lakes  to  be  described  under  habitat  nine). 
Also,  the  whole  south  shore  of  Sand  Point  and  of  North  Island,  and  the 
sandy  stretch  on  Stom^  Island  which  is  protected  by  the  latter,  all  have 
a  belt  of  Scirpus  americonus  along  the  water's  edge  and  form  extensive 
marshes.  Those  on  Sand  Point,  east  of  "The  Bayou",  and  those  on 
Stony  Island  are,  however,  rather  unfavorable  habitats  for  molluscan 
life  as  they  are  not  well  enough  protected,  the  former  being  unprotected 
from  the  south  (Wild  Fowl  Bay  being  too  wide  for  the  opposite  shore 
to  afford  such  protection)  and  the  latter  from  the  northwest.  Those 
on  North  Island  are,  on  the  other  hand,  ver}^  favorable,  as  the  water 
deepens  slowly  off  shore  and  the  entire  south  side  forms  a  shallow  bay; 
here  the  pickerel  weed  is  intermingled  with  the  common  sedge,  Scirpus 
americaniis.  In  all  of  these  localities,  the  molluscs  congregate  in  great- 
est numbers  where  the  water  is  from  six  to  twelve  inches  deep,  and  where 
there  is  a  belt  of  dead  and  decaying  sedges  floating  along  the  shore. 

Better  protected  marshes,  as  those  along  the  east  end  of  Wild  Fowl 
Bay,  and  the  similar  one  in  the  marshy  cut-off  between  the  lower  part 
of  the  Pigeon  River  and  Saginaw  Bay,  have  a  marly  bottom  and  a 
sparse  growth  of  Charo.  These  are  especially  well  protected  by  their 
sheltered  position  to  the  east  of  large  points,  by  the  shallowness  of  the 
water  and  by  the  outlying  barrier  beaches  characteristic  of  such  posi- 
tions. In  all  of  these  places  the  molluscs  are  to  be  found  in  large  num- 
bers all  over  the  bottom,  especially  in  ver}"  shallow  places,  where  the 
spires  of  such  large  shells  as  Lymnaea  stagnalis  appressa  often  project 
above  the  surface  of  the  water.  In  these  places,  the  water,  being  so 
shallow,  is  quite  w^arm. 

Lymnaea  reflexa  was  the  most  abundant  shell  in  these  localities.  It 
varied  considerably;  the  variety  imlkeri  and  many  other  variations 
were  found.*  Lymnaea  ohrussa,  L.  stagnalis  appressa,  and  L.  hwnilis, 
Planorhis  deflectus^  P.  trivolvis,  and  P.  exacuoiis,  Physa  heterostrapha  and 
P.  gyrina  were  also  obtained,  but  in  lesser  numbers,  together  with  a 
few  juvenile  specimens  of  Planorhis  truncatus,  and  the  lake  forms  of 
Strophitus  edentulus,  Lampsilis  luteola,  and  L.  ventricosa.     In  addition, 

*Baker,  H.  Burrington.  Variations  in  Lvmnaea  reflexa  Say,  from  Huron  County.  12tLi 
Ann.  Rept.  Mich.  Acad.  Sci.,  1910,   pp.  60-63. 


MOLLUSCA.  131 

Succinea  retusa,  S.  avara,  and  Agriolimax  campestris  were  found  out  on 
the  decaying  sedges. 

8.  Cove,  almost  cut  off  from  Bay.  On  the  south  side  of  Sand  Point 
and  about  a  mile  from  its  base,  there  is  a  large  cove  that  is  separated 
from  Wild  Fowl  Bay,  except  for  about  ten  rods,  by  a  long  sand  spit 
which  runs  out  from  the  shore  in  a  southeasterly  direction.  This  spit 
has  been  formed,  apparently,  by  the  sand  being  washed  down  along  the 
coast  by  the  off-shore  currents,  and  deposited  to  form  a  small  point, 
which  has  increased  with  continued  deposition,  so  that  a  long  sand  strip 
has  been  built  up.  To  all  appearances,  this  process  is  still  going  on  as 
there  is  a  shoal  for  some  distance  out  from  the  end  of  the  spit,  and  the 
end  itself  is  a  low  sandbar,  elevated  but  slightly  above  the  water.  Prob- 
abh'  in  time  there  will  be  formed  a  lake,  like  the  several  that  are  along 
this  side  of  Sand  Point,  which  were  apparently  formed  in  a  similar  man- 
ner. (PL  XIII  b.) 

This  cove  (known  locally  as  "The  Bayou'")  is  oval  in  shape  and  is 
quite  large,  being  about  three  hundred  yards  long  b}""  one  hundred  wide; 
in  places  the  water  reaches  a  depth  of  six  feet.  Scirpus  americanus, 
Typha  latifolia,  Potamogeton  natans,  the  common  white  and  yellow 
water-liUes  {Castalia  odorata  and  Nymphaea  advena),  bulrushes  (Scirpus 
validvs).  and  other  water  plants,  gaining  a  footing  here,  have  deposited 
a  layer  of  soft,  peaty  muck,  reaching,  in  places,  a  depth  of  fom-  or  five 
feet.  Along  the  north  and  south  shores,  the  bottom  is  more  firm  and 
sandy;  here  there  is  a  zone  of  Scirpus  aiyieiicaiius  off  shore,  with  a  zone 
of  Scirpus  validus  outside  of  that.  The  west  and  southwest  shores  are, 
however,  very  soft  and  mucky,  the  sedges  hai-ing  grown  out  for  some 
distance  from  the  shore,  forming  a  floating  marsh.  There  is  a  moderate- 
sized  patch  of  Typha  latifolia  separating  this  soft  portion  from  the  firmer 
southern  shore.  The  whole  center  of  the  cove  is  soft -bottomed  and  over 
large  patches  is  almost  covered  with  the  flat,  floating  leaves  of  Pota- 
mogeton natans  and  the  white  and  yellow  water-lilies. 

Planorbis  trivolvis,  P.  exacuous,  and  P.  parvus  occurred  thruout  this 
habitat,  but  the  remainder  of  the  shells  were  more  restricted.  Amnicola 
icalkeri,  A.  limosa;  Ancylus  parallelus,  Lymnaea  humilis,  and  Physa 
heterostrapha  were  found  only  on  the  under  side  of  lily-pads,  etc.,  in 
places  where  the  bottom  was  mucky.  Lymnaea  reflexa  and  an  obese 
variation  of  that  species,  Physa  gyrina,  P.-  sayii,  Planorbis  hirsutus, 
Lymnaea  palustris]  and  L.  ohrussa,  on  the  other  hand,  were  found  only 
in  localities  where  the  bottom  was  hard  and  sandy,  while  Musculium 
securis  was  collected  both  from  the  latter  place,  and  from  among  sedges 
where  the  bottom  was  very  mucky. 

Habitats  of  the  Sand  Dune  Lakes. — 9.  Shallow  lakes,  north  side  of 
Sa?hd  Point.     Near  the  end  of  Sand  Point,  just  south  of  the  outer  dune 


132  MOLLUSCA. 

on  the  north  shore,  there  is  a  long,  narrow  lake,  Long  Lake,  which  is 
about  nine  hundred  yards  long  by  sixty  wide,  and  is  very  shallow,  no- 
where reaching  a  depth  of  over  three  feet.  This  lake  has  apparently 
been  formed  in  the  same  manner  as  the  sand  pools  and  marshes  in 
partially  protected  places  where  the  water  is  very  shallow  for  some  dis- 
tance off  shore,  that  is,  by  a  barrier  beach  having  been  thrown  up  paral- 
lel to  the  beach  during  storms.  Then,  as  the  beach  moved  north,  grow- 
ing out  in  this  same  way,  a  sand  dune  would  be  blown  up  between  the 
lake  and  the  Bay,  and  the  present  relations  would  be  established.  The 
long  narrow  shape  of  the  lake  and  its  shallowness  accord  with  this  view; 
but  these  relations  might  also  be  explained  by  the  presumption  that  the 
lake  was  formed  by  the  drainage  water  collecting  between  parallel  sand 
dunes.  It  seems  probable,  indeed,  that  both  methods  have  contributed 
to  the  formation  of  this  lake.     (Pis.  XII,  XIII  a.) 

The  lake  has  a  firm,  sandy  bottom  and  has  the  characteristic  zone  of 
Scirpus  americanus  along  the  edge.  The  main  portion  of  the  lake  has 
little  vegetation  besides  this  sedge  and  a  few  patches  of  the  yellow 
water-lily  (Nymphoea  advena).  The  extreme  east  end,  however,  has  a 
soft  peaty  bottom  composed  of  decaying  vegetation.  (PI.  XII  b.) 
Here  the  yellow  water-lilies  and  a  small  sedge,  probably  Carex  fiUformis, 
almost  hide  the  water.  The  water  thruout  the  lake  is  cpite  strongly 
impregnated  with  iron. 

A  few  specimens  of  Planorhis  trivolvis,  P.  exacuous,  and  of  a  small 
form  of  Musculium  secnris  were  found  on  lily-pads  and  among  sedges 
in  the  sandy,  western  portion  of  the  lake.  In  the  mucky-bottomed 
east  end,  the  first  species  was  found  in  much  greater  abundance  on  the 
under-side  of  lily-pads;  and  among  and  on  sedges,  about  six  inches  from 
the  bottom,  the  small  form  of  Miisculium  securis  was  also  collected  in 
great  abundance. 

T^e  eastern  end  of  this  lake  is  being  filled  in  by  the  deposition  of  plant 
material,  the  western  end  by  sand  blown  in  from  the  dunes  on  l)oth  sides. 
The  ultimate  end  of  either  process  will  be  the  destruction  of  the  lake. 
The  eastern  end  will  probably  become  a  peaty  swamp,  while  the  western 
end  may  become  dominated  by  the  aquatic  vegetation  as  the  lake  be- 
comes shallower  and  better  protected  by  the  surrounding  growths,  or 
it  may  be  filled  in  by  the  sand  alone. 

10.  Deep  lakes ,  south  side  of  Sand  Point.  A  few  rods  in  from  shore, 
along  the  south  side  of  Sand  Point,  are  two  lakes  and  several  marshes 
where  similar  lakes  have  been.  These  two  lakes  are  known  locally  as 
Mud  and  Orr  Lakes.  They  are  neither  of  them  long,  narrow  lakes  of 
small  depth,  as  is  that  described  under  habitat  nine,  but  are  irregularly 
oblong  in  shape,  are  Cjuite  deep  and  have  a  soft,  mucky  bottom.     These 


MOLLUSCA.  133 

lakes  were  apparently  formed  in  the  same  manner  as  one  is  even  now 
being  formed  at  Turtle  Ba}'  (habitat  8). 

These  habitats  are  much  richer  in  plant  and  animal  life  than  the  sand 
dune  lakes  along  the  north  shore  of  the  Point.  Yellow  and  white  water- 
lilies  abound,  and  Potamogetons  are  also  very  numerous.  The  common 
rush  (Scirpus  americanus)  is  largely  replaced  by  the  bulrush  (Scirpus 
validus)  ai)d  cat-tails  {Typha  latifolia),  the  first  named  appearing  to 
prefer  sandy  regions.  The  alders  have  deposited  a  layer  of  fallen  leaves 
in  the  shallow  places  along  the  shore;  these  are  the  places  that  were 
most  studied. 

The  most  abundant  shell  in  this  habitat  was  Planorhis  campanulatus; 
both  the  ty])ical  shell  and  a  variation  of  it  were  obtained.  Planorhis 
exacuous,  P.  trivolvis,  and  a  form  of  Segmentina  crassilabris  were  also 
found  in  considerable  abundance. 

All  along  this  side  of  the  Point  are  many  large  swamps  and  peaty 
bogs.  These  are  apparently  the  beds  of  former  lakes,  which  have  been 
filled  in  by  the  encroachment  of  vegetation  and  are  probably  the  final 
stage  in  the  life  history  of  lakes  similar  to  Mud  and  Orr  Lakes. 

Habitats  of  Rush  Lake. — Rush  Lake  is  about  three  miles  long  by  one 
wide  and  lies  just  behind  the  sand  dunes  farthest  from  Saginaw  Bay. 
Its  formation  was  probably  due  to  a  combination  of  the  forces  acting 
in  the  formation  of  the  lakes  on  Sand  Point;  also,  the  lowering  of  Lake 
Huron,  mentioned  in  the  preHminary  discussion,  probably  played  a 
greater  role  in  the  production  of  this  larger  and  older  lake.  It  can  not 
loe  included  among  the  sand  dune  lakes,  as  it  is  not  entirely  surrounded 
by  the  sand  dunes;  its  greater  size  and  age  also  tend  to  place  it  in  a 
class  by  itself,  as  does  its  fauna.     (Pis.  IX,  X  a.) 

The  greater  portion  of  the  lake  has  a  soft,  mucky  bottom,  but  in 
some  places  there  is  a  heavy  deposit  of  marl  which  makes  the  bottom 
more  firm.  In  other  places,  off,  and  to  the  west  of,  points  running  out 
from  the  northwest  shore,  the  sand  or  gravel  outcrops  or  has  only  a  very 
thin  covering  of  peat  and  marl.  There  are  three  such  places — off  Ray- 
mond's, Dune  and  Fourth  Points. 

In  mucky-bottomed  places,  there  are  three  more  or  less  well-defined 
zones.  Counting  out  from  the  shore  these  are:  the  sedge-marsh  zone, 
the  water-lily  zone,  and  the  pond-weed  zone.  Thruout  the  other  por- 
tions of  the  lake,  the  sedge-marsh  is  broken  thru,  and  then  the  three 
zones  are:  the  zone  of  Scirpus  americanus,  the  zone  of  Scirpus  validus 
(the  bulrush),  and  the  mucky  zone  with  a  vegetation  consisting  of  horn- 
worts,  Potamogetons,  etc.  Between  the  two  la.st  there  is  often  a  zone 
with  no  vegetation. 

This  lake  is  a  good  example  of  the  encroachment  of  vegetation  in  a 
filling  lake.     Besides  the  sedge  marsh,  other  water  plants  have  built 


134  MOLLUSCA. 

up  islands  all  over  the  lake,  varying  in  size  from  a  few  feet  to  several 
hundred  yards  across.  The  larger  ones  are  covered  with  spruce,  tam- 
arack and  a,  few  white  pine,  with  an  undergrowth  of  sphagnum,  pitcher 
plant,  sundew,  huckleberries  and  poison  sumach.  As  the  water  in  most 
places  is  not  over  a  foot  or  two  in  depth,  and  nowhere  is  over  four  or 
five  feet  deep,  while  the  peat  deposit  is  in  places  over  twenty  feet  deep 
and  the  tamarack  belt  around  the  lake  attains  a  width  of  oyer  a  mile, 
Rush  Lake  is  apparently  in  a  late  stage  of  its  life  history. 

1 1 .  Mucky  bottom .  The  bottom  over  the  greater  portion  of  this  lake, 
as  mentioned  in  the  general  discussion,  is  finely  divided,  peaty  muck, 
so  soft  that  it  is  almost  impossible  to  distinguish,  by  feeling,  the  upper- 
most layers  from  the  water  over  them.  This  layer  of  muck  varies  from 
a  few  inches  to  over  twenty  feet  in  depth,  and  is  underlaid  thruout  the 
northern,  western  and  most  of  the  eastern  portions  with  sand  or  gravel, 
and  thruout  most  of  the  southern  side  by  clay  and,  in  a  few  places,  with 
Marshall  Sandstone.  The  water  over  most  of  the  lake  is  very  shallow 
but  along  the  northern  side  there  is  a  deeper  channel,  the  bottom  of 
which  is  also  mucky.  Beds  of  bur- weed  (Sparganium  eurycarpum), 
pickerel  weed  {Pontederia  cordata),  bulrush  (Scirpus  validus),  wild 
celery  {VaUsneria  spiralis),  Potamogcton  natans,  Najas,  and  other  water 
plants  are  forming  islands,  by  the  deposition  of  peat,  all  over  the  shal- 
lower portions  of  the  lake,  while  the  white  and  yellow  water-lilies 
{Castalia  odorata  and  Nymphaea  advena)  and  Carex  filiformis  are  filling 
in  along  the  mucky  shores.  Also,  along  the  deeper  channel,  there  is  an 
abundance  of  vegetation,  consisting  mainly  of  several  species  of  Pot- 
amogeton. 

On  lily-pads,  Lymnaea  stagnaUs  appressa,  Planorhis  trivolvis,  Physa 
heterostrapha,  Ancylus  parallelus,  and  Armiicola  limosa  were  collected  in 
considerable  numbers.  The  first  two  species  were  also  obtained  from 
the  roots  of  sedges,  and  on  the  bottom  in  shallow  places.  In  lesser 
numbers,  all  of  these  species  were  present  in  the  pond-weed  zone,  and, 
in  addition,  numerous  specimens  of  Anodonta  marginata  and  A.  grandis 
gigantea,  and  a  few  individuals  of  Lampsilis  luteola,  were  found  partially 
buried  in  the  soft  muck,  especially  in  places  where  there  was  little  vege- 
tation. 

12.  Floating  sedge-marshes.  Out  from  the  shore  of  the  lake,  in  al- 
most all  places  where  the  bottom  is  mucky  off  shore,  there  runs  out  a 
belt  of  floating  marsh,  which  in  many  places  is  twenty  yards  wide.  The 
marsh  is  principally  built  up  of  Carex  filiformis;  there  is,  however,  a  nar- 
row zone  of  a  heavier  sedge  along  the  drier  portions  in-shore.  Among 
the  sedges  and  helping  to  form  the  marsh  are  large  numbers  of  plants  of 
the  marsh  fern  (Aspidium  thelypteris) ,  the  common  blue  flag  (Iris  ver- 
sicolor),   arrowhead    (Sagittaria    latifolia),    Asclepias    incarnata,    alder 


MOLLUSCA.  135 

(Alniis  i7ica7ut),  dwarf  willows  {Salix  sp.).  and,  in  wetter  i)laces,  patches 
of  the  cat -tail  flag  (Typha  latifolia),  and  the  sweet  flag  (Acorus  calamus). 
During  the  month  of  August,  which  was  the  time  of  the  year  the  party 
was  at  Rush  Lake,  there  is  no  water  in  most  places  along  the  marsh,  but 
the  ground  is  very  wet  and  is  overflowed  every  season.  For  this  reason, 
both  land  and  water  snails  were  found  in  these  places;  however,  in  most 
places,  the  latter  were  aestivating.     (PI.  VII  a.) 

In  the  drier  portion  of  this  sedge  marsh,  a  single  specimen  of  Vertigo 
ovota  and  many  specimens  of  Succinea  retusa  were  obtained  under 
planks,  etc.,  and  considerable  numbers  of  Lijmnaea  palustris,  and  two 
specimens  of  Planorhis  nautUeus  were  found  aestivating.  In  the  wetter 
portions,  Pla7iorbis  trivolvis,  Lymnaea  palustris  and  the  form  zebra,  and 
Succinea  retusa  were  found  in  some  abundance. 

13.  Marly  bottom.  One  of  the  places  where  the  bottom  is  covered 
with  cj[uite  a  firm  deposit  of  marl  was  studied.  This  deposit  is  probably 
due  to  Chara  as  there  is  quite  a  thick  growth  of  it  here,  and  Davis  has 
shown  that  this  plant  is  a  great  producer  of  marl.*  There  is  also,  be- 
sides the  Chara,  a  wide  zone  of  Scirpus  americanus  along  the  w^ater's 
edge  and  outside  of  that  a  scattered  belt  of  Scirpus  validus.  The  water 
deepens  very  gradually  off  shore  which  makes  the  zone  of  the  first- 
named  sedge  especially  wide. 

In  this  habitat,  out  beyond  the  middle  of  the  sedge  zone,  Anodonta 
grandis  gigantea  was  very  abundant.  A  few  small  specimens  of  Lamp- 
silis  luteola  were  also  obtained. 

14.  Raymond's  Point.  This  point  is  one  of  the  few  places  in  the  lake 
where  the  sand  on  the  bottom  is  not  covered  with  a  deposit  of  marly 
muck;  here  there  is  practically  no  peat  present  but  the  sand  is  some- 
what intermixed  with  marl.  The  water  is  ciuite  shallow  for  some  dis- 
tance off  shore;  the  sand  begins  to  become  covered  over  with  the  peaty 
muck  about  forty  yards  out  from  the  shore.  Along  the  sandy  beach  and 
out  into  about  two  inches  of  water,  Dulichium  arundinaceum  is  the  pre- 
dominant plant.  Beyond  this  for  about  ten  yards  is  a  zone  of  Scirpus 
americanus,  and  beyond  that  a  narrow  zone  of  Scirpus  validus.  Thru- 
out  the  second  zone,  there  is  a  sod  formed  of  a  small  Utricidarw  that  is 
almost  buried  in  the  sand;  so  much  so  that  it  is  hardly  noticeable  from 
a  boat. 

In  this  habitat,  in  about  six  inches  of  water,  Pleurocera  subulare  in- 
tensum  and  Amnicola  limosa  were  very  abundant.  As  the  water  be- 
comes deeper  farther  out,  first  Sphaerium  flavum  and  then  S.  sulcatum 
and  a  form  of  Amnicola  lustrica  appeared,  while  the  first  species  soon 
began  to  diminish  in  numbers,  until  in  about  a  foot  and  one-half  of 
water,  near  the  middle  of  the  inner  sedge  zone,  the  Sphaeridae  were 

*C.eol.  Surv.  Mich.,  Vol.  VIII,  Part   III,  Chap.  V. 


136  MOLLUSCA. 

more  numerous  than  the  Pleurocera,  and  Aynnicola  lustrica  had  almost 
entirely  supplanted  A.  limosa.  Thruout  these  depths,  the  living  and 
dead  shells  were  present  in  such  large  numbers  as  to  almost  entirely 
cover  the  bottom.  In  about  two  feet  of  water,  the  Sphaeridae  reached 
the  climax  of  their  abundance ;  in  deeper  water  they  diminished  in  num- 
bers even  faster  than  the  Pleurocera,  until  in  nearly  four  feet  of  water, 
some  distance  beyond  the  limits  of  the  vegetation,  both  the  Sphaeridae 
and  the  Pleurocera  were  rare,  but  were  present  in  almost  equal  numbers, 
while  Amnicola  lustrica  had  about  disappeared.  Here,  however,  the 
Pleurocera  apparently  dropped  out,  leaving  only  the  Sphaeridae  in  deep- 
er water.  Planorhis  parvus  was  quite  abundant  from  the  shallow  water 
out  into  the  deep  places,  while  Anodonta  grandis  gigantea,  a  form  of 
Lymnaea  ohrussa,  and  Valvata  tricarinata  simplex  were  present  in  con- 
siderable numbers  in  water  about  a  foot  and  a  half  deep. 

15.  Dune  Point.  This  locality  resembles  the  preceding,  but  there 
is  a  layer  of  peaty  marl,  not  quite  an  inch  thick,  covering  the  sandy 
bottom;  and  in  places  w^here  there  are  clumps  of  Chara  this  layer  is 
much  thicker,  reaching  a  depth  of  over  a  foot.  Along  the  shore  there 
is  a  zone  of  Scirpus  americanus  only  about  two  yards  wide ;  the  bottom 
in  this  zone  is  mucky,  and  is  carpeted  with  decaying  leaves  from  the 
trees  along  the  shore.  East  of  this  habitat  the  layer  of  mucky  deposit 
becomes  much  deeper,  until  it  reaches  a  depth  of  two  or  three  feet. 
(PI.  X  a.) 

Off  this  point,  Sphaerium  sulcatum,  Amnicola  limosa,  a  ventricose 
form  of  Amnicola  lustrica,  and  Pisidium  medianum  w'ere  found  in  great 
abundance;  Lymnaea  ohrussa  and  forms  connecting  it  with  the  variety 
decampi,  Anodonta  grandis  gigantea,  A.  marginata,  Planorhis  parvus, 
Valvata  tricarinata  unicarinata,  V.  t.  simplex,  and  variations  connecting 
the  last  two  forms,  were  also  obtained  but  in  lesser  numbers.  In  ad- 
dition, a  few  specimens  of  Planorhis  hirsutus,  Pisidium  splendidulum, 
P.  vesiculare,  P.  strengi,  P.  variahile,  and  Musculium  truncatum,  single 
individuals  of  Lymnaea  haldemani,  Pisidium  compressum  and  the  variety 
rostratum,  and  Lampsilis  luteola,  and  a  few,  indeterminate,  juvenile 
specimens  of  Lymnaea  and  Pisidium  were  collected.  Amnicola  limosa 
was  only  abundant  in  the  mucky  strip  along  the  shore,  and  A.  lustrica 
and  Sphaerium  sulcatum,  only  in  the  deeper  water  out  beyond  this 
strip;  the  remainder  of  the  shells  occurred  in  both  localities,  or  their 
distribution  was  not  satisfactorily  determined  on  account  of  the  small 
numbers  of  specimens  that  were  obtained. 

16.  Fourth  Point.  Off  Fourth  Point,  as  in  the  two  preceding  habi- 
tats, there  is  little  or  no  peaty  marl  covering  the  firmer,  and  in  this  case 
gravelly  Ijottom.     There  is  a  narrow  border  of  Scirpus  americanus  along 


MOLLUSCA.  137 

the  shore,  but  the  definite  mucky  zone  of  the  preceding  habitat  is  not 
present. 

In  this  locaHty,  there  were  found  considerable  numbers  of  Sphaerium 
sulcatum,  and  a  ventricose  form  of  Amnicola  lustrica;  small  numbers  of 
Valvata  tricarinata  unicarinata,  Planorbis  campanulatus  minor,  and  P. 
-parvus,  and  single  specimens  of  Pisidium  splendidulum,  Lymnaea  obrus- 
sa,  Amnicola  ivalkeri,  and  of  some  species  of  Musculium  (too  young  to 
indentify). 

17.  County  drain.  This  ditch  empties  into  the  south-east  corner  of 
Rush  Lake.  It  has  a  clay  bottom  and  is  almost  choked  with  Spirogyra, 
except  at  the  mouth,  where  the  bottom  is  mucky  and  covered  with  a 
growth  of  Potamogetons,  Ceratophyllum,  etc.  There  is  no  current  in 
this  drain  except  after  heavy  rains;  but  it  does  not  dry  up  as  the  heavy, 
clayey  soil  is  almost  impenetrable.  Near  the  mouth  of  this  ditch,  Lym- 
naea stagnalis  appressa  was  quite  abundant.  In  the  upper  portions,  L. 
polustris,  Planorbis  trivolvis,  and  Physa  gyrina  were  present,  the  first 
in  much  greater  abundance  than  the  others. 

Habitats  of  the  Swamps.  18. — Annual  swamps.  In  every  part  of  the 
region,  where  work  was  carried  on,  there  was  one  habitat  that  was  al- 
ways present  and  which  always  showed  similar  conditions  and  faunas. 
This  was  the  temporary  swamp.  The  swamp  in  the  sand  dunes,  altho 
it  may  only  be  a  small  hollow  protected  by  a  few  dogwoods,  differs  from 
the  larger  hollows  in  the  alluvial  woods  mainly  in  the  number  rather 
than  in  the  kinds  of  shells.  In  all  cases,  the  substratum  is  made  up  of  a 
thick  layer  of  decaying  leaves,  etc.,  the  water  is  shallow  when  present, 
and  there  are  extreme  seasonal  variations  between  dessication  and  a 
flooded  condition.  The  similarity  of  these  conditions  apparently  domi- 
nate over  the  effects  of  differences  in  the  sub-soils.  The  formation  and 
surroundings  of  these  swamps  vary  greatly.  In  the  sand  dunes,  any 
hollow  capable  of  holding  water  in  the  spring  becomes  choked  with  dog- 
woods (Cornus  stolonifera  and  circinata),  whose  leaves  and  roots  prevent 
too  rapid  seepage  and  evaporation,  and  an  ideal  habitat  of  this  kind  is 
formed.  In  the  long  hollows  between  the  ridges,  as  in  the  beds  of  old 
lakes  and  swamps,  there  is  a  thicker  deposit  of  leaf  mould,  alders  (Abms 
incana)  and  perhaps  a  few  ashes  and  swamp  maples  {Acer  rubrum)  help- 
ing in  its  production,  and  the  seepage  is  slower ;  here  we  find  the  num- 
ber of  shells  increasing  but  the  species  remaining  about  the  same. 
There  are  also  the  swamps  in  the  low  woods  on  Stony  and  North  Islands, 
where  there  is  a  thin  layer  of  alluvial  soil  over  limestone,  and  those  of 
similar  localities  around  Rush  Lake  and  Caseville,  where  the  underlying 
soil  is  clay.  In  both  of  these  the  trees  shading  the  swamps  are  about 
the  same;  they  consist  of  swamp  maples  and  sugar  maples  {Acer  rubrum 
and  saccharum)  and  the  elm  {Ulmus  americanus). 


138  MOLLUSCA. 

Lymnaea  palustris,  Apleza  hypnorum.  Sphaerium  occidentale,  and 
Musculium  truncatum  were  the  t\'pical  shells  of  the  annual  swamp  habi- 
tat in  this  region.  All  of  these  were  found  in  large  numbers  at  all  of  the 
places  where  this  habitat  was  studied,  with  the  exception  of  Musculium 
truncatum  which  was  not  found  on  North  and  Stony  Islands  where  these 
conditions  were  but  poorly  represented.  In  addition,  there  were  found 
in  lesser  numbers:  at  Sand  Point,  Lymnaea  palustris  zebra,  L.  p.  michi- 
ganensis,  a  slender,  little-malleated  form  of  L.  palustris,  Planorhis  par- 
■  vus,  p.  umbilicatellus ,  Physa  elliptica,  and  a  small  form  of  Musculium 
partumeium.;  on  Stony  Island,  Segmentina  armigera;  near  Rush  Lake, 
Planorhis  parvus  whlkeri,  P.  umbilicatellus,  Physa  gyrina,  P.  g.  hildreth- 
iana,  Lymnaea  palustris  michiganensis,  Segmentina  crassilahris,  a  small 
form  of  Musculium  partumeium,  and  some  shells  of  Lymnaea  which 
were  too  young  to  be  indentified. 

19.  Perennial  sivamps.  On  Sand  Point,  Stony  Island,  and  around 
Rush  Lake  there  are  a  few  shallow  ponds  and  marshes  which  do  not  dry 
up  in  the  summer,  or,  at  least,  have  not  for  some  time.  Of  course  this 
depends  upon  the  dryness  of  the  season,  but  the  ones  studied  were  those 
that  did  not  dry  up  during  the  summer  of  1908,  which  was  one  of  ex- 
treme drouth  thruout  this  part  of  Michigan.     (PI.  VIII  b.) 

These  habitats,  then,  are  distinguished  from  the  annual  swamps  by 
their  greater  permanency.  They  intergrade  into  the  latter,  however, 
and  are  probably  converted  into  them  thru  filling-in  by  vegetation,  etc. 
They  often  have  an  aquatic  vegetation  of  Riccia,  duck-weeds,  horn- 
worts,  etc.,  while  around  the  edges  are  found  the  semi-aquatic  bulrush 
(Scirpus  validus),  Scirpus  americanus,  Equisetum  ftuviatile,  and  other 
sedges  and  rushes,  the  Equisetum  being  especially  abundant  in  the  sandy 
regions. 

Planorhis  trivolvis  and  Musculiwn  securis  appeared  to  be  the  typical 
shells  of  this  habitat:  they  were  found  in  abundance  at  Sand  Point,  on 
Stony  Island  and  near  Rush  Lake.  There  were  also  collected,  but  in 
lesser  numbers:  at  Sand  Point,  Aplexa  hypnorum,  Segmentina  armigera, 
a  form  of  S.  crassilahris,  Planorhis  exacuous,  Succinea  retusa,  Amnicola 
walkeri,  Physa  elliptica,  Musculium  truncatum,  Sphaerium  occidentale, 
a  small  form  of  Lymnaea  ohrussa,  an  elongate  form  of  L.  reflexa,  and  L. 
pcdustris  michiganensis;  on  Stony  Island,  Musculium  ryckhaltii,  Plan- 
orhis deflectus,  P.  hirsutus,  P.  nautileus,  Lymnaea  reflexa,  and  an  elongate 
form  of  the  last  shell;  near  Rush  Lake,  Aplexa  hypnorum,  Segmentina 
armigera,  Sphaerium  occidentale,  Lymnaea  palustris,  a  form  of  Planor- 
his parvus,  and  Physa  gyrina. 

20.  Sivamp  in  old  stone  quarry.  About  a  half  of  a  mile  west  of  Little 
Oak  Point,  there  is  an  old  stone  quarry,  Babbitt's  Stone  Quarry,  which 
is  partially  filled  with  Avater.     Cat-tails  and  alders  have  grown  up  in 


MOLLUSC  A.  139 

places  where  there  is  an  alluvial  deposit  along  the  edges  of  the  pond, 
and  the  pond  itself  is  choked  with  Potaviogeton  nutans  and  bladder- 
worts,  so  that  a  favorable  habitat  for  acjuatic  life  has  been  formed. 
These  conditions  have,  of  course,  developed  after  the  work  on  the  quarry 
was  stopped,  which  was  not  many  years  ago,  so  that  whatever  shells 
are  now  present  have  been  planted  in  the  last  few  years.  The  quaiTy 
is  not  connected  with  any  other  ponds  or  swamps,  and  none  of  these 
drain  into  it,  so  that  the  shells  must  have  been  introduced  by  accidental 
means. 

The  only  shells  found  were  Musculium  securis,  Pisidium  ahditum,  and 
Planorbis  parvus,  but  these  were  present  in  considerable  numbers. 

Habitats  of  the  Pigeon  River. — 21.  River  portion.  The  Pigeon  River 
is  a  small,  sluggish  stream  that  winds  around  thru  the  clay  country  be- 
tween Pigeon  and  Caseville,  and  down  thru  the  sand  dunes  to  empt\" 
into  Saginaw-  Bay  near  the  latter  town.  Thruout  the  last  mile  of  its 
course,  the  stream  assumes  the  proportions  of  a  small  river  as  here  the 
slope  is  very  gradual,  the  river  being  hardly  above  the  level  of  the  Bay. 
This  river  portion  is  from  three  to  six  feet  deep  and  in  most  places  has 
almost  no  current;  in  conseciuence,  there  is  a  luxurious  growth  of  algae, 
mosth'  Vaucheria,  along  the  bottom  and  sides,  and  a  few  of  the  higher 
water-plants,  especially  Potamogeton  nutans,  in  the  more  sluggish  places. 
The  bottom,  in  these  places,  is  muddy  and  soft,  but  contains  some 
gravel  and  boulders  in  the  more  rapid  portions.     (PI.  X  b.) 

Among  the  algae  along  the  shores,  a  few  specimen-s  of  Planorhis 
hicarinatus.  and  numerous  individuals  of  Sphaerivni  striatinum,  S. 
solidulum,  Planorhis  parvus,  P.  trivolvis,  Phy&a  heterostropho ,  P.  integra, 
Amnicola  limosa,  Pisidium  ahditum,  and  Succinea  retusa,  and  many 
small,  juvenile  specimens  of  Goniohasis  livescens  were  found.  From 
places  where  the  current  was  swifter,  considerable  numbers  of  Campe/oma 
integra,  Anodontoides  feriissacianus  suhcylindraceus,  Lampsilis  luteola, 
and  Quadrula  unduJata,  and  single  individuals  of  Anodonta  grandis,  A. 
g.  footiana,  Lampsilis  midtirodiata,  L.  iiis,  and  Quadrvla  ruhiginosa 
were  discoA-ered  partially  buried  in  the  clay  along  the  shore  and  in  the 
gravel  in  deeper  water.  In  addition,  almost  every  rock  was  literally 
covered  with  specimens  of  Goniohasis  livescens. 

22.  Bayou  off  the  Pigeon  River.  Near  its  mouth  the  river  made  in 
the  past  an  "oxbow"  bend  about  nine  hundred  yards  long.  Dm-ing  the 
da^^s  when  the  river  was  used  for  floating  logs,  the  small  neck  of  land 
separating  the  ends  of  the  bend  was  cut  thru  in  order  to  obtain  more 
current,  leaving  a  typical  oxbow  pond,  which  has  filled  in  at  the  upper 
end  so  that  it  is  only  connected  with  the  river  at  the  lower  end.  This 
pond  is  about  six  feet  deep  in  the  deepest  place  and  is  choked  thruout 
by  a  thick  growth  of  vegetation,  consisting  of  Potamogetons,  etc.;  along 


140  MOLLUSCA. 

the  shores  beds  of  yellow  and  white  water-lilies  (Nymphaea  advena  and 
Castalia  odorata),  and  marshes  of  Sparganium  euryearpum  and  Scirpus 
validus  are  already  making  inroads  on  the  channel.  In  addition,  the 
upper  end  of  the  pond  is  covered  over  with  duckweeds  and  Riccia;  this, 
however,  is  probably  largely  washed  out  during  the  high  water  in  the 
spring,  when  the  river  partially  overflows  into  its  old  channel.  (PI. 
XI  a.) 

On  the  west  side  of  this  pond  there  is  a  high  bank  of  sand  which  by 
caving  in  has  destroyed  most  of  the  plant  life  for  some  distance  along 
the  shore.  In  these  bare  spots,  partially  hidden  by  large  masses  of 
algae,  numerous  specimens  of  Campeloma  integrum,  Lampsilis  luteola, 
Anodontoides  ferussacianus  modestus,  A.  f.  subcylindraceus,  and  Ano- 
donta  grandis  were  found.  From  boards  floating  among  the  sedges 
along  the  edges  of  the  pond,  considerable  numbers  of  Planorbis  parvus, 
P.  exacuous,  P.  trivolvis,  Lymnaea  humilis,  Physa  heterostropha,  and 
Succinea  retusa,  and  a  single  specimen  of  Ancylus  fuscus  were  obtained. 
There  were  also  collected,  but  in  lesser  numbers,  Planorhis  campanu- 
latus  and  a  form  of  that  species  in  which  the  aperture  was  deflected, 
Lymnaea  reflexa,  Physa  heterostropha,  Goniobasis  livescens,  and  Anini- 
cola  limosa,  from  Potaniogeton,  etc.,  near  the  middle  of  the  bayou;  and 
Planorbis  campanulatus,  P.  parvus,  ■  Physa  heterostropha,  Amnicola 
limosa,  and  Ancylus  parallelus,  from  the  under-side  of  lily-pads  near 
the  shore. 

Vegetation  is  fast  fihing  in  this  bayou.  There  is  a  filled-in  marsh 
along  the  inner  shore  which  has  in  places  become  a  rod  wide,  and  the 
upper  end  has  already  been  converted  into  a  flat,  about  fifteen  rods 
long,  which  is  only  under  water  during  flood  seasons.  This  rapid  de- 
position is  not  to  be  wondered  at,  as  the  bottom  growth  of  higher 
aquatic  plants  is  remarkably  luxuriant  even  for  an  ox-bow  pond. 

23.  Creek  portion.  Above  the  lower  portion  of  the  river,  described 
under  habitat  twenty-one,  the  stream  becomes  swifter  and  smaller  and 
runs  thru  a  clay  country.  It  has  a  gravelly  bed,  and  presents  the  gen- 
erak appearance  of  a  typical  small  creek  of  the  glacial  region.  People 
living  in  Caseville  say  that  the  rapids  and  the  most  shallow  spots  be- 
come dry  in  the  late  summer  so  that  the  rapid  creek  is  converted  into 
a  series  of  stagnant  pools.  In  the  spring,  on  the  other  hand,  the  stream 
becomes  a  torrent  so  both  extremes  of  conditions  are  present  during 
the  year.  This  is  extremely  detrimental  to  moUuscan  life  as  in  the 
spring  the  forms  living  in  the  algae  probably  tend  to  be  washed  out, 
while  in  the  summer  the  shells  which  prefer  swifter  water  die.  The 
older  inhabitants  state  that  these  conditions  have  not  always  prevailed, 
but  that  formerly  the  stream  used  to  flow  thruout  the  year.  The 
change  is  probably  due  to  the  fact  that  the  woods,  which  fed  a  more 


MOLLUSCA.  141 

constant  supply  of  water,  have  now  been  cleared  off.  This  probably 
accounts  for  the  fact  that  the  bottom  of  this  portion  of  the  stream  was 
strewn  with  the  dead  shells  of  Goniohasis  and  a  few  of  the  larger  uniones, 
which  are  not  now  found  alive  in  this  part. 

On  a  plank  floating  along  the  marshy  shore  of  this  part  of  the  river, 
there  were  found  a  few  specimens  of  Sphoerium  solidnlum,  Segmentina 
crassilabris,  Succinea  avara,  Lymnaea  palustris  michiganensis,  and  L. 
humilis.  Among  algae,  in  situations  similar  to  those  in  the  river, 
Amnicola  cincinnatiensis,  Planorhis  trivolvis,  Physa  integra,  Agriolimax 
agrestis,  Succinea  retusa,  Campeloma  integrum,  Sphaerium  solidulum, 
S.  striatinum,  and  a  small  form  of  Lymnaea  obri/ssa  occurred  in  larger 
numbers.  In  addition,  along  the  bottom  were  obtained  specimens  of 
Planorhis  trivolvis,  a  form  of  Planorhis  campanulatus  similar  to  that 
found  in  the  bayou,  Sphaerium  solidulum,  and  Lymnaea  palustris,  and 
some  dead  shells  of  Goniohasis  livescens  and  Quadrula  undulata. 

24.  Dead  waters.  About  five  miles  up  stream  from  its  mouth,  the 
river  widens  and  deepens,  so  that  there  is  formed  a  long  "pickerel 
pond"  or  dead  water,  a  stagnant  pool  about  ten  yards  wide  by  one 
hundred  yards  long.  This  pool  is  bordered  by  swampy,  deciduous 
w^oods,  and  there  is  a  marginal  zone  of  button-ball  bushes  {Cephalanthus 
occidentalis)  growing  out  over  the  water.  The  edges  of  the  pool  are 
covered  with  pickerel  weed  (Pontederia  cordata),  while  outside  of  these 
the  yellow  water-lilies  form  cjuite  a  definite  zone.  The  water  is  black 
and  slimy,  and  rotting  logs  almost  block  up  the  stream.     (PI.  XI  b.) 

In  this  habitat,  on  the  under-side  of  lily-pads,  a  few  specimens  of 
Ancylus  parallelus,  Lymnaea  palustris.  Planorhis  parvus,  Physa  gyrina 
and  P.  integra,  and  single  individuals  of  P.  elliptica,  Planorhis  trivolvis, 
and  Succinea  retusa  were  collected. 

This  dead  w^ater  is  so  deep  and  wide  (in  comparison  with  the  small 
stream  w^hich  flows  into  and  out  of  it)  that  there  is  little  current  even 
during  flood  seasons,  and  the  quiet  water  causes  most  of  the  sediment 
carried  in  by  the  stream  to  be  deposited.  In  addition,  the  broad  zones 
of  pickerel  w^eeds  and  water-lilies  along  the  shores  must  deposit  con- 
siderable organic  material,  so  that  it  appears  that  it  will  be  simply  a 
matter  of  time  before  this  body  of  water  is  reduced  to  the  size  of  the 
creek. 

La7id  Hahitats. 

Hahitats  of  the  Satid  Dunes. — 25.  Sand  heach.  Along  considerable 
stretches  of  the  lower  and  middle  beaches  of  protected  shores,  the  waves 
have  washed  up  masses  of  decaying  vegetation.  These  are  kept  moist 
by  the  capillary  action  of  the  sand;  the  masses  themselves  are  often  in 
direct  contact  with,  and  even  floating  on,  the  water.     Among  these  de- 


142  MOLLUSCA. 

caying  sedges,  and  under  driftwood  washed  up  with  them,  there  are  to 
be  found  considerable  numbers  of  land  shells,  especially  the  smaller 
ones;  these  places  comprise  one  of  the  most  favorable  land  habitats  for 
shells  in  the  sand  dunes. 

As  these  habitats  are  separated  from  all  humus  deposits  by  consider- 
able stretches  of  sandy  beach,  and  the  humus  deposits  near  these  shores 
are  themselves  devoid  of  a  large  proportion  of  the  shells  found  along  the 
beaches,  it  seems  probable  that  a  large  proportion  of  these  localities 
are  populated  from  driftwood,  etc., .washed  upon  the  beaches  from  other 
more  favorable  localities,  such  as  the  clay  region  inland  and  the  alluvial 
deposits  on  the  rocky  islands.  In  most  of  the  places  studied,  this  would 
mean  a  journey  by  w^ater  of  not  much  over  a  mile,  and  land  shells  will 
stand  an  immersion  of  several  hours.  All  of  these  places  must  neces- 
sarily be  repopulated  nearly  every  spring  as  the  ice  and  the  fall  storms 
must  usually  sweep  these  beaches  clean. 

In  these  places,  Succinea  retusa,  S.  avara,  Pymmidtila  cronkhitei 
anthonyi,  Agriolimax  campestris,  Zonitoides  arhorea,  Vitrea  hammonis, 
and  Carychium  exigimm  were  found  in  great  abundance.  Vertigo 
ovata,  Bifidai'ia  tapjyaniana,  Carychium  exile,  Zonitoides  minuscula.  Z. 
nitida,  Vitrea  hinneyana,  Pblygyra  cdholabris,  P.  a.  maratima,  P.  mono- 
don,  and  Cochlicopa  hthrica  were  also  obtained,  but  in  lesser  numbers. 

These  habitats  are  very  short-lived.  In  addition  to  the  fauna  being 
swept  away  nearly  every  winter  by  the  ice  and  the  fall  storms,  slower 
changes  are  constantly  affecting  all  of  these  shores,  as  has  been  discussed 
under  the  habitats  of  Saginaw  Bay,  so  that  these  conditions  are  either 
moving  out  towards  the  Bay  or  in  towards  land,  depending  on  their 
position.  As  they  are  usually  in  more  or  less  protected  places,  the 
movement  is  probably  outwards,  as  in  such  localities  there  is  usually 
deposition. 

26.  Borders  of  lakes  and  sivamps.  The  sand  dunes  are  usually  ar- 
ranged in  ridges  more  or  less  parallel  to  the  shore.  Between  these 
ridges,  swamps,  marshes,  small  ponds  and  even  lakes  may  be  formed. 
Here  the  deciduous  trees,  such  as  the  maples  (Acer  saccharinum  and  A. 
ruhrum),  the  red  and  white  oaks  (Quercus  rubra  and  Q.  cdba),  the  ashes, 
the  dogwoods  (Cornus  stolonifera  and  C.  circinata),  and  the  alders  (Alnus 
incana)  predominate,  the  coniferous  trees  being  in  the  minority,  but 
represented  by  the  white  pine  (Pinus  strohus),  the  arbor  vitae  (Thuja 
occidentalis) ,  and  the  hemlock  (Tsuga  canadensis),  \^dth  an  occasional 
clump  of  tamaracks  (Larix  laricina),  balsam  firs  (Abies  balsamea).  or 
Norway  pines  (Pinus  resinosa).  This  vegetation  of  course  causes  the 
formation  of  considerable  leaf  mould  and  humus,  and  a  rich  soil  has  also 
been  formed  where  sedges,  etc.,  have  partly  or  entirely  filled  in  a  marsh, 
pond  or  lake.     Among  the  fallen  logs  and  decaying  leaves  in  these 


MOLLUSC  A.  143 

moist  places  (many  of  which  are  flooded  in  the  spring)  the  land  shells, 
especially  the  smaller  ones,  are  quite  numerous,  surpassing  in  numl^ers 
of  species,  altho  not  in  indi\'iduals,  the  sedge-heaps  along  the  beach. 
These  localities  vary  considerably  in  the  numl^ers  and  habits  of  the 
shells  present,  as  the  concUtions  vary  from  those  in  small  hollows  in  the 
sand  dunes,  which  are  flooded  in  the  spring  and  dessicated  in  the  sum- 
mer, to  the  large,  moist  alluvial  flats  and  cedar  thickets  along  the  lakes ^ 
and  marshes.     (PI.  XII  b.) 

In  this  habitat,  Zonitoides  arborea,  Z.  nitida.  Vertigo  ovata,  Agrioli- 
viax  campestris,  Polygyra  alholabris,  P.  monodon,  Succinea  retusa,  S. 
avara,  Carychium  exile  and  C.  exiguum  were  collected  in  considerable 
numbers.  Bifidaria  tappaniajia,  B.  contrada,  B.  pentodon.  Punctum 
pygmaeum,  Helicodiscus  parallelus,  Vitrea  rJwadsi,  V.  indentata,  V.  ham- 
monis,  Euconulus  jidvus,  Pyramidula  alternatu,  Polygyra  thyroides,  P. 
multilineata,  P.  alholabris  dentata,  Vertigo  gouldii,  V.  ventricosa  elatior, 
Succinea  oralis,  and  Philomycus  caroUnensis  were  also  obtained,  but  in 
lesser  numbers,  the  last  nine  being  represented  by  only  a  few  specimens. 

Along  the  borders  of  bodies  of  water,  these  habitats  are  constantly 
l^ecoming  larger,  owing  to  the  fiUing-in  of  the  swamp  or  lake  which  they 
sm-round,  while  the  xerophytic  conditions  are,  in  their  turn,  encroach- 
ing on  these  more  humid  ones:  thus  the  latter  displace  the  aquatic 
habitats,  and  are  themselves  finally,  but  much  more  slowly,  destroyed 
by  the  advance  of  the  sand  dune  conditions. 

27.  Under  rock  ledge.  Hat  Point.  Hat  Point,  as  mentioned  under 
preceding  habitats,  is  formed  by  an  outcrop  of  Marshall  Sandstone 
which  juts  out  over  the  water,  forming  a  small  cliff  some  fifteen  or 
twenty  feet  high.  The  waves  have  worn  this  away  at  the  base  so  that 
it  hangs  over  the  water  and  small  caves  are  formed.  Along  both  sides 
of  this  Point,  the  sand  has  iDeen  washed  and  blown  up  around  it;  on  the 
west  side  it  is  flush  with  and  covers  the  rock,  but  on  the  east  side  the 
small  overhanging  cliff  is  still  exposed  for  about  one  hunched  and  fifty 
yards  back  from  the  Point.  Against  the  base  of  this,  the  fallen  leaves 
of  the  nearby  birches  (Betida  papyrifera).  the  red  oaks  {Quercus  rubra), 
and  the  dogwoods  {Cornvs  stolonifera  and  C.  cireinata)  have  gathered, 
and  the  ground  is  kept  moist  and  well  shaded  by  the  trees  themselves 
and  the  overhanging  rock,  thus  forming  an  excellent  habitat  for  the 
small  shells. 

In  these  places,  a  few  specimens  of  Vitrea  binneyana,  Helicodiscus 
paraUelus,  Zonitoides  minuscula,  Z.  arborea,  Pyramidula  cronkhitei 
antJwnyi,  P.  c.  catskillensis,  Sphyradium  edentulum,  Euconulus  fulvus, 
Strohilops  virgo.  Agriolimax  campestris,  Pallifera  dorsalis,  and  Polygyra 
thyroides  were  collected. 

28.  Outer  sand  dunes.     The  outer  sand  dunes  form  the  most  un- 


144  MOLLUSCA. 

favorable  land  habitat  for  molluscan  life  in  this  region,  only  excepting 
the  exposed  sand  beach  where  no  mollusc  can  live.  They  are  very  dry 
and  have  little  humus,  and  that  little  comes  mainly  from  coniferous 
trees,  the  principal  trees  of  .this  region  being  white,  Norway,  and  jack 
pines  (Pinus  strohus,  P.  resinosa,  and  P.  divaricata),  with  lesser  numbers 
of  poplars  (Populus  treniuloides.  P.  grandidentata.  and  P.  halsamifera), 
and  a  scattering  growth  of  red.  white,  pin,  and  scarlet  oaks  (Quercus 
rubra,  Q.  alba,  Q.  palustris,  and  Q.  coccinea).  The  fallen  leaves  of  these 
deciduous  trees  might  harbor  more  snails,  despite  the  dominance  of  the 
conifers,  except  that  the  mycelia  of  a  dry  mould  attack  all  of  the  leaves 
except  those  directly  exposed;  and  this,  together  with  the  exceeding 
dryness,  effectually  prevents  all  molluscan  life  except  under  fallen  logs. 
Here  a  few  dwarfed  shells  are  to  be  found,  which  are  more  numerous, 
contrary  to  what  might  be  expected,  in  the  pine  woods  on  the  outer- 
most dunes,  perhaps  on  account  of  the  fact  that  the  mould  does  not  ap- 
pear to  be  able  to  obtain  as  strong  a  footing  among  the  pine  needles. 
The  sand  roads  on  these  ridges  form  effectual  traps  for  molluscs,  and 
several  specimens  were  found  dead  and  dried  up,  which  had  apparently 
perished  in  attempting  to  cross  them.     (Pis.  I,  II  a,  III  b,  IV  b.) 

Polygyra  albolabris  maratima  was  by  far  the  most  abundant  shell  on 
these  dunes,  both  on  Sand  Point  and  north  of  Rush  Lake.  Polygyra 
fraterna  was  also  present,  but  in  lesser  numbers,  in  the  latter  locality, 
while  a  single  specimen  of  typical  P.  albolabris  was  obtained  from  under 
a  log  in  the  humus  near  a  cabin  on  Sand  Point. 

29.  Inner  sand  dimes.  The  inner  and  more  permanent  sand  dunes 
have  a  thicker  deposit  of  humus  than  the  outer  shifting  ones,  so  that 
they  are  not  as  dry  and  barren  as  the  latter.  The  deciduous  trees  pre- 
dominate here,  especially  the  oaks,  the  same  species  being  present  as 
were  found  on  the  outer  dunes.  Also  there  is  a  thicker  undergrowth 
of  brake  {Pteris  aquilina)  and  a  considerable  layer  of  leaf-mould.  The 
ground,  however,  is  dry  enough  so  that  most  of  the  snails  and  slugs  are 
congregated  under  the  decaying  logs  during  the  summer,  altho  they  may 
wander  out  among  the  leaves  at  night  and  in  wetter  seasons.  They  are, 
nevertheless,  much  more  numerous  both  in  species  and  individuals  than 
on  the  sand  dunes  nearer  the  Bay. 

This  habitat  was  best  represented  just  north  of  Rush,  Lake.  Here 
were  found  a  number  of  specimens  of  Polygyra  albolabris  maratima,  P. 
fraterna,  Pyramidida  aUernata,  Pallifera  dorsalis,  and  Zonitoides  ar- 
borea.     A  few  albino  specimens  of  the  last  species  were  also  obtained. 

Habitats  of  North  and  Stony  Islands. — North  and  Stony  Islands,  as 
has  been  mentioned  under  the  rocky,  littoral  habitats,  are  formed  of 
limestone  and  covered  with  a  relatively  thin  deposit  of  alluvial  soil,  ex- 
cept along  the  north  shores  where  the  rock  outcrops  or  is  covered  with 


MOLLUSCA.  145 

sand.  Almost  all  of  North  Island  and  the  northern  portion  of  Stony 
Island  are  quite  heavily  wooded,  mostly  with  deciduous  trees,  so  that 
there  is  a  good  carpeting  of  humus.  In  fact,  the  whole  appearance  of 
the  islands  suggests  the  deciduous  woods  of  the  southern  part  of  Michi- 
gan. 

There  is  a  wide  strip  all  the  way  around  North  Island  and  along  the 
northern  and  western  shores  of  Stony  Island  that  is  high  and  dry.  l)ut 
a  large  part  of  the  center  of  the  former  and  the  whole  southern  two- 
thirds  of  the  latter  is  lower,  and  is  covered  with  pools  during  the  rainy 
season.  The  northern  portion  of  this  damp  area  on  Stony  Island  is 
wooded  and  is  relatively  dry  during  the  summer,  as  is  the  whole  of 
North  Island,  but  the  southern  part  of  the  former  forms  a  large  swamp 
wdiich  is  never  dry  and  is  without  trees.  This  part  is  apparently  de- 
void of  molluscan  life  except  in  open  pools  which  have  been  included 
in  the  treatment  of  perennial  swamps.  Probably  this  lack  of  life  is  due 
partly  to  the  stagnancy  and  the  oily  character  of  the  water,  and  partly 
to  the  fact  that  the  marsh  grasses  and  sedges  grow  so  thickly  as  to  ex- 
clude the  light. 

30.  Swampy  icoods.  As  mentioned  under  the  general  treatment  ol 
these  islands,  there  are  considerable  areas  near  the  center  of  both  North 
and  Stony  Islands  which  are  damp  and  quite  heavily  wooded.  The.se 
woods  are  mostly  made  up  of  deciduous  trees,  which  in  these  swampy 
places  are  mostly  small,  such  as  ash,  sugar  maple  and  American  elm 
saplings,  with  a  few  larger  trees  among  them.  There  are  also  a  few 
arbor  vitae  (Thuja  occidentalis)  scattered  thru  them. 

These  damp,  well-shaded  localities,  as  might  be  expected,  formed 
excellent  habitats  for  the  larger  shells,  but,  on  the  other  hand,  few  of 
the  more  minute  species  were  found.  I  cannot  explain  this,  but  do  not 
think  that  I  could  have  so  entirely  overlooked  them  if  they  had  been, 
present,  as  considerable  time  was  spent  in  searching  for  them.  Their 
absence  seems  all  the  more  strange  because  they  were  found  in  con- 
siderable numbers  among  the  drift  on  the  sandy  beaches  of  North  Island- 
In  this  habitat,  Polygyra  albolahris  was  the  most  abundant  shell, 
both  on  Stony  and  North  Islands.  On  both  islands,  P.  thyroides.  P. 
niultilineata,  Pyramidula  alternata  and  Agriolimax  agrestis  were  also  ol)- 
tained  quite  abundantly.  In  addition,  on  Stony  Island,  a  few  speci- 
mens of  Polygyra  monodon.  and  on  North  Island,  a  few  individuals  of 
Pyramidida  alternata  alba,  P.  cronkhitei  anfhonyi,  Zonitoides  arborea, 
and  Succiyiea  avara  major  were  found. 

31.  High  icoods.  The  vn.de  strip  of  high  woods  around  North  Is- 
land, and  that  along  the  north  and  west  shores  of  Stony  Island  chffer 
mainly  from  the  preceding  habitat  in  being  much  higher  and  drier,  antl 
in  containing,  on  the  average,  larger  and  fewer  trees.     Here,  in  addition 

19 


146  MOLLUSCA. 

to  the  trees  found  in  the  damper  woods,  basswoods  and  oaks  are  quite 
abundant,  and,  in  one  Hmited  area,  there  are  considerable  numbers  of 
white  pine. 

This  habitat  was  only  studied  on  Stony  Island.  There,  Polygyra  al- 
holahris,  P.  thyroides,  P.  vionodon,  Pyramidula  alternata,  Pallifera  dor- 
salis  and  Agriolimax  agrestis  were  very  abundant;  and  a  few  specimens 
of  Zonitoides  arhorea,  and  a  single  juvenile  individual  of  Polygyra  multi- 
lineata  were  also  obtained.  Polygyra  albolahris  was  much  more  abund- 
ant here  than  in  the  preceding  habitat,  while  P.  multilineata,  on  the 
other  hand,  was  almost  entirely  wanting. 

32.  Dry  clearing.  On  account  of  the  shallowness  of  the  soil  on  these 
islands,  all  of  the  clearings  are  very  dry.  Grasses  are  the  only  plants 
that  appear  to  be  able  to  hold  their  own  here,  with  the  exception  of  the 
sumachs,  which  are  of  large  size  and  cover  considerable  patches  of 
ground.  In  these  places  a  few  shells  were  found  which  had  taken  refuge 
under  boards  and  in  a  stone  pile,  from  which  they  probably  come  out 
during  rains  and  heaw  dews. 

Under  a  stone-pile  in  this  habitat,  a  number  of  specimens  of  Pyra- 
midula alternata  and  Polygyra  monodon  were  obtained.  A  single  in- 
dividual of  Polygyra  albolahris  was  also  obtained  under  a  plank. 

33.  Rocky  beach.  A  few  shells  are  to  be  found  on  the  bare  rocks  of 
the  middle  beach,  in  protected  places  under  driftwood  and  rocks  where 
a  little  soil  has  gathered.  The  fauna  of  these  places  is  most  probabl}^ 
temporary,  as  the  ice  in  the  winter  months  sweeps  these  beaches  clean. 
A  few  molluscs  may  be  able  to  winter  in  the  deeper  crevices  of  the  rocks, 
but  it  appears  that  the  main  portion  of  the  fauna  must  be  derived  an- 
nually from  the  woods  adjacent  to  the  beach;  snails  may  also  be  washed 
ashore  as  mentioned  in  the  discussion  of  the  sand  beaches  in  the  sand 
dune  region,  but  in  this  case  this  would  not  be  necessary  for  their  re- 
stocking, as  woods  with  considerable  molluscan  life  are  in  direct  con- 
nection with  these  beaches.     (PI.  XIV.) 

Polygyra  albolahris,  Pyramidida  alternata  and  Succinea  retusa  were 
obtained  from  these  localities.  The  first  two  were  present  in  ciuite  con- 
siderable numl)ers. 

34.  Sa7id  beach.  Land  molluscs  also  occur  in  considerable  numbers 
on  the  middle  beach  along  the  sandy  portions  of  the  shore  of  these  two 
islands,  especially  where  the  beach  is  partially  protected,  as  along  the 
southern  shore  of  North  Island.  These  sand  beaches  appear  to  ])e  more 
favorable  to  molluscan  life  than  the  rocky  ones  discussed  under  the 
preceding  habitat,  perhaps  because  the  sand  beaches  are  formed  in  the 
protected  places — the  ones  most  suitable  for  the  life  of  the  snails.  The 
fauna  of  these  places  is  probably  destroyed  during  the  winter  as  are 
those  of  the  preceding  habitat  and  habitat  twenty-five;  and  they  are 


MOLLUSC  A.  147 

probably  restored  both  by  migration  from  inland  as  mentioned  under 
the  preceding  habitat,  and  by  shells  being  washed  ashore  on  driftwood 
as  suggested  under  the  discussion  of  habitat  twenty-five. 

These  conditions  were  much  better  represented  on  North  Island  than 
they  were  on  Stony  Island.  On  the  former,  considerable  numbers  of 
Succinea  return,  S.  avara,  S.  a.  vermeta,  Pyramidula  cronkhitei  anthonyi, 
P.  alternata,  Polygyra  albolabris,  P.  monodon,  P.  thyroides,  Zonitoides 
minuscula,  Z.  arborea,  Vertigo  ovata,  Bifidaria  contracta,  B.  tappaniana 
and  Agriolimax  agrestis  were  obtained,  while  on  the  latter,  lesser  num- 
bers of  Polygyra  albolabi'is,  P.  monodon,  Pyramidula  aUernata,  all  of 
them  large  shells,  were  all  that  were  collected. 

Habitats  of  the  Creek  Flats. — ^The  flats  of  the  Pigeon  River  form  a 
series  of  closely  alUed  habitats  unlike  any  others  in  this  region.  The\' 
are  formed,  primarily,  by  the  meandering  of  the  stream,  which  deposits 
soil  and  debris  on  the  side  where  there  is  little  current,  but  there  may 
also  be  included  under  this  head  the  other  low  ground  on  which  the 
stream  is  depositing  soil  during  floods,  as  of  course  the  soil  will  be  prac- 
tically the  same.  This  is  necessarily  deposited  below  the  level  of 
floods,  so  that  these  habitats  are  flooded  nearly  every  spring.  In  the 
district  studied,  these  flats  may  be  di\'ided  into  three  groups:  swampy 
meadows,  dry  meadows  and  woode(,l  flats. 

35.  Swampy  meadows.  Under  this  habitat  are  included  all  of  those 
treeless  flats  which  have  pools  of  water  on  them  even  in  the  summer. 
They  are  grassy,  except  around  the  pools,  where  the  vegetation  con- 
sists mainly  of  the  common  blue  flag  with  scattered  sedges  and  marsh 
ferns  {Aspidium  thelypteris) .  Most  of  the  shells  obtained  were  found 
under  drift  logs,  etc..  but  also  in  lesser  numbers  in  the  wet  grass. 

In  such  localities,  Cochlicopa  lubrica,  Carychium  exile,  Zonitoides 
nitida,  Z.  arborea,  Succinea  retusa,  S.  avara,  Vitrea  hammonis  and  Heli- 
codiscus  parallelus  were  present  in  considerable  num1:)ers.  and  Zoni- 
toides minuscula,  Punctum  pygmaeum.  Pyramidula  cronkhitei  anthonyi, 
Bifidaria  tappaniana.  Vertigo  ovata,  Vallonia  pulchella,  and  Agriolimax 
agrestis,  were  also  obtained,  but  in  lesser  numbers.  In  addition,  a  few 
specimens  of  Vertigo,  too  young  to  l3e  identified,  were  collected. 

36.  Dry  meadows.  Most  of  the  meadow  flats  along  the  Pigeon  are 
high  enough  above  the  level  of  the  river  so  that  they  are  well-drained 
and  relatively  dry  during  most  of  the  year.  They  are  covered  with 
grass  which  is  quite  green,  even  in  August,  and  which,  in  the  places 
studied,  had  been  kept  short  by  grazing.  Under  driftwood,  etc..  in 
these  places,  as  in  the  preceding  habitat,  many  species  and  individuals 
of  shells  are  to  V^e  found. 

Here  were  found  considerable  numV)ers  of  Bifidaria  contracta.  B. 
tappaniana,  Zonitoides  arborea,  Z.  nitida,  Vitrea  hammonis.  Cochlicopa 


148  MOLLUSCA. 

lubrica,   C.  I.  morseana,  Pyramidula  cronkhitei  anthonyi,  P.  alternata, 
Succinea  avara  and  Polygyra  thyroides. 

37.  Wooded  flats.  On  the  wooded  flats,  most  of  which  are  con- 
siderably above  the  level  of  low  water,  the  trees  keep  the  ground  quite 
moist.  A  habitat  is  thus  formed  which  is  more  moist  than  the  dry 
meadows,  less  so  than  the  swampy  ones,  and  more  stable  than  either. 
Also,  in  addition  to  the  river  deposit,  there  is  considerable  leaf  mould; 
the  ground  in  the  higher  places  is  carpeted  with  fallen  leaves,  and  in  the 
lower  and  damper  places  has  a  thick  undergrowth  of  nettles. 

The  trees  of  these  woods  are  mostl}"  deciduous,  consisting  of  swamp 
maples,  black  ashes,  poplars,  cottonwoods,  and  elms,  the  first  two  being 
the  most  abundant.  It  is  under  fallen  logs  and  driftwood  that  the 
majority  of  the  shells  are  to  be  found. 

Wooded  flats  were  studied  both  along  the  Pigeon  and  Pinnebog 
Rivers,  but  the  former  was  a  much  more  favorable  collecting  ground. 
Along  the  Pigeon  River,  Helicodiscus  parallelus,  Zojiitoides  arhorea, 
Pyramidula  alternata,  P.  cronkhitei  anthonyi,  Cochlicopa  lubrica,  C.  I. 
morseana,  Agriolimax  agrestis,  Succinea  avara,  and  juvenile  specimens 
of  some  Polygyra  were  collected  in  considerable  numbers,  while  Zoni- 
toides  minuscula,  Z.  nitida,  Carychium  exile,  C.  exiguujn,  Euconulus 
chersinus  polygyratus,  Bifidaria  tappaniana,  Vitrea  hammonis,  V.  in- 
dentata,  V .  hinneyana,  Polygyra  albolahris,  P.  thyroides,  P.  fraterna,  and 
Succinea  ovalis  optima  were  also  obtained,  but  in  lesser  numbers.  Along 
the  Pinnebog  River,  Pyramidida  alternata,  Succinea  avara,  S.  ovalis, 
Polygyra  albolahris  maratima,  P.  fraterna,  Cochlicopa  lubrica,  Helicod- 
iscus parallelus,  and  Zonitoides  arborea  were  found  in  small  numbers. 

Habitats  of  the  Clay  Soil. — Behind  the  narrow  sand  region  along  the 
shores  of  the  Bay  lies  a  flat  region  of  clay  soil,  the  old  lake  bottom.  In 
Huron  County,  the  latter  region  is  much  larger  than  the  former.  l)ut 
most  of  the  work  of  the  party  was  done  in  the  sand  dune  region,  so  that 
the  only  portions  of  the  clay  region  that  were  studied  are  those  along 
the  inner  border  of  the  sandy  region.  These  records,  then,  cannot  be 
taken  as  characteristic  of  the  region  farther  in  towards  the  center  of  the 
county. 

38.  Swampy  woods.  The  land  around  Rush  Lake  is  so  low  and  flat 
that  the  majority  of  the  woods  near  the  lake  are  low  and  swampy. 
These  woods  are  made  up  in  large  part  of  deciduous  trees,  consisting 
mostly  of  ashes,  swamp  maples  and  elms,  with  a  sprinkling  of  sugar 
maples,  common  and  blue  beeches  and  poplars;  the  arbor  vitae,  how- 
ever, is  quite  abundant  and  the  hemlocks  and  balsam  firs  are  also  present 
in  small  numbers.     (PI.  XV.) 

In  damp  swamps,  under  logs  and  among  leaves,  a  large  number  of 
shells  were  collected.     The  species  were:     Euconulus  fulvus,  Succinea 


MOLLUSCA.  149 

avara,  S.  ovalis  optima,  Vertigo  ovata,  Strohilops  virgo,  Carychium  exi- 
guum,  C.  exile,  Pyramidula  alternata,  Pyramidula  cronkhitei  anthonyi, 
P.  c.  catskillensis,  Agriolimax  campestris,  Vitrea  ferrea,  V.  hammonis, 
Punctum  pygmaeum,  Bifidaria  tappaniana,  B.  corticaria,  Zonitoides 
nitida,  Z.  arhorea,  Polygyra  monodon  and  P.  jraterna.  In  very  wet 
swamps,  among  leaves  and  underbrush  and  fallen  bark  in  quite  dr}^ 
raised  portions  around  the  roots  and  bases  of  trees,  a  large  number  of 
shells  were  also  obtained.  Here  were  found  Euconulus  fulvus,  Succinea 
avara,  S.  retusa,  S.  ovalis,  Carychium  exiguum,  C.  exile,  Pyramidula 
alternata,  P.  cronkhitei  anthonyi,  Agriolimax  campestris,  Vitrea  hammonis, 
V.  binneyana,  V.  rhoadsi,  Helicodiscus  parallelus.  Vertigo  gouldii,  Bifid- 
aria  tappaniana.  B.  pentodon,  B.  contracta,  B.  corticaria,  Zonitoides  ar- 
horea, Polygyra  monodon,  and  specimens  of  Vertigo  and  Bifidaria  which 
were  too  young  to  indentify. 

39.  Dry  ivoods.  On  the  higher  and  drier  ground  around  Rush  Lake, 
the  woods  consist  mainly  of  poplars,  birches,  beeches,  elms,  and  maples, 
with  a  few  balsam  firs  and  hemlocks  scattered  thru,  and  of  rich  cedar 
thickets.  They  are  often  adjacent  to  the  sand  dunes,  but  they  are 
usually  quite  easily  distinguished  as  the  latter  are  much  more  sandy 
and  are  covered  with  great  numbers  of  small  oaks. 

Under  fallen  logs  and  beneath  their  bark,  the  small  land  shells  were 
especially  plentiful,  this  and  the  preceding  habitat  l^eing  the  most 
favorable  localities  for  such  shells  in  this  region.  Pallifera  dorsalis, 
Pyramidula  alternata,  P.  cronkhitei  anthonyi,  Polygyra  thyroides,  P. 
fraterna,  Philomycus  carolinensis,  Vitrea  hammonis,  Zonitoides  arhorea, 
Bifidaria  contracta,  B.  pentodon,  Agriolimax  campestris,  and  Helicodis- 
cus parallelus  were  present  in  great  abundance  in  such  places.  Zoni- 
toides minuscula,  Z.  milium,  Punctum  pygmaeum,  Succinea  avara,  Vitrea 
rhoadsi,  V.  ferrea,  V.  indentata,  Bifidaria  corticaria,  Strohilops  virgo, 
Polygyra  alholahris,  P.  a.  maratima,  Carychium  exiguum,  C.  exile.  Vertigo 
gouldii,  Euconulus  fulvus,  E.  chersiniis  polygyratus,  Pyramidula  cronk- 
hitei catskillejisis,  and  indeterminate  specimens  of  Vertigo  were  also  ob- 
tained, but  in  lesser  numbers. 

40.  Meadow  along  the  edge  of  woods.  Under  fallen  logs  in  a  moist, 
grassy  meadow  along  woods  such  as  were  described  in  the  preceding 
habitat  were  found  Bifidaria  contracta,  B.  tappaniana,  Carychium  exile, 
C.  exiguum,  Succinea  avara,  Zonitoides  arhorea,  Polygyra  alholahris,  P. 
monodon,  P.  thyroides,  Pyramidula  alternata,  P.  cronkhitei  anthonyi, 
Vitrea  hammonis,  Helicodiscus  parallelus,  Agriolimax  campestris.  and 
some  juvenile  specimens  of  Polygyra,  which  were  too  young  to 
identify. 

41.  Dry  yard.  Under  stones  in  the  yard  of  a  deserted  farmhouse 
near  Rush  Lake,  numerous  specimens  of  Vallonia  pulchella  were  col- 


150 


MOLLUSCA. 


lected.  altho  the  place  seemed  almost  too  dry  to  support  molluscan  life. 
42.  Tamarack  swamps.  Around  the  most  of  Rush  Lake,  there  are 
large  tamarack  swamps  with  the  characteristic  vegetation  of  tamaracks, 
sphagnum,  black  spruces,  pitcher  plants,  sun-dews,  poison  sumach  and 
huckleberries.  Most  of  these  places  are  without  any  molluscan  life, 
but  in  the  sphagnum  in  a  very  wet  portion,  a  few  specimens  of  Vitrea 
hammonis,  Agriolimax  campestris,  Pisidium  roperi,  Lymnaea  palustris, 
Musculium  truncatum,  and  M.  securis  were  collected. 


Darlvatlon  of  the  Sand  Diine  Habitats. 


2. Rocky  shores. 


5. Unprotected, sandy  shores.      37. Overhanging  rock  lodge. 


7,  Protected, 'sandy  an  ores.  \&.  Sand  pools^    28, 29.  Sand  dunes.     18, 19.  Swamps. 

88, 29. Sand  dunes >y8. Coves.   25. Sand  beaches.   9. Long, 'shallow  lake*.  18,19.Swainp8» 

\ 
16, 19. Swamps.       10. Round, deep  lakes. 


19. Perennial  swamps 

II 

18. Temporary  swamps 


II 


26. Alluvial   flats. 


MOLLUSCA.  151 

LIST  OF  THE  HABITATS. 

Aquatic  Habitats. 


I.  Habitats  of  Saginaw  Bay. 

1.  Deep  littoral,  16-24  feet.  • 

2.  Shallow  littoral,  rocky,  unprotected. 

3.  Rock  pools. 

4.  Shallow  littoral,  rocky,  protected. 

5.  Shallow  littoral,  sandy,  unprotected. 

6.  Sand  pools. 

7.  Shallow  littoral,  sandy,  protected. 

8.  Cove,  almost  cut  off  from  Bay. 

II.  Habitats  of  the  Sand  Dune  Lakes. 

9.  Shallow  lakes,  north  side  of  Sand  Point. 

10.  Deep  lakes,  south  side  of  Sand  Point. 

III.  Habitats  of  Rush  Lake. 

11.  Mucky  bottom. 

12.  Floating  sedge-marshes. 
1.3.     Marly  bottom. 

14.  Raymond's  Point. 

15.  Dune  Point. 

16.  Fourth  Point. 

17.  County  ch'ain. 

IV.  Habitats  of  the  Swamps. 

18.  Annual  swamps. 

19.  Perennial  swamps. 

20.  Swamp  in  old  stone  quarry. 

V.  Habitats  of  the  Pigeon  River. 

21.  River  portion. 

22.  Bayou  off  of  the  Pigeon  River. 

23.  Creek  portion. 

24.  Dead  waters. 

Land  Habitats. 

I.  Habitats  of  the  Sand  Dunes. 

25.  Sand  beach. 

26.  Borders  of  lakes  and  swamp. 

27.  Under  rock  ledge,  Hat  Point. 

28.  Outer  sand  dunes. 

29.  Inner  sand  dunes. 

II.  Habitats  of  North  and  Stony  Islands. 

30.  Swampy  woods. 

31.  High  woods. 


J52  MOLLUSCA, 

32.  Dry  clearing. 

33.  Rock  beach. 

34.  Sand  beach. 

III.  Habitats  of  the  Creek  Flats. 

35.  Swampy  meadows. 

36.  Dry  meadows. 

37.  Wooded  flats. 

IV.  Habitats  of  the  Clay  Soil. 

38.  Swampy  woods. 

39.  Dry  woods. 

40.  Meadow  along  the  edge  of  woods. 

41.  Dry  yard. 

42.  Tamarack  swamps. 


MOLLUSCA.  153 


LIST    OF    SPECIES. 

PULMONATA. 

Helicidae. 

1.  Polygyra  albolabris  (Say). — This  species  appeared  to  be  one  of 
the  most  abundant  and  widely  distrilmted  of  the  larger  shells  in  this 
region.  It  was  found  in  the  following  localities  and  habitats:  on  Sand 
Point,  under  fallen  logs  among  sand  dunes,  even  on  the  outermost 
ones  (26)*,  among  driftwood  and  decaying  sedges  along  the  sand 
beach  (25)  and  among  fallen  leaves,  etc.,  around  the  borders  of  swamps 
and  lakes  (26) ;  on  Stony  and  North  Islands,  under  fallen  logs  and 
among  decaying  leaves,  etc.,  in  both  swampy  and  dry  woods  (30, 
31),  under  boards  in  a  dry  clearing  (32),  under  slabs  of  rock  on  the 
open  rock  beaches  (33),  among  driftwood  and  sedges  along  the  sand 
beaches  (34) ;  at  Caseville,  on  wooded  fiats  (37) ;  at  Rush  Lake 
under  fallen  logs  in  dry  woods  (39),  in  similar  places  in  meadows 
along  the  edges  of  woods  (40)  and  among  the  sand  dunes  along  the 
borders  of  swamps  (26) ;  and  under  fallen  logs,  etc.,  on  the  wooded 
flats  (36)  along  the  Pinnebog  River.  Altho  sometimes  found  in 
damp  places,  this  shell  appeared  to  prefer  the  drier  habitats. 

The  shells  varied  considerably  in  size;  the  largest  shells  were  found 
on  North  and  Stony  Islands,  where  the  thin,  rich  soil,  over  limestone 
rock,  seemed  to  furnish  excellent  conditions  for  all  of  the  larger  land 
shells.  The  smallest  were  obtained  from  the  sand  dunes,  where  the 
shells  graduated  into  the  variety  maratima.  A  single  albino  speci- 
men was  obtained. under  a  log  in  high  woods,  31,  on  Stony  Island. 

2.  Polygyra  albolabris,  var.  dentata  (Tryon). — A  single  specimen 
of  the  dentate  form  was  collected  near  a  swamp  (26)  on  Sand  Point. 

3.  Polygyra  albolabris,  var.  maratima  (Pilsbry). — This  shell  was 
the  most  aljundant  one  among  the  sand  dunes.  It  was  obtained 
from  Sand  Point,  among  sedges  and  driftwood  along  the  sand  beach 
(25)  and  under  fallen  logs  on  the  sand  dunes  (28) ;  from  near  Rush 
Lake,  on  both  the  inner  and  outer  sand  dunes  (29.  28)  and  in  high 
woods  grading  into  the  sand  dunes  (39),  under  fallen  logs;  and  from 
wooded  flats  (37)  near  the  sand  dunes  along  the  Pinnebog  River. 

4.  Polygyra  multilineata  (Say). — A  few  specimens  of  this  shell 
were  obtained  from  under  logs  in  damp  places  along  the  borders  of 


*The  numbers  thruout  the  list  refer  to  the  type  of  habitat  described  above  under  the  same 
number. 


154  MOLLUSCA. 

swamps  (26)  at  Sand  Point.  It  was  also  collected,  in  considerable 
numbers,  in  swampy  woods  (30)  on  North  and  Stony  Islands.  In  the 
latter  locality,  a  single  specimen  was  found  on  higher  ground  (31).  but, 
in  the  region  studied,  the  species  appeared  to  prefer  a  wet  habitat. 

5.  Polygyra  thyroides  (Say). — Single  specimens  of  this  species 
were  found  at  Sand  Point,  along  the  border  of  a  swamp  (26)  and  at 
Hat  Point,  among  leaves  under  a  rock  ledge  (27).  It  was  collected 
in  larger  numbers  on  North  and  Stony  Islands,  from  under  logs  both 
in  the  swampy  and  the  higher  woods  (30,  31)  and  on  the  sand  beach 
(34) ;  at  Caseville.  in  dry  meadows  and  under  driftwood,  etc.,  on 
wooded  flats  (36,  37):  and  near  Rush  Lake,  from  under  fallen  logs  in 
dry  woods  and  along  the  edges  of  meadows  (39,  40). 

6.  Polygyra  fraterna  (Say). — This  species  was  generally  found  on 
rich  and  ciuite  dry  ground.  It  was  obtained  in  considerable  numbers 
on  wooded  flats  (37)  along  the  Pigeon  and  Pinnebog  Rivers,  and  in 
swampy  and  dry  woods  (38,  39)  and  on  the  outer  and  inner  sand  dunes 
(28,  29)  near  Rush  Lake. 

7.  Polygyra  monodon  '(Rackett). — This  shell  was  found  cjuite 
abundantly  as  follows:  at  Sand  Point,  among  driftwood  along  the 
sand  beach  (25),  and  among  fallen  leaves  near  the  borders  of 
swamps  and  lakes  (26) ;  on  Stony  and  North  Islands,  under  fallen 
logs  in  swampy  and  high  woods  (30,  31),  in  a  stone-pile  in  a  dry 
clearing  (32)  and  under  driftwood  along  the  sand  beach  (34) ;  and 
near  Rush  Lake,  under  logs  in  swampy  woods  (38)  and  in  a  clearing 
near  a  cedar  woods  (40). 

Polygyra  sp?  A  considerable  number  of  juvenile  shells,  too  young 
to  identify,  w^ere  obtained  from  a  stump  on  a  wooded  flat  near  Case- 
ville (37)  and  from  a  log  in  a  meadow  near  Rush  Lake  (40). 

Zonitidae. 

8.  Vitrea  hammonis  (Strom). — This  shell  was  found  in  abundance: 
under  driftwood  and  sedges  along  the  sand  beach  (25)  and  under  logs 
and  leaves  around  swamps  and  lakes  (26)  on  Sand  Point;  under  logs 
and  driftwood  on  the  wooded  flats  (37)  and  the  low  and  high  meadow- 
flats  (35,  36)  along  the  Pigeon  River;  under  logs  and  among  leaves  in 
the  swampy  and  dry  woods  (38,  39),  in  the  damp  meadows  (40) 
and  in  Spoghnum  in  a  tamarack  swamp  (42)  near  Rush  Lake. 

9.  Vitrea  binneyana  (Morse). ^ — This  species  was  collected  in  small 
numbers  among  sedges  and  driftwood  along  the  sand  beach  (25)  at 
Sand  Point,  under  logs  and  driftwood  on  the  wooded  flats  (37)  along 
the  Pigeon  River,  under  logs  and  among  leaves  in  wet  woods  (38) 
near  Rush  Lake,  and  among  leaves  under  a  rock  ledge  (27)  at  Hat 
Point. 


MOLLUSCA.  155 

10.  Vitrea  ferrea  (Morse). — A  few  specimens  of  this  species  were 
obtained  under  logs  and  leaves  in  both  swampy  and  dry  woods  (38, 
39)  near  Rush  Lake. 

11.  Vitrea  indentata  (Say). — Small  numbers  of  this  shell  were  col- 
lected: at  Sand  Point,  among  decaying  leaves  along  the  border  of 
a  swamp  (26) ;  along  the  Pigeon  River,  under  logs  and  driftwood 
on  wooded  flats  (37),  and  near  Rush  Lake,  from  dry  woods  (39). 

12.  Vitrea  rhoadsi  Pilsbry. — This  species  was  found  in  small 
numbers  at  Sand  Point,  among  decaying  leaves  along  the  border  of 
Long  Lake  (26),  and  at  Rush  Lake,  among  leaves  and  under  logs  in 
both  swampy  and  dry  woods  (38,  39). 

13.  Euconulus  fulvus  (Miiller). — A  few  specimens  of  this  shell 
were  obtained  among  fallen  leaves  in  wet  places  along  the  border  of 
a  large  marsh  and  in  an  alder  thicket  along  the  south  side  of  Mud 
Lake  (26),  on  Sand  Point.  It  was  also  found  in  small  numbers  among 
fallen  leaves  and  under  logs  in  both  swampy  and  dry  woods  (38,  39) 
around  Rush  Lake,  and  among  leaves  gathered  under  an  overhanging 
rock  ledge  at  Hat  Point  (27). 

14.  Euconulus  chersinus,  var.  polygyratus  (Pilsbry). — Two  speci- 
mens of  this  form  were  collected  under  fallen  logs  on  a  wooded  flat 
(37)  along  the  Pigeon  River,  and  a  single  juvenile  specimen  was  ob- 
tained under  a  log  in  a  cedar  thicket  near  Rush  Lake  (39). 

15.  Zonitoides  nitida  (Miiller). — This  species  was  very  abundant 
in  wet  places  thruout  the  region  studied.  It  was  found  as  follows: 
at  Sand  Point,  among  sedges  and  driftwood  along  the  sand  beach  (25) 
and  among  leaves  and  under  logs  along  the  borders  of  swamps  and 
lakes  (26) ;  along  the  Pigeon  River,  on  dry  and  wet  meadow-flats  (35, 
36)  and  under  logs  and  driftwood  on  wooded  flats  (37) ;  and  near 
Rush  Lake,  among  leaves  in  wet  woods  (38). 

16.  Zonitoides  arborea  (Say). — This  appeared  to  be  the  most 
abundant  of  the  small  land  shells  in  the  region  studied.  It  was  col- 
lected: at  Sand  Point,  under  driftwood  and  among  rotting  sedges 
along  the  sand  beach  (25)  and  among  leaves  and  under  logs  along  the 
borders  of  lakes  and  swamps  (26) ;  on  North  and  Stony  Islands,  under 
logs  in  dry  and  swampy  woods  (30,  31)  and  under  driftwood  and  among 
decaying  sedges  along  the  sand  beach  (34);  along  the  Pigeon  River, 
under  driftwood,  etc.,  on  the  wooded  flats  (37)  and  on  the  dry  and 
swampy  meadow-flats  (36,  35) ;  near  Rush  Lake,  under  logs  and 
among  leaves  in  the  swampy  and  dry  woods  (38,  39)  and  damp  mea- 
dows (40) ;  along  the  Pinnebog  River,  under  logs  and  on  wooded  flats 
(37);  and  at  Hat  Point,  among  leaves  under  a  rock  ledge  (27). 
Albino  specimens  were  obtained  from  the  inner  sand  dunes  (29) 
north  of  Rush  Lake. 


156  MOLLUSCA. 

17.  Zonitoides  minuscula  (Binney). — This  species  was  found  in 
small  numbers  among  decaying  sedges  and  driftwood  along  the  sand 
beach  (25)  at  Sand  Point;  in  a  similar  location  on  North  Island  (34); 
under  logs  and  driftwood  on  a  swampy  meadow-flat  (35)  and  a  wooded 
fiat  (37)  along  the  Pigeon  River;  under  logs  in  dry  woods  (39)  near 
Rush  Lake;  and  among  leaves  under  a  rock  ledge  (27)  at  Hat  Point. 

18.  Zonitoides  milium  (Morse). — A  few  specimens  of  this  species 
were  found  under  logs  in  a  cedar  thicket  (39)  near  Rush  Lake. 

Liimacidae. 

19.  Agriolimax  agrestis  (Linne). — This  slug  was  found  in  con- 
siderable abundance  among  sedges  and  under  driftwood  on  a  sand 
beach  (34)  on  North  Island;  in  swampy  and  high  woods  (30,  31)  on 
Stony  Island;  and  under  logs  and  driftwood  on  swampy  and  wooded 
flats  (35,  37)  along  the  Pigeon  River,  and  on  algae  floating  in  the  river 
itself  (23).  The  species  was  probably  originally  carried  to  the  islands 
by  man.  There  was  a  farm  on  Stony  Island  for  a  number  of  years 
and  later  a  hotel,  and  lioth  islands  are  now  used  by  the  fishing  com- 
panies. 

20.  Agriolimax  campestris  (Say). — ^The  native  species  was  collected 
in  abundance  in  the  following  localities:  under  driftwood  and  among 
sedges  along  the  sand  beach  (25),  on  driftwood  floating  in  the  .sedge 
marshes  (7),  and  under  logs  along  the  borders  of  lakes  and  swamps 
(26)  at  Sand  Point;  among  leaves  and  under  logs  in  wet  and  dry 
woods  and  meadows  along  their  borders  (38,  39,  40)  and  in  a  tam- 
arack swamp  (42)  at  Rush  Lake;  and  among  leaves  under  a  rock 
ledge  at  Hat  Point  (27). 

Endontidae. 

21.  Pyramidula  alternata  (Say). — ^This  species  was  found  in  small 
numbers  at  Sand  Point,  but  was  collected  in  abundance  thruout  the 
rest  of  the  region.  On  Sand  Point  it  was  obtained  only  from  swamps 
near  the  base  of  the  Point  (26) ;  on  North  and  Stony  Islands,  from 
the  wooded  habitats  (30,  31),  under  logs,  from  the  sand  beaches  (34), 
among  sedges  and  driftwood,  on  the  rock  beaches  (33),  under  slabs  of 
rock,  and  in  a  stone-pile  in  a  dry  clearing  (32) ;  along  the  Pigeon  River, 
from  the  dry  meadows  and  the  wooded  flats  (36,  37) ;  from  near  Rush 
Lake,  under  logs  and  among  fallen  leaves  in  swampy  and  dry  woods 
and  an  open  meadow  (38,  39,  40) ;  along  the  Pinnebog  River,  on  a 
wooded  flat  (37) ;  and  north  of  Rush  Lake,  under  logs  on  the  inner 
sand  dunes  (29). 

22.  Pyramidula  alternata,  var.  alba  (Tryon). — A  few  specimens  of 
the  albino  form  were  found  in  a  swampy  woods  (30)  on  North  Island. 


MOLLUSCA.  157 

23.  Pyramidula  cronkhitei,  var.  anthonyi  Pilsbry. — This  variety 
was  found  in  considerable  abundance  at  Sand  Point,  under  drift- 
wood and  among  decaying  sedges  on  the  sand  beach  (25) ;  on 
Stony  and  North  Ishmds,  in  swampy  woods  (30)  and  along  the  sand 
beach  (34) ;  along  the  Pigeon  River,  on  swampy  and  dry  meadow- 
flats  (35.  36)  and  wooded  fiats  (37) ;  near  Rush  Lake,  under  logs  and 
among  fallen  leaves  in  swampy  and  dry  woods  (38,  39)  and  meadows 
(40) ;  and  at  Hat  Point,  under  leaves  along  a  rock  ledge  (27). 

24.  Pyramidula  cronkhitei,  var.  catskillensis  (Pilsbry). — The  cari- 
nate  form  was  also  collected,  altho  in  much  smaller  numbers  than  the 
prececUng.  It  was  found  near  Rush  Lake,  in  swampy  and  dry  woods 
(38.  39).  under  logs  and  among  fallen  leaves,  and  at  Hat  Point,  under 
leaves  along  a  rock  ledge  (27). 

25.  Helicodiscus  parallelus  (Say). — A  few  specimens  of  this  species 
were  obtained  among  fallen  leaves  along  the  border  of  a  swamp  (26) 
on  Sand  Point,  and  many  individuals  from  under  leaves  along  a  rock 
ledge  among  the  sand  dunes  at  Hat  Point  (27).  It  was  also  collected, 
but  in  smaller  numbers,  along  the  Pigeon  and  Pinnebog  Rivers,  both 
on  wet,  open  fiats  and  on  wooded  ones  (35,  37),  under  driftwood,  etc., 
and,  in  larger  numbers,  around  Rush  Lake,  under  logs  in  both  swampy 
and  dry  woods  and  in  a  moist  meadow  (38,  39,  40). 

26.  Punctum  pygmaeum  (Draparnaud). — This  minute  species  was 
found  in  small  numbers  under  logs  along  the  border  of  a  sw^amp  (26) 
on  Sand  Point,  in  a  swampy  meadow-flat  along  the  Pigeon  River  (35), 
and  in  swampy  and  dry  woods  (38,  39)  near  Rush  Lake. 

27.  Sphyradium  edentulum  (Draparnaud). — A  single  specimen  of 
this  species  was  found  among  leaves  gathered  under  a  rock  ledge  (27) 
at  Hat  Point. 

Philomycidae. 

28.  Philomycus  carolinensis  (Bosc). — This  slug  was  found  in  a 
woodpile  near  a  swamp  (26)  on  Sand  Point,  and  in  a  high  woods  near 
Rush  Lake  (39).  All  of  the  specimens  obtained  are  variation  d  of 
Binney*,  that  is,  they  are  heavily  blotched  with  large  markings 
which  are  arranged  in  the  form  of  three  distinct  longitudinal  bands. 
The  specimen  from  Sand  Point  is  ciuite  large,  measuring  about  60mm. 
in  alcohol.  Those  from  Rush  Lake  are  far  below  the  normal,  the 
largest  alcoholic  specimens  measuring  40mm. 

29.  Pallifera  dorsalis  (Binney). — This  slug  was  obtained  in  small 
numbers  from  the  south  side  of  Sand  Point  (29),  feeding  on  fleshy 
fungi;  from  under  logs  in  high  woods  (31)  on  Stony  Island:  and  in 

*  W.  G.  Blnnev  and  T.  Bland:  Land  and  Fresh  Water  Shells  of  N.  A.  Smith.  Mi.'c.  Coll. 
194,  Part  I,  pa^e  299. 


158  MOLLUSCA. 

large  numbers  in  dry  woods  (39)  and  on  the  inner  sand  dunes  (29) 
near  Rush  Lake,  and  among  leaves  under  a  rock  ledge  at  Hat  Point 

(27). 

Succineidae. 

30.  Succinea  retusa  Lea. — This  shell  was  found  in  great  abund- 
ance in  wet  places  thruout  the  region  studied.  It  was  collected  as 
follows:  on  Sand  Point,  among  driftwood  and  rotting  sedges  along  the 
sand  beach  (25),  on  leaves  and  on  trees  growing  in  the  water  in 
swamps  (26),  and  on  floating  driftwood  along  the  protected  shores 
of  Saginaw  Bay  (7)  and  in  Turtle  Bay  (8),  and  in  a  perennial 
swamp  (19);  on  Stony  and  North  Islands,  among  sedges  and  drift- 
wood along  the  sandy  and  rocky  beaches  (34,  33)  and  on  driftwood 
out  in  the  water  in  these  localities  (7,  4) ;  along  the  Pigeon  River,  in 
swampy  meadows  (35)  and  on  algae  and  driftwood  in  the  upper  and 
lower  portions,  the  ox  bow  pond  and  the  "dead  waters"  (23,  21,  22, 
24)  of  the  river  itself;  at  Rush  Lake,  in  the  sedge  marsh  along  the 
border  of  the  lake  (12)  and  in  very  wet  places  in  woods  nearby  (38); 
and  near  Little  Oak  Point,  in  a  sand  pool  (6). 

31.  Succinea  ovalis  Say. — ^This  species  was  obtained  at  Sand 
Point,  among  leaves,  etc.,  in  a  large  swamp  (26),  and  near  Rush  Lake, 
in  swampy  woods  (38).  Living  specimens  were  found  at  Rush  Lake 
but  not  at  Sand  Point.  An  example  measures:  length  16.5mm., 
diam.  10mm..  aperture  length  12.5mm.,  apertm'e  width  7mm. 

32.  Succinea  ovalis,  var.  optima  Pilsbry. — A  few  shells  of  this 
variety  were  collected  along  the  wooded  flats  (37)  of  the  Pigeon  and 
Pinnebog  Rivers,  and  in  a  poplar  swamp  (38)  about  two  miles  east  of 
the  first  river.  An  example  measures:  length  21mm.,  width  12.5mm., 
aperture  length  14.5mm.,  aperture  width  9.5mm. 

33.  Succinea  avara  Say. — Specimens  of  this  shell  were  found 
in  considerable  numbers  at  Sand  Point,  among  sedges  along  the  sand 
beach  (25),  under  logs  and  fallen  leaves  along  the  shores  of  lakes  and 
swamps  (26)  and  on  floating  driftwood  out  from  the  shore  in  the  sedge 
marshes  (7);  on  North  Island,  among  decaying  sedges  along  the  sand 
beach  (34) ;  along  the  Pigeon  River,  under  driftwood  and  logs  in  the 
swampy  and  dry  meadow  and  wooded  flats  (35,  36,  37)  and  on  planks 
floating  along  the  marshy  shore  of  the  upper  portion  of  the  river  (23) ; 
near  Rush  Lake,  under  logs,  etc.,  in  swampy  and  dry  Avoods  and 
meadows  (38,  39,  40) ;  and  along  the  Pinnebog  River,  under  logs  and 
driftwood  on  the  wooded  flats  (37). 

34.  Succinea  avara,  var.  major  W.  G.  Binney. — Single  specimens 
of  this  form  were  collected  in  swampy  woods  (30)  on  North  Island 
and  in  a  sand  pool  (6)  near  Little  Oak  Point.     The  latter  specimen 


MOLLUSCA.  159 

has  the  sutures  enough  impressed  to  be  referable  to  the  form  vermela; 
it  measures:  length  9.5mm.,  width  5.25mm.,  aperture  length  5.75mm., 
aperture  width  3.25mm. 

35.  Succinea  avara,  var.  vermeta  (Say). — Specimens  of  this  form 
were  obtained  from  the  sand  beach  (34)  on  North  Island  and,  as  men- 
tioned above,  from  a  sand  pool  (6)  near  Little  Oak  Point. 

Pupillidae. 

3C.  Strobilops  virgo  (Pilsbry). — ^This  species  was  found  in  small 
numbers  among  leaves  and  under  logs  in  swampy  and  dry  woods  (38, 
39)  near  Rush  Lake,  and  among  leaves  gathered  under  a  rock  ledge  at 
Hat  Point  (27). 

37.  Bifidaria  contracta  (Say). — This  shell  was,  next  to  Bifidaria 
tappaniana,  the  most  abundant  and  the  most  widely  distributed 
species  of  the  genus  in  the  region  studied.  Specimens  were  found  not 
uncommonly  in  damp  places  on  Sand  Point  (26),  on  the  sand  beach 
along  the  south  shore  of  North  Island  (34),  in  dry  meadow-flats  along 
the  Pigeon  River  (36),  in  wet  and  in  high  woods  (38,  39)  and  in  a 
damp  meadow  along  a  cedar  thicket  (40)  near  Rush  Lake.  It  was 
found  most  abundantly  around  Rush  Lake,  under  fallen  logs  in  quite 
dry  woods  on  clayey  soil. 

38.  Bifidaria  corticaria  (Say). — ^This  species  was  c^uite  rare  in  the 
region  studied.  A  few  specimens  were  found  near  Rush  Lake,  under 
decaying  logs  and  among  fallen  leaves  in  wet  woods  (38)  and  under 
the  bark  of  a  fallen  log  in  a  quite  dry  patch  of  woods  (39)  just  inside 
of  the  sand  dunes.     It  seemed  to  prefer  a  wet,  rich  habitat. 

39.  Bifidaria  pentodon  (Say). — ^This  shell  was  not  rare  in  wet 
places  on  Sand  Point  (26),  under  fallen  logs  and  among  decaying 
leaves,  and  in  similar  places  in  both  swampy  and  high  woods  (38,  39) 
in  the  clay  region  around  Rush  Lake. 

Bifidaria  sp? — A  few  juvenile  pupiform  shells,  probalily  Bifidaria 
pentodon,  were  found  among  leaves  around  the  bases  of  trees  in  a  wet 
woods  (38)  near  Rush  Lake. 

40.  Bifidaria  tappaniana  (C.  B.  Adams). — ^This  species  was  the 
most  widely  distrilmted  and  abundant  species  of  the  genus  in  this 
region.  It  was  quite  abundant  under  driftwood  and  decaying  sedges 
along  the  sandy,  middle  beach  (25)  and  among  fallen  leaves  on  the 
border  of  a  swamp  (26)  at  Sand  Point,  on  the  sand  beach  on  North 
Island  (34),  under  driftwood  on  both  swampy  and  dry  creek  flats 
(35,  36)  and  in  woods  (37)  along  the  Pigeon  River,  and  under  fallen 
logs  in  swampy  woods  (38)  and  in  a  moist  meadow  along  a  cedar 
thicket  (40)  near  Rush  Lake. 

4L     Vertigo  ovata  Say. — ^This  species   was  collected  in  numbers 


160  MOLLUSC  A. 

among  sedges  and  driftwood  on  the  sand  beach  (25)  and  among  leaves 
and  under  logs  along  the  shores  of  lakes  and  swamps  (26)  on  Sand 
Point,  under  driftwood  along  the  sand  beach  (34)  on  North  Island, 
under  logs  and  driftwood  in  the  swampy  meadows  (35)  along  the 
Pigeon  River,  and  among  leaves  and  under  logs  in  swampy  woods 
(38)  and  under  driftwood  in  the  sedge  marsh  (12)  at  Rush  Lake. 

42.  Vertigo  ventricosa,  var.  elatior  Sterki. — A  single  individual  of 
this  form  was  obtained  among  leaves  along  the  shore  of  Mud  Lake  (26) 
on  Sand  Point. 

43.  Vertigo  gouldii  (Binney). — This  shell  was  found  in  small  num- 
bers under  logs  near  a  small  swamp  (26)  on  Sand  Point  and  under  logs 
and  among  leaves  in  both  swampy  and  dry  woods  (38,  39)  at  Rush 
Lake. 

Vertigo  sp? — Specimens  of  this  genus,  too  young  to  identify,  were 
collected  under  driftwood  on  the  swampy  flats  (35)  along  the  Pigeon 
River  and  under  logs  and  fallen  leaves  in  swampy  and  dry  woods 
(38,  39)  at  Rush  Lake. 

Cochlicopidae. 

44.  Cochlicopa  lubrica  (Miiller).- — A  single  specimen  of  this  species 
was  obtained  from  the  middle  sand  beach  at  Sand  Point  (25),  and  a 
juvenile  specimen  from  a  wooded  flat  on  the  Pinnebog  River  (37). 
Around  Caseville,  it  was  found  in  considerable  numbers  under  drift- 
wood and  in  the  grass  on  the  dry,  wet  and  wooded  flats  along  the 
Pigeon  River  (35.  36.  37). 

45.  Cochlicopa  lubrica,  var.  morseana  (Doherty).^ — This  elongate 
form  was  found  on  the  dry  and  the  wooded  creek  flats  (36,  37)  along 
the  Pigeon  River,  in  the  same  localities  as  the  typical  individuals,  but 
in  larger  numbers;  intermediate  examples  were  also  present. 

VaUonidoe. 

46.  Vallonia  pulchella  (Miiller). — This  species  was  found  in  small 
numbers  on  a  low  flat  along  the  Pigeon  River  (35)  and  in  larger  num- 
bers under  rocks  in  a  dry  pasture  (41)  near  Rush  Lake. 

Auriculidae. 

47.  Carychium  exiguum  (Say). — ^This  species  was  cjuite  abundant 
in  wet  places  on  the  mainland  thruout  the  region.  It  was  found  to 
be  very  abundant  under  driftwood  and  among  deca\'ing  sedges  along 
the  middle  beach  (25)  and  was  taken  in  considerable  numbers  in  wet 
places  on  the  borders  of  swamps,  etc.,  on  Sand  Point.  In  the  latter 
locality,  however,  it  was  not  nearly  so  abundant  as  its    companion 


MOLLUSCA.  161 

species,  Carychium  exile.  It  was  also  found.  l)ut  in  lesser  numbers, 
on  a  wooded  flat  along  the  Pigeon  River,  under  driftwood  in  wet 
places  (37),  and  under  fallen  logs,  etc.,  in  quite  dry  woods  (39)  and  in 
an  open  meadow  near  a  cedar  thicket  (40)  at  Rush  Lake.  It  was  ob- 
tained in  greater  abundance  from  similar  places  in  a  wet  woods  (38) 
near  Rush  Lake. 

48.  Carychium  exile  H.  C.  Lea. — ^This  species  occurred  in  about 
the  same  localities  as  the  preceding  species.  Specimens  were  found, 
in  larger  numbers  than  those  of  Carychium  exiguum,  around  the  bor- 
ders of  swamps,  etc.  (26),  but  in  lesser  numbers  on  the  sand  beach 
(25)  at  Sand  Point.  It  was  found  in  the  wet  meadows  along  the 
Pigeon  River  (35)  where  Carychium  exiguum.  was  not  found,  and  on 
the  wooded  flats  farther  up  the  riA'er  (37),  and  in  about  the  same 
places  (38,  39,  40)  and  in  the  same  abundance  as  the  preceding  species 
at  Rush  Lake. 

Lymnaeidae. 

49.  Lymnaea  stagnalis,  var.  appressa  (Say).— This  species  was 
quite  abundant  in  the  sedge  marshes  (7)  along  the  shores  of  Sand 
Point  and  near  Caseville,  on  the  mucky  bottom  in  Rush  Lake  (11) 
and  near  the  mouth  of  a  county  drain  (17)  which  emptied  into  the 
lake.  The  shells  vary  considerably,  as  is  characteristic  of  this  species. 
Those  from  Rush  Lake  are,  as  a  general  rule,  smaller  and  more  slender 
than  those  from  the  Bay.  An  extreme  from  Rush  Lake  measures: 
altitude  29.5mm.,  width  10.25mm.,  aperture  length  15mm.,  aperture 
width  7mm.;  one  from  the  Bay:  altitude  53.5mm.,  width  23.5mm., 
aperture  length  28.5mm..  width  16mm. 

50.  Lymnaea  haldemani  "Dkr.''  W.  G.  Binney.  —  A  dead  shell 
of  this  species  was  collected  in  about  six  inches  of  water  in  a  placa 
where  the  marl  layer  over  the  sand  was  ciuite  thick,  off  Dune  Point 
(15).  This  specimen  could  not  have  been  long  dead,  as  it  was  in 
excellent  condition.  Several  other  dead  specimens  were  found  that 
were  so  fragile  that  they  could  not  be  saved.  The  shell  measures: 
length  20.5mm.,  width  4.5mm..  aperture  length  9mm.,  apertiu-e  \\adth 
3  mm. 

51.  Lymnaea  obrussa  Say. — A  very  few  specimens  of  this  shell 
were  found  at  Sand  Point,  in  a  shallow,  marly-bottomed  marsh  at  the 
east  end  of  Wild  Fowl  Bay  (7)  and  on  the  under  side  of  lily-pads  in 
Turtle  Bay  (8),  and  at  Rush  Lake  juvenile  specimens  were  obtained 
off  Dune  and  Fourth  Points  (15.  16).  A  representative  example 
from  Sand  Point  measures:  altitude  8.5mm.,  width  4.5mm.,  aperture 
length  5mm..  aperture  width  3mm. 

Lymnaea  obrussa  Say,   small  form. — Shells  thus  labeled  by  Mr. 
21 


162  MOLLUSCA. 

Walker  were  obtained  on  leaves  on  the  bottom  of  a  large  swamp  (19) 
on  Sand  Point,  on  driftwood  along  a  marshy  shore  in  the  upper  por- 
tion of  Pigeon  River  (23)  and  in  a  sand  pool  on  the  beach  at  Little 
Oak  Point  (6).  They  are  small  and  narrow.  An  example  from  Sand 
Point  measures:  altitude  6.5mm.,  width  3mm.,  aperture  length  3mm., 
aperture  width  1.5mm. 

Lymnaea  obrussa,  var.  approaching  decampi  (Streng). — A  juvenile, 
very  fragile  shell  found  at  Raymond's  Point  (14)  and  heavier,  adult 
specimens  obtained  from  off  Dune  Point  (15)  are  intermediate  be- 
tween the  typical  species  and  the  variety. 

52.  Lymnaea  obrussa,  var.  decampi  (Streng). — Typical  specimens 
of  this  form  were  obtained  from  the  shallow  water  off  Dune  Point 
(15).  An  example  measures:  altitude  9.25mm.,  width  4.75mm., 
aperture  length  4.5mm.,  aperture  width  2.75mm. 

53.  Lymnaea  humilis  Say. — A  single  specimen  of  this  shell  was 
found  on  floating  driftwood  in  the  mucky  part  of  Turtle  Bay  (8).  A 
few  specimens  were  also  obtained  from  driftwood  in  the  ox-bow  pond 
near  the  mouth  of  Pigeon  River  (22)  and  along  a  marshy  bank  of  the 
river  itself  (23).  A  considerable  number  of  shells  were  .collected  in 
rocky  pools  along  the  north  shore  of  Stony  Island  (3). 

54.  Lymnaea  catascopium  Say.^ — A  single  dead  shell  of  this  species 
was  found  on  the  north  shore  of  Sand  Point.  It  had  probably  been 
washed  up  from  deep  water  (1)  as  that  is  the  only  habitat  in  the 
neighborhood  that  it  could  have  come  from.  The  shell  is  quite  large, 
measuring:  altitude  21mm.,  width  12mm.,  aperture  length  12.5mm., 
aperture  width  7.5mm. 

55.  Lymnaea  emarginata,  var.  ontarioensis  (Miihlfeldt). — This 
form  was  very  abundant  on  hmestone  rock  off  the  north  shore  of 
Stony  Island,  on  the  docks  in  the  same  locality  (2)  and  in  the  rock 
pools  along  the  shore  (3).  The  shells  are  quite  heavy,,  and  are  almost 
pure  white  outside  and  pinkish  inside.  There  is  considerable  variation 
in  size  among  them.  Some  are  malleate,  others  not;  some  are  long 
and  narrow  with  the  aperture  only  about  one-half  as  long  as  the  en- 
tire shell,  others  are  wdde  with  the  aperture  almost  two-thirds  the 
length  of  the  shell.  Extremes  measure:  altitude  18.5mm.,  width 
9.75mm.,  aperture  length  10mm.,  aperture  width  9.75mm.;  and  alti- 
tude 15.5mm.,  width  11mm.,  aperture  length  10.25mm.,  aperture 
width  7.5mm.  Some  of  the  shells  are  perforate  but  the  majority  are 
not. 

56.  Lymnaea  palustris  (Miiller). — In  this  region,  Lymnaea  palu- 
stris  was  the  characteristic  shell  of  the  temporary  swamp  (18).  Ow- 
ing to  the  work  being  done  in  the  summer,  a  large  part  of  the  shells 
were  found  buried  in  the  leaves,  aestivating,  where  ponds  had  been 


MOLLUSCA.  163 

in  the  spring.  This  species  was  found  in  al)undance  wherever  the 
temporary  swamps  (18)  were  studied,  on  Sand  Point,  North  and  Stony 
Islands,  and  around  Rush  Lake.  It  was  also  found,  but  in  lesser 
numbers,  in  protected  marshes  (7)  and  in  Turtle  Bay  (8),  on  Sand 
Point,  in  rock  pools  along  the  north  shore  of  Stony  Island  (3),  in  the 
creek  portion  and  in  the  "dead  waters"  of  the  Pigeon  River  (23,  24), 
in  a  sedge  marsh  (12),  in  perennial  swamps  (19)  and  in  a  county 
drain  (17)  at  Rush  Lake;  and  in  sand  pools  (6)  along  the  beach  at  Hat 
Point. 

Lymnaea  palustris,  var.— The  majority  of  the  specimens  obtained 
from  a  certain  temporary  swamp  (18)  on  Sand  Point  are  elongate, 
small,  little  malleated,  and  have  a  very  heavy  internal  callus  on  the 
lip.  A  representative  example  measures:  altitude  18mm.,  width 
7.75mm.  ^  aperture  length  9mm.,  aperture  width  4mm.  An  example 
of  the  short,  light-colored,  Httle  malleated  specimens  that  were  col- 
lected from  the  rock  pools  (4)  on  Stony  Island  measures:  altitude 
18.25mm.,  width  9.5mm.,  aperture  length  10.5mm.,  aperture  width 
6.5mm.  Of  some  large,  slender,  and  heavily  malleated  specimens 
that  were  found  in  a  temporary  swamp  (18)  on  Stony  Island,  an  ex- 
treme measures:  altitude  31mm.,  width  11mm.,  aperture  length  12.5 
mm.,  aperture  width  6mm. 

57.  Lymnaea  palustris,  var.  michiganensis  Walker. — A  consider- 
able number  of  juvenile  shells  of  this  form  were  collected  from  a 
temporary  swamp  (18)  on  Sand  Point.  A  few  young  specimens  ^yere 
also  obtained  from  the  upper  portion  of  the  Pigeon  River  (23)  and 
from  a  large,  perennial  swamp  on  Sand  Point  (19).  A  number  of 
adult  shells  were  found  in  an  annual  swamp  near  Rush  Lake  (18). 

58.  Lymnaea  palustris,  var.  zebra  Taylor. — The  striped  form  of 
Lymnaea  ■palustris  was  found  abundantly  in  two  of  the  temporary 
swamps  on  Sand  Point  (18)  and  in  shallow^  water  in  a  sedge  marsh 
along  the  shore  of  Rush  Lake  (12).  Most  of  the  shells  are  striped 
longitudinally,  often  with  serrated  or  wavy  stripes,  and  one  specimen 
from  Rush  Lake  is  spirally  striped. 

59.  Lymnaea  reflexa  Say. — This  species  was  characteristic  of  the 
protected  sedge  marshes  of  the  Bay  (7)  just  as  Lymnaea  palustris 
was  of  the  temporary  swamps  in  this  region  (18).  It  was  found  in 
great  abundance  in  this  habitat  at  Sand  Point,  Stony  Island,  and 
Caseville.  It  was  also  collected  in  small  numbers  at  Sand  Point,  in 
Turtle  Bay  (8)  and  in  a  large  perennial  swamp  (19);  at  Stony  Island, 
in  a  protected  marsh  on  the  rock}^  north  shore  (4) ;  and  at  Caseville. 
in  the  ox-bow  pond  of  Pigeon  River  (22). 

60.  Lymnaea  reflexa,  var.* — Some  specimens  obtained  from  the 

*  Baker,  H.  Burrinatoii.       Variations   in  Lymntea  reflexa  Say,  from  Huron  County.  12tli 
Ann,  Kept.  Mich.  Acad.  Sci.,  pp.  60-63. 


164  MOLLUSCA. 

sedge  marshes  and  Turtle  Bay  (7,  8)  at  Sand  Point  are  striped  trans- 
versely, much  as  Lymnaea  palustris  zebra  except  that  the  stripes  run 
at  right  angles  to  the  usual  direction  of  the  bands  on  that  form. 
Other  specimens  collected  in  Turtle  Bay  are  considerably  broader 
than  normal.  An  example  measures:  altitude  28mm.,  width  11mm., 
aperture  length  14.25mm.,  aperture  width  7mm.  Those  from  the 
perennial  swamps  on  Sand  Point  and  Stony  Island  (19)  are,  on  the 
other  hand,  large,  elongate  and  very  often  strongly  but  irregularly 
malleate.  One  of  these  measures:  altitude  29.25mm.,  width  10.5mm., 
aperture  length  12.5mm.,  aperture  width  7mm.  Some  of  the  shells 
from  these  swamps  on  Stony  Island  are,  in  addition,  somewhat  scali- 
form,  with  the  suture  quite  deeply  impressed. 

61.  Lymnaea  refiexa,  var.  walkeri  Baker. — The  scaliform  variety 
was  found  in  small  numbers  with  the  typical  shells  in  two  of  the  sedge 
marsh  habitats  (7)  and  in  Turtle  Bay  (8)  at  Sand  Point. 

Lymnaea  sp? — Juvenile  specimens,  too  young  to  identify,  were 
obtained  in  a  temporary  swamp  (18)  and  off  Dune  Point  (15)  at  Rush 
Lake. 

Planorhidae. 

62.  Planorbis  bicarinatus  Say. — This  species  appeared  to  be  very 
rare  in  the  region  studied  as  only  four  specimens  were  obtained.  One 
of  these  was  brought  up  on  the  nets  of  the  fishermen  from  deep  water 
off  Sand  Point  (1),  the  other  three  were  found  among  algae,  principal- 
ly Vaucheria,  along  the  shores  of  the  Pigeon  River  (21).  The  speci- 
men from  Sand  Point  is  pure  white  and  very  sharply  carinated;  the 
specimens  from  the  river  are  considerably  roughened  by  the  growth 
lines.  The  largest  of  the  latter  measures:  greater  diameter  13.25mm., 
aperture  length  7mm.,  aperture  width  6.25mm. 

63.  Planorbis  trivolvis  Say. — ^This  shell  was  widely  distributed 
and  quite  abundant  in  the  region  studied.  It  was  found  as  follows: 
at  Sand  Point,  on  decaying  sedges  and  driftwood  in  the  sedge  marshes 
(7)  and  in  Turtle  Bay  (8),  on  hly-pads  in  the  lakes  (9,  10)  and  on 
leaves  on  the  bottoms  of  the  perennial  inland  swamps  (19);  on  North 
and  Stony  Islands,  on  driftwood,  etc.,  in  the  protected  swamps  along 
both  the  rocky  and  sandy  shores  (4,  7)  and  in  the  perennial  swamps 
(19) ;  at  Caseville,  in  a  sedge  marsh  (7)  on  the  Bay  near  the  mouth  of 
the  Pigeon  River,  among  algae  thruout  the  river  itself  (21,  23)  and 
on  lily-pads  and  driftwood  in  the  ox-bow  pond  (22),  and  in  the  "dead 
waters"  (24)  off  from  it ;  and  at  Rush  Lake,  in  the  perennial  swamps 
(19),  on  lily-pads  in  the  lake  where  the  bottom  was  mucky  (11), 
in  the  wet  places  in  the  sedge  marshes  (12)  and  in  a  county  drain  (17). 


MOLLUSC  A.  105 

The    shells  from   the  Bay  were,  as  a  rule,  larger  and  heavier  than 
those  from  inland  waters. 

64.  Planorbis  truncatus  Miles. — Only  two  living  specimens  of  this 
species  were  oV)tained,  but  dead  shells  were  quite  common  in  places 
along  the  exposed  north  shore  of  Sand  Point.  The  two  living  speci- 
mens, which  were  juvenile,  were  collected  from  floating  driftwood  and 
dead  sedges  in  a  protected  sedge  marsh  on  the  south  shore  of  Sand 
Point  (7)  near  Turtle  Bay.  The  dead  shells  had  probably  been  washed 
up  from  deep  water  (1),  as  continued  search  did  not  reveal  any  adult 
specimens'  anywhere.  It  seems  probable  that  in  this  region  the  species 
lives  during  the  summer  in  deep  water,  and  comes  into  shallow  water 
at  certain  seasons  of  the  year  to  breed,  etc.,  as  has  already  been  noted 
in  the  case  of  Lynmaea  mcgasoma. 

65.  Planorbis  campanulatus  Say. — Typical  specimens  of  this  shell 
were  obtained  from  the  ox-bow  pond  of  the  Pigeon  River  (22),  on 
Potamogeton,  lily-pads,  etc. 

Planorbis  campanulatus,  var. — Many  of  the  specimens  of  this  shell 
are  far  from  typical,  the  size  being  smaller  and  the  whorls  narrower, 
the  lips  not  so  strongly  campanulate,  and  the  reflection  more  abrupt, 
the  end  of  the  last  whorl  turning  upward  very  much  after  the  manner 
of  variety  minor,  which  shell  they  somewhat  resemble.  A  shell  from 
Sand  Point  measures:  height  5mm.,  greater  diameter  11.5mm.,  aper- 
ture length  4.5mm.,  aperture  width  3mm. 

This  type  of  shell  was  obtained  from  the  lakes  on  the  south  side  of 
Sand  Point  (10),  and  from  the  upper  portion  of  the  Pigeon  River  (23) 
and  the  ox-bow  pond  off  from  it  (22).  A  specimen  was  also  found 
washed  up  on  the  rocky  east  shore  of  Stony  Island  (2).  Shells 
nearer  the  average  for  campanulatus  were  collected  from  Stony  Island 
and  Caseville,  in  the  same  localities  as  the  more  aberrant  ones.  In 
the  latter  locahty  typical  shells  were  found,  as  mentioned  above. 

66.  Planorbis  campanulatus,  var.  minor  Currier. ^ — Dead  shells  of 
this  variety  were  found  in  large  numbers  in  Rush  Lake.  These  ap- 
peared to  be  fresh  shells,  but  no  living  specimens  were  found.  An 
individual  measures:  height  4.5mm.,  width  9.75mm.,  aperture  length 
4mm.,  aperture  width  4.25mm. 

67.  Planorbis  exacuous  Say. — This  shell  was  obtained  on  drift- 
wood in  the  sedge  marshes  (7),  on  driftwood  and  lily-pads  in  Turtle 
Bay  (8),  on  lily-pads  and  decaying  leaves  in  the  lakes  (9,  10)  and  on 
leaves  in  the  perennial  swamps  (19),  at  Sand  Point;  on  driftwood  in 
protected  places  along  the  shores,  both  rocky  and  sandy  (4,  7),  on 
Stony  Island;  and  on  driftwood  in  the  ox-bow  pond  of  the  Pigeon 
River  (22).  The  amount  of  carination  varies  considerably  in  these 
shells. 


166  MOLLUSC  A. 

68.  Planorbis  hirsutus  Gould.- — Specimens  of  this  shell  were  ob- 
tained in  small  numbers  at  Sand  Point,  ifrom  the  under-side  of  lily- 
pads  in  Turtle  Bay  (8) ;  on  Stony  Island,  from  lily-pads  in  the  large 
swamps  (19)  and  from  driftwood  in  a  marsh  along  the  protected  rocky 
shore  (4) ;  and  in  Rush  Lake,  off  Dune  Point  (15).  Some  of  the  speci- 
mens are  quite  strongly  carinated,  others  show  very  little  carination. 

69.  Planorbis  deflectus  Say. — ^This  species  was  not  found  so  widely 
distributed  as  the  two  preceding  ones,  but  it  was  more  abundant  in 
the  localities  where  it  was  found.  It  was  collected  at  Sand  Point, 
from  decaying  driftwood  in  the  sedge  marshes  (7),  and  on  Stony  Is- 
land, from  lily-pads  in  the  perennial  swamps  (19). 

70.  Planorbis  parvus  Say.- — This  shell  appeared  to  be  the  most 
abundant  and  widely  distributed  of  the  small  planorbices  in  this 
region,  just  as  Planorbis  trivolvis  was  among  the  larger  ones.  It  was 
found  at  Sand  Point,  on  the  under-side  of  lily-pads  and  driftwood  in 
Turtle  Bay  (8)  and  on  decaying  leaves  in  an  annual  swamp  (18) ;  in 
the  Pigeon  River,  among  algae  (21),  on  lily-pads  in  the  ox-bow  pond 
(22)  and  in  the  dead  water,  (24);  at  Rush  Lake,  on  the  bottom  off 
Raymond's,  Dune,  and  Fourth  Points  (14,  15,  16)  and  in  a  perennial 
swamp  (19);  and  near  Little  Oak  Point,  in  an  old  stone  quarry  (20). 

Planorbis  parvus,  var. — A  variation  that  was  slightly  carinate  and 
concave,  above  and  below,  was  collected  in  a  perennial  swamp  (19) 
near  Rush  Lake. 

71.  Planorbis  parvus,  var.  walkeri  Vanatta. — A  single  individual 
of  this  form  was  found  in  a  temporary  swamp  (18)  near  Rush  Lake. 

72.  Planorbis  umbilicatellus  Cockerell. — Single  specimens  of  this 
species  were  collected  from  temporary  swamps  (18)  on  Sand  Point 
and  at  Rush  Lake. 

73.  Planorbis  crista  (Linne). — A  shell  of  this  species  was  found 
on  the  under-side  of  a  lily-pad  in  a  perennial  swamp  (19)  on  Stony 
Island,  and  two  others  in  the  sedge  marsh  (12)  at  Rush  Lake. 

Planorbis  sp? — Some  specimens,  too  young  to  identify,  were  found 
in  temporarv  swamps  (18)  on  Sand  Point  and  near  Caseville. 

74.  Segmentina  armigera  (Say). — This  species  was  obtained  in 
considerable  abundance  on  Sand  Point,  from  a  perennial  swamp  (19); 
on  Stony  Island,  from  a  temporary  swamp  (18);  and  from  Rush  Lake 
from  both  kinds  of  swamps  (18,  19).  An  example  measures:  greater 
diameter  7.5mm.,  height  2.75mm.,  aperture  height  2.5mm.,  aperture 
width  2.25mm. 

75.  Segmentina  crassilabris  Walker. — This  species  was  collected 
in  small  numbers  from  driftwood  in  the  upper  portion  of  Pigeon 
River   (23)   and  from  temporary  swamps  (18)   near  Rush  Lake.     A 


MOLLTISCA.  167 

shell  measures:  greater  diameter  6.5mm..  height  2.75mm.,  aperture 
height  2mm..  aperture  width  1.75mm. 

Segmentina  crassilabris,  var. — A  variation  of  the  species  was  found 
on  Sand  Point,  on  leaves  on  the  bottom  of  the  larger  lakes  (10),  and 
in  a  perennial  swamp  (19).  This  form  has  not  so  strong  a  callus  on 
the  lip  as  has  the  typical  form,  nor  is  the  lower  lip  so  strongly  carinate ; 
it  is  even  higher  in  proportion  to  its  diameter.  A  representative 
example  measures:  greater  diameter  6.7omm.,  width  3mm.,  aperture 
height  2.5mm.,  aperture  width  2.25mm. 

Ancylidae. 

76.  Ancylus  fuscus  C.  B.  Adams. — Only  one  specimen  of  this 
species  was  found.  It  was  obtained  from  a  board  which  was  floating 
on  the  water  in  the  ox-bow  pond  off  the  Pigeon  River  (22).  This 
shell  is  quite  narrow  and  high,  measuring:  length  6mm.,  width 
4mm.,  altitude  1.75mm.;  the  left  slope  is  quite  convex,  while  the 
right  is  .straight. 

77.  Ancylus  parallelus  Haldeman. — ^This  shell  was  found  in  small 
numbers  in  a  cove  on  the  south  shore  of  Sand  Point  (8),  in  con.sider- 
able  abundance  in  the  ox-bow  pond  off  the  Pigeon  River  (22)  and  in 
the  dead  waters  several  miles  up  the  same  river  (24),  and  from 
mucky-bottomed  portions  of  Rush  Lake  (11).  In  all  of  these  places 
the  specimens  were  found  on  the  under-side  of  lily-pads.  The  speci- 
mens from  Sand  Point  are  narrow,  and  the  sides  are  quite  parallel; 
those  from  Caseville  and  Rush  Lake  are  more  typical,  are  broader 
and  wider  anteriorly.  All  of  the  shells  are  small;  one  of  the  larger 
examples  from  Sand  Point  measures:  length  4.25mm.,  width  1.25mm., 
altitude  1.25mm.;  one  from  Rush  Lake:  length  4mm.,  width  2.25 
mm.,  altitude  1.50mm. 

Physidae. 

78.  Physa  ancillaria  Say. — A  few  specimens  of  this  species  were 
found  on  rocks  in  an  old  wharf  near  Little  Oak  Point.  A  represen- 
tative example  measures:  altitude  11.5mm..  width  7.25mm.,  aperture 
length  9mm..  aperture  width  4mm. 

Physa  ancillaria,  var. — Two  'specimens  of  this  species  that  are  not 
typical  were  brought  up  on  the  nets  of  the  fishermen  from  about 
twenty  feet  of  water,  a  mile  off  the  north  shore  of  Sand  Point  (1). 
One  is  a  deformed  shell,  but  apparently  is  the  same  form  as  the  other, 
which  is  a  fragile  shell,  Avith  the  last  whorl  enlarged  at  the  top  so  that 
it  swells  considerably  out  of  the  line  of  the  conical  first  whorls.  In 
shape  it  somewhat  resembles  the  variety  magnalacustris,  but  the  last 
whorl  enlarges  more  abruptly  at  its  upper  end.      It  measures:  alti- 


168  MOLLUSCA. 

tude  9.5mm.,  width  6.5mm.,  aperture  length  6.75mm.,  aperture  width 
3mm.  The  deformity  of  the  other  specimen  has  apparently  been 
caused  by  an  injury  near  the  beginning  of  the  last  whorl,  which  is 
greatly  enlarged.  The  shell  measures:  altitude  12.25mm.,  width 
9.25mm.,  aperture  length  9.5mm.,  aperture  width  5mm. 

79.  Physa  ancillaria,  var.  magnalacustris  Walker. — This  variety 
was  collected  in  considerable  numbers  on  the  limestone  rock  bottom 
off  the  north  shores  of  North  and  Stony  Islands  (2),  and  from  rock 
pools  along 'the  shore  of  the  former  (3).  A  thin  form  was  also  found 
on  the  rocks  of  a  wharf  off  the  north  shore  of  Sand  Point.  An  ex- 
ample of  the  former  measures:  altitude  14.25mm.,  width  10mm., 
aperture  length  11mm.,  aperture  width  6.25mm.;  of  the  latter:  alti- 
tude 15mm.,  width  11mm.,  length  of  aperture  12.25mm.,  aperture 
width  7mm. 

80.  Physa  sayii  Tappan. — A  single  specimen  of  this  species  was 
obtained  from  Turtle  Bay  (8),  from  the  under-side  of  a  piece  of  drift- 
wood. It  measures:  altitude  17mm.,  width  9.75mm.,  aperture  length 
13mm.,  aperture  width  6.25mm. 

81.  Physa  heterostropha  (Say). — ^This  species  was  fairly  abundant 
and  quite  widely  distributed  in  the  region  studied.  It  was  found  as 
follows:  in  the  sedge  marshes  (7)  and  on  lily-pads  in  Turtle  Bay  (8), 
at  Sand  Point ;  on  rocks  off  the  north  shore  of  North  Island  (2) ;  among 
algae  along  the  shores  of  the  Pigeon  River  (21)  and  on  the  under-side 
of  lily-pads  and  driftwood  and  among  Potamogeton  in  the  ox-bow 
pond  off  the  river  (22);  and  on  the  under-side  of  lily-pads  in  the 
mucky-bottomed  portions  of  Rush  Lake  (11).  The  specimens  ob- 
tained from  North  Island  are  very  light-colored,  some  of  them  being 
pure  white.  All  of  the  specimens  are  quite  small:  one  of  the  largest 
measures:  altitude  10.25mm.,  width  6.25mm.,  aperture  length  7.75 
mm.,  aperture  width  3.25mm. 

82.  Physa  gyrina  Say. — ^This  shell  was  more  abundant  locally  than 
the  preceding  and  was  almost  as  widely  distributed.  It  was  found 
on  driftwood  in  the  sedge  marshes  (7)  and  on  driftwood  and  among 
grass  in  Turtle  Bay  (8),  at  Sand  Point;  on  the  under-side  of  hly-pads 
in  the  dead  waters  several  miles  up  the  Pigeon  River  (24);  and  in 
temporary  and  perennial  swamps  (18,  19)  and  in  a  county  drain  (17) 
at  Rush  Lake.  The  shells  are  mostly  small;  the  largest  one  measures: 
altitude  16.5mm.,  width  10.75mm.,  aperture  length  12.5mm.,  aperture 
width  6.5mm. 

83.  Physa  gyrina,  var.  hildrethiana  (Lea). — A  few' specimens  of  this 
variety  were  obtained  from  a  temporary  swamp  (18)  near  Rush  Lake. 
The  largest  one  measures:  altitude  14mm.,  width  7.5mm.,  aperture 
length  10.5mm.,  aperture  width  4.75mm.;  it  is  considerably  malleated. 


MOLLUSCA.  169 

84.  Physa  elliptica  Lea. — This  shell  appeared  to  he  quite  rare  in 
the  region  studied.  A  few  specimens  were  found  in  a  temporary 
swamp  (18)  and  in  a  perennial  swamp  (19)  on  Sand  Point,  and  in  the 
dead  waters  of  the  Pigeon  River  (24).  An  example  measures:  alti- 
tude 7.5mm.,  width  4.5mm.,  aperture  length  5.5mm.,  aperture  width 
2mm. 

85.  Physa  Integra  Haldeman.— A  few  juvenile  shells  of  this  species 
were  collected  among  algae,  principally  Vaucheria,  in  the  creek  and 
river  portions,  and  on  the  under-side  of  Hly-pads  in  the  dead  water 
of  the  Pigeon  River  (23,  21,  24). 

86.  Aplexa  hypnorum  (Linne). — ^This  shell  was  very  abundant  in 
the  temporary  swamps  (18)  on  Sand  Point,  Stony  and  North  Islands, 
and  around  Rush  Lake.  Juvenile  specimens  were  also  obtained  from 
a  perennial  swamp  (19)  on  Sand  Point  and  from  one  near  Rush  Lake. 
The  shells  are  quite  narrow:  a  representative  specimen  from  Sand 
Point  measures:  length  14.25mm.,  width  6mm.;  from  Stony  Island: 
length  15mm.,  width  6.25mm.;  from  Rush  Lake:  length  17.5mm., 
width  7.5mm. 

PECTINIBRANCHIA. 

Pleuroceridae. 

87.  Pleurocera  subulate,  var.  intensum  (Reeve).  —  This  species 
was  found  in  great  abundance  off  Raymond's  Point  (14)  in  Rush  Lake, 
living  in  from  about  six  to  forty-eight  inches  of  water.  An  example 
measures:  altitude  21.5mm.,  width  8mm.,  aperture  length  7.5mm., 
aperture  width  4.5mm. 

88.  Goniobasis  livescens  (Menke).^ — ^This  species  was  found  in 
great  numbers  in  the  unprotected,  rocky,  littoral  habitats  off  the  north 
shores  of  both  North  and  Stony  Islands,  both  on  the  Hmestone  rock 
that  forms  the  bottom  and  on  piers  of  wharves,  etc.,  in  the  same 
localities  (2).  It  was  also  collected  in  rock  pools  (3)  along  these 
shores.  In  the  Pigeon  River  (21),  from  about  one-half  mile  from  the 
mouth  up  as  far  as  the  creek  portion,  these  molluscs  almost  cover  the 
stones  on  the  bottom.  A  single  specimen  was  found  on  Potamogeton 
in  the  ox-bow  pond  (22)  off  from  this  river.  A  few  specimens  were 
also  found  on  the  rock  bottom  off  Little  Oak  Point  (2). 

The  shells  obtained  off  the  shores  of  North  and  Stony  Islands  and 
Little  Oak  Point  are  heavy,  and  often  have  concretions  of  marl  on 
them.  Those  from  the  Pigeon  River  are  comparatively  fragile, 
strongly  malleated,  and  encrusted  with  a  growth  of  algae. 

Goniobasis  livescens,  var. — A  few  shells  were  obtained  off  Sand 
Point  in  deep  water  (1)  and  one  from  shallow  water  off  Twin  Bars  (5) 


170  MOLLUSCA, 

ft 

that  are  not  typical.  They  are  somewhat  narrower,  and  the  whorls 
are  much  less  convex.  They  somewhat  resemble  the  specimens  of 
Pleurocera  suhulare  intensum  obtained  from  Rush  Lake.  An  ex- 
ample measure's:  altitude  17mm.,  width  7mm.,  aperture  length  7mm., 
aperture  width  4.5mm. 

Amnicolidae. 

89.  Amnicola  limosa  (Say).- — In  this  region,  this  species  was  the 
most  widely  distributed  of  the  genus,  altho  it  was  the  most  abundant 
one  only  around  Caseville.  Specimens  of  Ammcola  walkeri  were 
more  numerous  on  Sand  Point,  and  shells  of  a  form  of  Amnicola  lus- 
trica  in  Rush  Lake.  A  single  juvenile  specimen  was  found  on  the 
under-side  of  a  lily-pad  in  Turtle  Bay  (8)  on  Sand  Point.  Around 
Caseville  it  was  very  abundant  in  the  masses  of  algae  along  the  Pigeon 
River  (21)  and  on  lily-pads  and  Potamogeton  in  the  ox-bow  pond 
(22)  off  from  the  same.  Specimens  of  this  species  were  quite  numerous 
in  Rush  Lake,  on  the  under-side  of  lily-pads  in  places  where  the  bot- 
tom was  mucky  (11)  and  on  the  bottom  in  sandy  and  gravelly  places 
(14,  15,  16).  In  these  latter  places  it  was  found  in  the  very  shallow 
water  along  the  shore. 

90.  Amnicola  lustrica  Pilsbry,  var? — Shells  referred  to  this  species 
were  found  in  great  abundance  off  Raymond's,  Dune,  and  Fourth 
Points  (14,  15,  16)  at  Rush  Lake.  They  differ  from  typical  shells  in 
having  the  basal  whorl  larger  and  more  ventricose,  and  the  aperture 
more  nearly  circular;  these  make  the  shell  somewhat  broader.  An 
example  measures:  length  3.90mm.,  width  2.2mm. 

91.  Ammcola  walkeri  Pilsbry. — ^This  species  was  the  most  abund- 
ant- Amnicola  on  Sand  Point,  where  specimens  were  quite  numerous 
in  a  cove  on  the  south  side  (8)  and  in  one  of  the  more  permanent 
swamps  (19).  A  single  juvenile  shell  was  also  obtained  on  the  gravel- 
ly bottom  off  Fourth  Point  (16)  in  Rush  Lake. 

92.  Amnicola  cincinnatiensis  Anthony. — Only  one  specimen  of 
this  species  was  obtained.  This  was  found  in  a  small  basin  along 
the  shore  of  the  creek  portion  of  Pigeon  River  (23).  It  is  shghtly 
smaller  than  the  average,  being  4.5mm.  in  height. 

Valvatidae. 

93.  Valvata  tricarinata,  var.  simplex  Gould. — Specimens  of  this 
form  were  obtained  in  large  numbers  at  Rush  Lake,  off  Raymond's 
and  Dune  Points  (14,  15).  They  were  much  more  numerous  off  the 
latter.     Some  of  the  shells  approached  closely  the  following  form. 

94.  Valvata  tricarinata,  var.  unicarinata  (De  Kay). — ^This  shell 
was  collected  in  large  numbers  off  Dune  and  Fourth  Points  (15,  16) 


MOLLUSCA.  171 

at  Rush  Lake.  They  occurred  in  greater  numbers  off  the  former.  As 
mentioned  al)ove,  shells  intergrading  between  the  unicarinate  and 
non-carinate  forms  were  found  in  abundance. 

Viviparidae. 

95.  Campeloma  decisum  (Say). — A  single  specimen  that  has  })een 
referred  to  this  si)ecies  by  ^Ir.  Walker  was  brought  up  on  the  nets  by 
the  fishermen,  from  about  twenty  feet  of  water,  a  little  over  a  mile 
nprth  of  Sand  Point  (1).  The  shell  is  heavily  eroded  and  measures: 
length  12mm.,  width  9mm.,  aperture  length  7.5mm.,  aperture  width 
6mm.     The  epidermis  is  green  with  a  tinge  of  red  at  the  apex. 

96.  Campeloma  integrum  (De  Kay). — A  single  juvenile  or  dwarf 
specimen  of  this  species  was  brought  up  with  Campeloma  decisum 
from  about  the  same  situation  as  that  shell  (1).  Its  epidermis  is 
copper-colored  and  its  measurements  as  follows:  length  19.5mm., 
width  13mm.,  aperture  length  10.5mm.,  aperture  width  8.5mm. 
Specimens  were  also  found  in  considerable  numbers  buried  in  the 
sand  in  shallow  water  along  the  shore  of  the  ox-bow  pond  off  the 
Pigeon  River  (22),  and  in  less  abundance  in  the  river  itself,  both  in 
the  creek  and  river  portions  (21,  23).  The  epidermis  of  these  shells 
is  green,  sometimes  tinged  with  reddish.  Representative  examples 
measure:  male,  length  25mm.,  width  14mm.,  aperture  length  12mm., 
aperture  width  10mm.;  female,  length  35mm.,  width  22mm..  aperture 
length  19mm.,  aperture  width  16mm. 

97.  Campeloma  rufum  (Haldeman).^ — Seven  specimens  of  this 
species  were  obtained  in  the  same  manner  and  in  the  same  locality  as 
Campeloma  decisum  and  the  first  specimen  of  C.  integrum  (1).  Five 
are  apparently  females  while  two  are  males.  They  all  have  a  copper- 
colored  epidermis  and  are  quite  heavily  eroded.  The  largest  of  each 
sex  measure:  female,  length  16.5mm.,  width  13mm.,  aperture  length 
11.25mm.,  aperture  width  8mm. ;  male,  length  12.5mm.,  width  8.5mm., 
aperture  length  6.5mm.,  aperture  width  5mm. 

PELECVPODA. 

Unionidae. 

98.  Lampsilis  ventricosa  (Barnes). — This  unione  was  very  abund- 
ant all  along  the  unprotected  north  shore  of  Sand  Point  (5).  It  also 
occurred,  but  in  lesser  numbers,  along  the  protected  south  shore  (7) 
of  the  Point,  and  on  the  unprotected,  sandy,  west  shore  of  Stony  Is- 
land (5).  All  of  the  shells  are  the  small  Great  Lakes  form.  The 
beaks   are   considerably  eroded.     The   largest   male   shell   measures: 


172  MOLLUSCA. 

length  75mm.,  height  53mm.,  breadth  39mm.,  the  largest  female: 
length  70mnl.,  height  49mm.,  breadth  42mm.  The  average  specimen 
is  considerably  smaller. 

99.  Lampsilis  multiradiata  (Lea).- — A  single  female  specimen  of 
this  shell  was  ol^tained  from  the  lower  portion  of  the  Pigeon  River 
(21).     It  measures:  length  58mm.,  height  36mm.,  breadth  23mm. 

100.  Lampsilis  luteola  (Lamarck). — ^This  was  the  most  abundant, 
widely  distributed  and  variable  unione  in  the  region  studied.  The 
small  Great  Lakes  form  was  found  exceedingly  abundant  along  the 
unprotected,  sandy  shores  of  Sand  Point  (5).  It  was  also  obtained, 
but  in  lesser  numbers,  from  the  protected  sedge  marshes  (7)  and  the 
deep  littoral  habitat  (1)  off  Sand  Point,  and  the  unprotected,  sandy 
beaches  of  Stony  Island  (5)  and  near  Little  Oak,  and  Hat  Points  (5). 
The  largest  examples  measure:  male,  length  64mm.,  height  37mm., 
breadth  23.5mm.;  female,  length  52.5mm.,  height  34.5mm.,  breadth 
20mm. 

The  large  river  form  occurred  in  considerable  numbers  in  the  lower 
portion  of  Pigeon  River  (21)  and  in  the  ox-bow  pond  (22)  off  the 
river  near  its  mouth,  and  in  small  numbers  in  Rush  Lake,  in  places 
where  the  bottom  is  mucky  (11)  or  marly  (13)  and  off  Dune  Point 
(15)  where  the  bottom  is  sandy  with  a  very  thin  layer  of  marl.  The 
largest  examples  measure:  male,  length  119mm.,  height  66mm., 
breadth  42.5mm.;  female,  length  101mm.,  height  63mm.,  breadth 
36.5mm.  The  specimens  from  Rush  Lake  are  smaller;  the  largest 
specimen,  a  male,  measures  86.5mm.  in  length. 

As  will  be  seen  from  the  above  measurements,  the  males  in  this 
region  appear  to  attain  a  greater  size  than  the  females;  this  is  true 
both  in  the  thirty-odd  specimens  collected  from  the  Pigeon  River 
and  in  the  specimens  from  Sand  Point,  which  number  about  one 
hundred. 

The  few  shells  collected  from  Rush  Lake  were  found  entirely  buried 
in  the  light  muck,  each  with  only  a  funnel-shaped  cavity  about  four 
inches  deep  leading  down  to  the  siphons.  When  disturbed  in  this 
position,  the  mollusc,  by  suddenly  ejecting  water,  caused  the  sides 
of  the  funnel  to  cave  in  and  completely  bury  it.  The  ejection  of  the 
water  appeared  to  be  done  by  the  sudden  closing  of  the  valves,  as  is 
common  among  bivalves  when  disturbed. 

101.  Lampsilis  recta,  var.  sageri  (Conrad). — A  single  male  speci- 
men of  this  Great  Lakes  form  was  obtained  from  shallow  water  along 
the  unprotected  sandy  shore  of  Sand  Point  (5)  off  Twin  Bars.  It 
measures:  length  87mm.,  height  37mm.,  breadth  20mm.  The  beaks 
are  quite  heavily  eroded. 

102.  Lampsilis    nasuta    (Say). — This    species    was    found    quite 


MOLLUSCA.  173 

abundantly  along  the  unprotected  sandy  shore  of  8and  Point  (5),  in 
shallow  water.  A  single  specimen  was  also  collected  in  a  similar 
locality  off  the  shore  of  Stony  Island.  The  beaks  are  considerably 
eroded.  A  large  specimen  from  Sand  Point  measures:  length  66mm., 
height  31mm.,  breadth  18mm. 

103.  Lampsilis  iris  (Lea).- — A  single  specimen  of  this  shell  was  ob- 
tained from  the  lower  portion  of  Pigeon  River  (21),  in  quite  shallow 
water.  It  measures:  length  74mm.,  height  42mm.,  breadth  18mm. 
The  beaks  are  somewhat  eroded. 

104.  Strophitus  edentulus  (Say).— A  single  shell  of  this  species 
was  found  in  about  four  feet  of  water  off  the  south,  protected  shore 
of  Sand  Point  (7).  It  measures:  length  83.5mm.,  height  43mm., 
breadth  33mm.;  the  beaks  are  quite  heavily  eroded. 

105.  Anodonta  marginata  Say. — This  species  was  obtained  in  con- 
siderable abundance  in  Rush  Lake,  in  places  where  the  bottom  was 
mucky  (11),  and  off  Dune  Point  (15),  where  the  bottom  was  sand 
with  a  very  thin  cover  of  marl.  A  representative  example  measures: 
length  86mm.,  height  45mm.,  breadth  31mm.  In  mucky  places  these 
shells  buried  themselves  as  has  been  described  for  Lampsilis  luteola. 

106.  Anodonta  grandis  Say. — A  few  specimens  of  the  typical  form 
of  this  species  were  collected  in  the  lower  part  of  the  Pigeon  River 
(21)  and  in  the  ox-bow  pond  off  the  river  (22).  The  largest  shell 
measures:  length  118mm.,  height  65mm.,  breadth  39.5mm. 

107.  Anodonta  grandis,  var.  footiana  (Lea). — A  single  depaupe- 
rate and  deformed  specimen  of  this  form  was  obtained  from  the  lower 
portion  of  the  Pigeon  River  (21)  and  three  shells  of  the  lake  form 
were  collected  from  the  unprotected  sandy  shore  of  Sand  Point  (5). 
The  largest  of  the  latter  measures:  length  85mm.,  height  44mm., 
breadth  33mm.     The  beaks  are  considerably  eroded. 

108.  Anodonta  grandis,  var. . gigantea  (Lea). — This  form  was  ob- 
tained abundantly  in  Rush  Lake,  in  places  where  the  bottom  was 
mucky  (11)  or  marly  (13),  or  sandy,  as  off  Raymond's  and  Dune 
Points  (14,  15)..  It  did  not  bury  itself  in  the  muck  as  did  Anodonta 
marginata  and  Lampsilis  luteola.  An  average  example  measures: 
length  115mm.,  height  63mm..  breadth  40mm. 

109.  Anodontoides  ferussacianus,  var.  subcylindraceus  (Lea). — A 
juvenile  individual  of  this  species  was  found  on  the  unprotected  north 
shore  of  Sand  Point  (5).  It  was  obtained  in  great  abundance  in  the 
lower  portion  of  the  Pigeon  River  (21)  and  in  the  ox-bow  pond  off 
from  it  (22).  A  representative  example  measures:  length  66mm., 
height  32.5mm.,  breadth  25mm. 

110.  Anodontoides  ferussacianus,  var.  modestus  (Lea). — This 
species  occurred  in  considerable  abundance  in  the  ox-bow  pond  (22) 


174  MOLLUSCA. 

off   the    Pigeon    River.       An  example   measures:     length   141mm., 
height  69mm.,  breadth  54.5mm. 

111.  Alasmidonta  calceola  (Lea).^ — This  species  appeared  to  be 
very  rare  in  this  region,  only  one  specimen  being  found.  It  was  col- 
lected on  Little  Oak  Point,  where  it  had  been  washed  up  alive  into 
very  shallow  water  on  the  bare  sand  beach  (5)  apparently  from  some- 
what deeper  water.  The  shell  is  quite  small,  being  only  26mm.  long, 
and  is  quite  thin;  the  beaks  are  very  heavily  eroded,  the  left  valve 
being  worn  thru  in  two  places. 

112.  Unio  gibbosus  Barnes. — A  single  valve  of  this  species  was 
picked  up  along  the  sandy  unprotected  shore  of  Sand  Point  (5)  and 
an  entire  specimen  was  obtained  from  a  similar  locality  on  Stony  Is- 
land. Both  are  the  small  Great  Lakes  form:  one  of  the  shells  meas- 
ures: length  60mm.,  height  31mm.,  breadth  31mm. 

113.  Quadrula  undulata  (Barnes). — A  few  dead  shells  of  this 
species  were  obtained  from  the  Pigeon  River,  both  in  the  upper  and 
the  lower  portions  (23,  21).  It  seems  probable  that  the  shell  is  still 
living  in  the  lower  part.  An  example  measures:  length  94mm.. 
height  73mm.,  breadth  31mm. 

114.  Quadrula  rubiginosa  (Lea). — A  single  dwarfed  shell  of  this 
species  was  obtained  from  the  lower  portion  of  the  Pigeon  River  (21). 
It  measures:  length  49mm.,  height  37.5mm.,  breadth  20.5mm. 

Sphaeriidae. 

115.  Sphaerium  solidulum  (Prime). — ^This  species  was  found  in 
considerable  abundance  among  algae,  principally  consisting  of  Vauch- 
eria,  along  the  banks  in  both  the  upper  and  the  lower  portions  of  the 
Pigeon  River  (23,  21).  The  largest  shell  measures:  length  11.5mm., 
height  9.5mm.,  breadth  7mm. 

116.  Sphaerium  striatinum  (Lamarck). — ^This  species  was  collect- 
ed, together  with  the  preceding  species,  but  in  lesser  abundance, 
from  both  the  upper  and  the  lower  portions  of  the  Pigeon  River  (23, 
21).  The  largest  shell  measures:  length  11.5mm.,  height  8mm., 
breadth  5.75mm. 

117.  Sphaerium  sulcatum  (Lamarck). — Considerable  numbers  of 
this  shell  were  obtained  from  Rush  Lake,  on  the  gravelly  and  sandy 
bottom  off  Raymond's,  Dune,  and  Fourth  Points  (14,  15,  16).  It 
was  not  found  in  .such  abundance  as  Sphaerium  flavum  off  Ray- 
mond's Point,  but  this  was  the  only  habitat  where  the  latter  was 
found.  A  representative  example  measures:  length  ISmm.,  height 
12.5mm.,  breadth  9mm. 

118.  Sphaerium  OGcidentale  Prime.— Together  with  Lymnaea  pal- 
ustris  and    Musculiiun  truncatum,  this  species  appeared  to    be  one  of 


MOLLUSCA.  175 

the  dominant  shells  of  the  temporary  swamp  habitat  (18),  probably 
on  account  of  a  similar  ability  to  withstand  considerable  dessication. 
It  was  collected  in  such  places  on  Sand  Point,  North  and  Stony  Is- 
lands, and  near  Rush  Lake.  It  was  also  obtainetl,  but  in  lesser 
abundance,  from  the  ])erennial  swamps  (19)  on  Sand  Point  and  near 
Rush  Lake.  A  large  shell  measures:  length  7.75mm.,  height  7mm., 
breadth  4.5mm. 

119.  Sphaerium  flavum  (Prime). — As  mentioned  above,  this  species 
was  found  in  great  al)undance  in  Rush  Lake,  off  Raymond's  Point 
(14).  An  example  measures:  length  11.75mm.,  height  9mm.,  breadth 
7mm.     The  lieaks  of  the  older  specimens  are  considerably  eroded. 

120.  Musculium  truncatum  (Linsley). — In  this  region,  this  species 
occurred  most  commonly,  along  with  Sphaerium  occidentale,  in  the 
annual  swamps  (18).  It  was  found  in  considerable  abundance  in 
such  places  oh  Sand  Point  and  near  Rush  Lake.  It  was  also  found, 
but  in  lesser  numbers,  in  a  perennial  swamp  (19)  on  Sand  Point,  and 
oE  Dune  Point  (15)  and  among  Sphagnum  in  a  tamarack  swamp  (42) 
at  Rush  Lake.  The  specimens  obtained  are  small;  the  largest  one 
measures:  length  8mm.,  height  6.75mm.,  breadth  4.25mm. 

121.  Musculium  securis  (Prime). — This  species  was  found  ciuite 
abundantly  in  Turtle  Bay  (8),  in  the  sand  dune  lakes  along  the  north 
shore  (9)  and  in  the  perennial  swamps  (19)  of  Sand  Point;  in  peren- 
nial swamps  on  Stony  Island  and  near  Rush  Lake  (19) ;  and  in  an  old 
stone  quarry  (20)  and  among  Sphagnum  in  a  tamarack  swamp  (42) 
near  Rush  Lake.  The  shells  are  small  thruout  the  region,  those  from 
the  sand  dunes  especially  so,  and  are  labeled  "small  form"  by  Dr. 
Sterki.  The  largest  shell  from  this  locality  measures:  length  5,5mm., 
height  4.75nim.,  breadth  3.25mm.  A  representative  example  from 
another  habitat  on  Sand  Point  measures:  length  7mm.,  height  6.5mm. 
breadth  4.25mm.;  a  more  slender,  truncate  example  from  Turtle  Bay 
measures:  length  6.5mm.,  height  5mm.,  breadth  3.75mm. 

122.  Musculium  partumeium  (Say). — A  few  specimens  of  this 
shell  were  obtained  in  a  temporary  swamp  (18)  on  Sand  Point  and  in 
one  near  Rush  Lake.  They  are  marked  "small  form"  in  Dr.  Sterki's 
identification;  an  example  measures:  length  8.7omm..  height  7.5 
mm.,  breadth  4.5mm. 

123.  Musculium  ryckhaltii  (Norman),  var. — A  few  specimens  that 
were  thus  identified  by  Dr.  Sterki  were  collected  in  a  perennial 
swamp  (19)  on  Stony  Island.  One  measures:  length  5.5mm.,  height 
5.5mm.,  breadth  3.75mm. 

Musculium  sp? — Shells  too  young  to  be  identified  were  collected 
off  Fourth  Point  (16)  at  Rush  Lake. 

124.  Pisidium  abditum  Haldeman. — A  few  specimens  of  this  species 


176  MOLLUSCA. 

were  obtained  among  algae  in  the  Pigeon  River  (22)  and  from  an  old 
stone  quarry  (20)  near  Little  Oak  Point.  One  of  the  former  measures: 
length  3.25mm.,  height  2.75mm.,  breadth  2mm. 

125.  Pisidium  compressum  Prime.- — A  single  living  specimen  of 
this  shell  was  collected  off  Dune  Point  (15)  in  Rush  Lake.  It  meas- 
ures: length  2.5mm.,  height  2.25mm.,  breadth  1.5mm. 

126.  Pisidium  compressum,  var,  rostratum  Sterki. — A  single  valve 
of  this  form  was  collected  off  Dune  Point  (15)  in  Rush  Lake.  It 
measures:  length  3mm.,  height  2.5mm.,  breadth  (estimated  for  the 
complete  shell)  2mm. 

127.  Pisidium  variabile  Prime. — A  few  dead  specimens  of  this 
shell  were  found  off  Dune  Point  (15),  in  a  somewhat  muck-covered 
portion.  One  measures:  length  3.5mm.,  height  3.5mm.,  breadth  2.5 
mm. 

128.  Pisidium  vesiculare  Sterki. — A  small  number  of  specimens,  a 
very  few  of  which  were  living,  were  obtained  from  shallow  water  off 
Dune  Point  (15).  An  example  measures:  length  2.25mm.,  height 
2mm.,  breadth  2.25mm. 

129.  Pisidium  splendidulum  Sterki. — This  shell  appeared  to  be 
the  most  abundant  species  of  Pisidum  in  the  places  where  it  occurred. 
It  was  found  in  considerable  numbers  off  Dune  Point  (15)  and  in 
lesser  numbers  off  Fourth  Point  (16).  An  individual  measures: 
length  2.25mm.,  height  2mm.,  breadth  1.5mm. 

130.  Pisidium  roperi  Sterki. — A  few  individuals  of  this  species 
were  obtained  from  a  tamarack  swamp  (42)  near  Rush  Lake,  A 
representative  example  measures:  length  3.75mm.,  height  3mm., 
breadth  2.25mm. 

131.  Pisidium  medianum  Sterki.  A  few  specimens  were  obtained 
from  Rush  Lake,  off  Dune  Point  (15).  Dr.  Sterki  notes  that  some 
of  these  are  somewhat  deformed.  One  of  the  more  typical  shells 
measures:  length  2.5mm.,  height  2.25mm.,  breadth  2.5mm. 

132.  Pisidium  strengii  Sterki. — A  few  dead  valves  of  this  species 
were  obtained  from  the  shallow  water  off  Dune  Point  (15)  in  Rush 
Lake.  An  example  measures:  length  2.5mm.,  height  2mm.,  breadth 
1.5mm. 

Pisidium  sp? — A  few  indeterminate  valves  were  collected  from 
Dune  Point  (15)  in  Rush  Lake. 

Ann  Arbor,  Mich.,  June,  1910. 


THYSANOPTERA  AND  ORTHOPTERA.  177 


THYSANOPTERA  AND  ORTHOPTERA. 

BY   A.    FRANKLIN    SHULL 

General  Introduction. 
Thysanoptera . 
Introduction. 
Scope  of  Investigations. 

Methods  of  Collecting  and  Preser\'ing  Specimens. 
Ecology  of  the  Thysanoptera. 
Scheme  of  Classification. 
Factors  determining  Habitat. 
Habits  of  Thysanoptera. 
Locomotion. 
Crawling. 
Flight. 
Leaping. 
Reproduction. 
Copulation. 

Mode  of  Reproduction. 
Dissemination. 

Local  Distribution. 
Tendency  not  to  Migrate. 
Possible  Factors  Operating  against  Migration. 
Preference  of  Location. 
Incapabihty  of  Sustained  Fl'ght. 
Aimlessness  of  Flight. 
Inertia. 
Enemies  and  Checks. 

Predaceous  Animals. 
Rains. 
Systematic  and  Detailed  Treatment  of  Species. 
Key  to  Species. 
List  of  Species. 
Summary  of  Principal  Results. 
Discussion  of  Economic  Aspect. 
Orthoptera. 

Introduction. 
Economic  Considerations. 
Diurnal  Activity  of  Acridiidae. 
Ecology. 
List  of  Species. 
Literature  Cited. 

GENERAL  INTRODUCTION. 

When  the  field  party  of  the  Biological  Sui've}-  of  the  State  of  .Alichi- 
gan  was  organized  for  the  season  of  1908,  and  I  was  asked  to  take  charge 
of  the  entomological  studies,  I  was  given  pretty  free  rein  to  hmit  the 
field  as  seemed  best.  While  no  opportunity  was  lost  to  collect  in  all 
orders  of  insects  wherever  this  was  practicable.  I  elected  to  work  chief!  v 
23 


178  THYSANOPTBRA    AND    ORTHOPTERA. 

on  the  Thysanoptera  and  Orthoptera,  laying  emphasis  upon  the  former. 
One  of  the  least  known  and  one  of  the  best  "known  groups  of  insects  thus 
became  the  centers  of  attention.  The  data  secured  on  these  orders  is 
thought  to  be  of  sufficient  interest  to  warrant  publication,  to  the  ex- 
clusion of  the  scattering  information  obtained  on  other  groups. 

I  wish  to  express  my  appreciation  of  the  assistance  and  interest,  in 
all  my  work,  of  the  Chief  Field  Naturalist,  Dr.  A.  G.  Ruthven.  Ac- 
knowledgments are  made  to  the  other  persons  to  whom  I  have  become 
indebted  in  the  progress  of  the  work,  in  the  introductions  to  the  dis- 
cussion of  the  groups. 

THYSANOPTERA. 
INTRODUCTION. 

In  a  list  of  literature  dealing  with  Thysanoptera,  which  is  fairly  com- 
plete up  to  the  time  of  its  publication,  Hinds  (1902,  pp.  221-231)  in- 
cludes 480  titles.  The  earlier  papers  were  nearly  all  of  a  systematic 
nature,  as  are  also  many  of  the  more  recent  ones.  Many  of  the  refer- 
ences are  to  textbooks  or  other  compilations,  and  do  not  represent 
original  work.-  A  considerable  number  were  issued  from  experiment 
stations  or  were  published  in  agricultural  periodicals,  and  were  naturally 
concerned  chiefl\'  with  the  economic  importance  of  the  group, — the 
dangers  of  epidemics  of  thrips  and  the  means  of  combating  them.  A 
few  were  written  primarily  as  contril^utions  to  anatomy.  Others  were 
published  l)y  economic  botanists  interested  particularly  in  the  relation 
of  thrips  to  plants. 

When  the  ])apers  falling  into  one  or  another  of  the  above  categories 
are  deducted,  the  number  which  treat  of  the  l^iological  aspect  is  so 
small  as  to  plainly  indicate  the  need  of  work  from  the  standpoint  of  the 
biologist.  It  is  not  intended  to  decry  the  publications  mentioned,  for 
many  of  them  contain  necessary  and  valuable  contributions;  I  merely 
call  attention  to  the  paucity  of  biological  investigations  represented  by 
them.  It  is  true  that  some  of  the  experiment  station  workers  have 
studied  the  life  histories  of  indi\i duals;  and  they  and  others  have  ac- 
cumulated a  certain  amount  of  data  on  habits,  but  any  one  acquainted 
with  the  present  state  of  knowledge  of  the  order  Thysanoptera  must 
feel  that  there  are  large  gaps  Avaiting  to  be  filled. 

This  report  is  intended  as  a  small  beginning  toward  the  obliteration 
of  the  vacant  spots.  While  some  systematic  work  was  done,  the  new 
results  of  which  were  published  in  an  earlier  paper  (Shull,  1909),  the 
biological  aspect  was  made  the  principal  subject  of  investigation. 
Much  work  that  was  highly  desiralile  could  not  l)e  undertaken,  owing 
to  the  limitations  of  field  work.     Perhaps  the  most  crying  need  now  is 


THYSANOPTERA  AND  ORTHOPTERA.  179 

the  definite  and  accurate  working  out  of  the  Ufe  C3'cles  of  the  various 
species.  This  is  sure  to  yield  information  of  considerable  biological 
interest. 

In  addition  to  the  acknowledgments  made  in  the  general  introduction 
to  this  paper,  I  wish  to  express  my  thanks  to  Dr.  W.  E.  Hinds  for  veri- 
fying or  correcting  my  identifications  of  a  number  of  species  of  the 
Thysanoptera  collected;  to  Mr.  E.  P.  Van  Duzee  for  the  identification 
of  a  bug  found  predaceous  on  thrips;  and  to  Mr.  C.  K.  Dodge  for  the 
determination  of  most  of  the  plants  on  which  thrips  were  collected. 
Assistance  pertaining  exclusively  to  the  description  of  new  species  in 
my  earlier  paper  (Shull,  1909)  was  acknowledged  in  that  paper. 

SCOPE  OF  INVESTIGATIONS. 

All  Studies  and  collections  of  Thysanoptera  were  made  in  Huron 
County,  Michigan,  between  June  15  and  August  27.  (See  map.)  The 
localities  most  thoroughly  studied  were  Sand  Point,  from  base  to  tip; 
Stony  Island,  the  middle  one  of  three  islands  which  partly  enclose  Wild 
Fowl  Bay,  south  of  Sand  Point;  and  the  region  north  and  east  of  Rush 
Lake.  Some  collections  were  made  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Case- 
ville;  a  few  habitats  were  examined  near  Bayport;  and  a  hasty  survey 
was  made  of  North  Island,  north  of  Stony  Island. 

A  brief  description  of  these  regions  will  be  to  the  point.  The  shore 
of  Lake  Huron  was  bordered,  at  nearly  every  part  of  the  region  studied, 
by  smooth  beaches  and  a  strip  of  sand  dunes,  of  variable  width.  It 
thus  happened  that  the  great  majority  of  localities  studied  were  of  a 
sandy  nature.  (Pis.  I,  II,  III.)  Sand  Point,  which  projects  about 
four  miles  westward  into  the  bay,  north  of  Wild  Fowl  Bay,  was  nearly 
all  sand  and  comparatively  well  wooded.  Two  or  three  small  lakes  or 
ponds  were  found  on  it,  and  several  interior  places  were  c^uite  wet  when 
work  was  begun  in  June,  but  were  rapidly  drying.  At  the  base  of  the 
point  was  a  treeless  area  of  several  hundred  acres  called  the  "prairie", 
which  was  said  to  have  been  ciuite  marshy  in  the  spring,  but  was  nearly 
dry  during  the  summer.  (PI.  AT.)  Inland  from  this  "prairie"  was  clay 
farming  country.  At  Caseville  the  sandy  strip  was  very  narrow,  the 
cla}'  country  reaching  almost  to  the  lake.  On  Stony  Island,  with  an 
area  of  some  900  acres,  the  sand  was  least  in  evidence  of  any  of  the 
localities  studied.  Good  sand  beaches  were  almost  wanting,  rocks 
were  scattered  rather  profusely  over  the  bottom  in  shallow  water,  and 
on  the  west  side  of  the  island  there  was  an  outcropping  of  bed  rock. 
(PI.  XIV.)  In  the  interior  were  several  small  ponds  (PI.  VIII  b)  and 
dry  marshes;  on  the  east  the  island  was  bordered  by  low  wet  areas 
(PI.  V). 
■  Rush  Lake,  four  or  five  miles  to  the  east  of  Caseville,  occupies  a  de- 


ISO  THYSANOPTERA    AND    ORTHOPTERA. 

pression  lying  landward  of  the  oldest  sand  dune,  on  the  north  of  it. 
(Pis.  IX,  Xa.)  .  Between  it  and  Lake  Huron  is  a  strip  of'sand  ridges 
roughly  parallel  to  each  other,  the  whole  strip  averaging  perhaps  a  mile 
in  width  (PI.  IV  b).  Rush  Lake  itself  is  about  two  miles  long  northeast 
and  southwest,  by  a  mile  wide,  and  is  comparatively  shallow.  The 
bottom  is  covered  in  most  places  with  a  layer  of  soft,  decaying  plant 
remains,  so  deep  in  places  that  it  is  difficult  to  find  bottom.  Several 
small  islands,  some  of  which  seem  almost  to  float  on  the  water,  so  un- 
steady are  they,  are  found  at  various  points  in  the  lake.  In  the 
water  such  plants  as  pickerel  weed,  water  lilies,  rushes,  Equisetum, 
and  sedges  are  found.  Inland  from  this  lake  is  clay  country  under 
cultivation.  Rocks  are  found  only  near  the  shore  and  were  studied 
by  me  in  only  one  place  near  Rush  Lake,  namely,  at  Hat  Point  sev- 
eral miles  to  the  northeast,  on  the  shore  of  Lake  Huron.  Here  the 
rock  stands  boldly  out  into  the  water,  forming  a  blunt  promontory 
with  vertical  or  overhanging  walls  to  a  height  of  some  20  feet  above 
the  water. 

This  brief  description  of  the  region  studied  will  suffice  to  indicate  the 
character  of  vegetation  which  might  be  expected,  and  the  insect  fauna 
which  might  depend  on  the  vegetation  or  directly  on  the  nature  of  the 
region  itself. 

Six  principal  objects  were  kept  in  view  throughout  the  study:  (1) 
To  discover  what  species  existed  in  a  given  limited  region,  including 
any  new  species;  (2)  to  devise  a  scheme  of  ecology  applicable  to  Thy- 
sanoptera;  (3)  to  study  the  habits  of  the  members  of  the  group,  with 
especial  reference  to  their  dissemination;  (4)  to  determine  their  abund- 
ance ;  (5)  to  study  the  life  cycle  of  the  more  abundant  species,  in  so  far 
as  it  could  be  done  without  breeding  them;  and  (6)  to  consider  the 
economic  features  of  the  order.  Naturally,  some  of  these  received 
more  attention  than  others. 

In  pursuit  of  the  first  two  objects,  I  aimed  to  examine  the  flowers  of 
ever}'  species  of  plant  that  bloomed  during  my  sta}^  in  the  region,  and 
the  leaves  of. nearly  all  species.  Some  species  were  examined  many 
times.  I  searched  the  leaves,  I  believe,  of  every  species  of  tree,  and  the 
bark  of  many  of  them.  Practically  all  the  mosses  and  many  of  the 
fungi  and  lichens  were  examined,  but  without  success.  The  various 
grasses  were  examined,  and  the  tm-f  sifted.  All  the  insect-galls  that 
came  to  my  notice  were  searched.  I  estimate  that  one  part  or  another 
of  over  four  hundred  species  of  plants  were  examined.  It  is  not  to  be 
supposed,  however,  that  the  list  of  plants  infested  even  approaches 
completeness;  for  many  unsuccessful  examinations  of  a  given  flower 
does  not  even  mai-ce  it  probable  that  it  is  not  sometimes  infested.  For 
example,  the  flower  of  Black-eyed  Susan  (Eudheckia  hirta)  was  searched 


THYSANOPTERA  AND  ORTHOPTERA.  181 

in  vain  over  thirty  times  in  as  many  different  localities,  until  a  single 
specimen  of  Euthrips  tritici  was  taken  on  it. 

METHODS  OF  COLLECTING  AND  PRESERVING  SPECIMENS. 

There  are  two  ways  of  collecting  thrips.  (1)  One  can  go  into  the 
field  armed  with  paper  bags  and  other  light  receptacles,  gather  flowers, 
leaves,  etc.,  promiscuously,  and  examine  them  at  leisure  at  home  or 
in  the  laboratory.  (2)  Mais  of  the  killing  fluid  may  be  carried  on  field 
trips  and  the  insects  placed  directly  in  them.  In  the  latter  case  it  is 
necessary  to  take  specimens  of  only  such  plants  as  rec^uire  identifica- 
tion. The  former  method  has  the  advantage  of  rapidity  and  of  re- 
quiring the  minimum  of  time  in  the  field.  Its  disadvantages  are  that 
rare  material  is  likely  to  be  lost  or  overlooked  in  the  bags,  and  that  one 
can  never  be  sure  just  what  part  of  the  plant  bore  the  thrips  in  the 
field.  It  is  more  imjiortant  in  many  cases,  I  believe,  for  reasons  which 
are  explained  under  the  heading  of  Ecology,  to  know  the  nature  of  the 
part  of  the  plant  inhabited  by  thrips  than  to  know  the  species  of 
plant.  I  have  therefore  rejected  the  method  of  collecting  in  bags,  ex- 
cept when  material  was  abundant,  and  then  only  after  carefully  noting 
the  exact  location  of  the  thrips  on  the  plant. 

Specimens  intended  for  immediate  mounting  were  put  directly  into 
xylol,  as  Hinds  (1902,  p.  85)  recommends.  They  adhered  very  readliy 
to  a  camel's-hair  brush  moistened  with  xylol,  and  came  off  as  soon  as 
they  were  dipped  into  the  vial.  After  remaining  in  this  for  from  one 
to  several  hours,  they  were  mounted  in  balsam  on  slides.  If  left  in 
xylol  for  a  longer  time,  they  tended  to  become  brittle,  and  antennae 
were  frequently  broken  between  the  second  and  third  segments.  The 
A\-ings  were  usually  spread  by  shifting  the  cover  glass  slightly  after  it 
had  settled  on  the  insect.  A  twisting  motion  accomphshed  this  more 
readily  than  a  direct  lateral  shift,  and  thick  Isalsam  was  found  bet- 
ter than  thin.  If  the  covers  were  moved  gently,  no  serious  injury- 
was  done;  such  injur}'  as  was  done  was  usually  due  to  brittleness 
caused  by  remaining  too  long  in  xylol,  and  would  not  have  been 
avoided  by  adjusting  the  wings  with  fine  bristles  before  applying  the 
cover.  In  point  of  time  required,  at  least,  the  method  of  shifting  the 
cover  glass  has  much  in  its  favor,  and  this  is  no  small  item  to  the 
field  worker.  Known  species  can  usually  be  identified  without  expos- 
ing the  entire  ^ying.  If  it  was  found  that  specimens  thus  mounted 
could  not  be  determined  with  certainty,  or  that  they  were  undescribed 
species  not  fully  exposed  to  view,  they  were  dissolved  from  the  slide 
with  xylol  and  remounted  more  carefully. 

In  some  cases,  species  were  taken  in  series  too  extensive  to  be  mounted 
on  slides.     These  were  plunged  into  a  killing  fluid  in  the  hope  of  pre- 


182  THYSANOPTERA    AND    ORTHOPTERA. 

venting  distortion.  Carnoy's  solution  was  used  in  the  field,  though  I 
have  employed  others  at  different  times.  Final  preservation  was  in 
95%  alcohol.  Distortions  were  not  wholly  prevented,  however,  the 
insect  being  in  nearly  every  case  somewhat  longer  and  more  slender 
than  in  life. 

ECOLOGY  OF  THE  THYSANOPTERA. 

Scheme  of  Classification. 

It  has  been  found  impracticable  to  classify  Thysanoptera  according 
to  the  ecological  schemes  in  use  for  this  and  many  other  groups.  Jordan 
(1888,  p.  603)  divided  Thj^sanoptera  into  three  classes  according  to 
the  food.  The  first  was  the  flower-inhabiting  class ;  the  second  included 
those  which  live  on  the  under  side  of  leaves;  the  third  was  made  to 
comprise  all  other  forms,  such  as  those  living  on  roots,  under  bark,  on 
lichens,  on  fungi,  under  wet  or  dry  leaves,  or  under  decaying  plant 
matter.  This  last  category  is  too  inclusive  to  be  satisfactory  from  an 
ecological  point  of  view. 

The  same  species  (Eidhrips  tritici)  may  be  found  on  Kentucky  blue 
grass  {Poa  pratensis)  which  grows  in  dry  to  moderately  moist  open 
situations  everywhere;  on  Canada  thistle  (Cirsium  arvense)  and  dog- 
fennel  {Anthemis  cotula)  growing  along  roadsides;  on  the  beach-pea 
{Lathyrus  maritimus)  and  Pitcher's  thistle  (Cirsium  pitcheri)  which 
grow  on  sandy  beaches;  on  the  swamp  rose  {Rosa  Carolina)  and  cinque- 
foil  (Potentilla  fniticosa)  growing  in  half-dry  marshes;  on  heal-all  (Pru- 
nella vulgaris)  and  woodland  sunflower  (Helianthus  divaricatus)  in  open 
woods;  on  the  button-bush  (Cephalanthus  occidentalis)  and  swamp 
milkweed  (Asclepias  incarnata)  standing  at  the  edges  of  ponds;  and  on 
pickerel  weed  (Pontederia  cordata)  which  grows  in  shallow  water  some- 
times far  from  the  nearest  land.  It  is  therefore  impossible  to  classify 
species  of  Thysanoptera  as  campestrian  or  sylvan,  xerophile  or  hygro- 
phile,  as  Morse  (1904,  p.  14)  has  proposed  for  Orthoptera.  A  glance 
at  the  list  of  plants  infested  by  a  single  species  makes  it  evident,  further- 
more, that  thrips  in  general  cannot  be  grouped  according  to  their  food 
plants.  The  same  species  sometimes  feeds  on  plants  of  widely  different 
orders.  This  is  especially  true  of  certain  members  of  the  suborder 
Terebrantia,  of  which  Euthrips  tritici  (p.  208)  sind  Thrips  tabaci  (p.  211) 
are  the  most  common  representatives  in  Huron  County.  The  sub- 
order Tubulifera  is  somewhat  less  general  in  food  habits,  but  even 
among  some  of  these  the  few  plants  inhabited  by  one  species  belong 
to  very  different  groups. 

The  nature  of  the  place  inhabitated  by  species,  however,  is  usually 
rather  definite  and  characteristic  of  that  species.  An  inspection  of  the 
habitats  given  in  the  annotated  hst  of  species  (p.  207  et  seq)  will  make 


THYSANOPTERA  AND  ORTHOPTERA.  1S3 

this  clear.  One  class  of  species,  of  which  Thrips  tabaci  is  typical,  is  to 
be  found  in  chinks  and  crevices  of  plants,  almost  everywhere  if  the  tis- 
sues are  sufficiently  tender.  Among  the  florets  of  various  compositae  is 
a  favorite  situation.  A  single  flower  of  the  common  white  yarrow  (Achil- 
lea millefolium)  may  harbor  dozens  of  them,  and  one  head  of  Canada 
thistle  (Cirsium  arvense)  has  been  known  to  contain  over  a  hundred  of 
Euthrips  tritici.  Other  flowers,  if  not  large  or  open,  furnish  the  right 
location.  One  umbel  of  the  common  milkweed  (Asclepias  syriaca)  con- 
tained several  hundred.  But  flowers  are  not  alone  in  the  hst.  I  have 
found  Thrips  tabaci  among  the  young  buds  and  in  tufts  of  small  leaves 
of  burdock  (Arctium  mirius),  among  buds  of  boneset  (Eupatorium  per- 
foliatum)  and  in  young  curled  leaves  of  balsam-poplar  (Populus  balsatyi- 
ifera).  Other  species  Hve  in  narrow  crevices  in  the  bark  of  various 
trees. 

More  open  and  exposed  situations,  on  the  other  hand,  are  the  home 
of  other  species.  Thus,  Anaphothrips  striatus  was  found  rather  com- 
mon on  the  upper  side  of  the  leaves  of  wild  rye  (Elymus  canadensis) 
and  of  sea  sand-reed  (Ammophila  arenaria).  On  the  former  plants  the 
adults  showed  a  shght  preference  for  the  curled  portions  of  the  leaves, 
but  many  adults  were  also  found  wholly  exposed,  and  the  larvae  were 
about  as  abundant  on  the  flat  leaves  as  on  the  rolled  one«.  Specimens 
of  Ctenothrips  bridwelli  were  found  on  the  leaves  of  the  star-flowered 
Solomon's  seal  (Smilacina  stellata),  and  PhyUothrips  aspersus  on  leaves 
of  sweet-scented  grape  (Vitis  vulpina),  both  without  apparent  attempt 
at  concealment. 

These  examples  are  given,  merely  to  indicate  the  character  of  the 
places  occupied  by  the  different  groups  of  species.  The  complete  list 
of  plants  is  given  for  each  species  under  the  heading  of  "habitat"  in  the 
annotated  list  of  species.  Those  species  which  inhabit  narrow  crevices 
I  designate  "interstitial";  those  in  exposed  situations,  "superficial". 
These  classes  may  be  conveniently  subdivided  according  to  the  scheme 
given  below.  The  species  belonging  to  each  class  are  indicated  in  their 
proper  places,  arranged  alphabetically,  not  taxonomically. 
1.  Interstitial,  living  in  closely  concealed  situations, 
a.     Anthophilous  division,  dwelling  in  flowers. 

Aeolothrips  fasciutus 

Anthothrips  niger 

Anthothrips  verbasci 

Chirothrips  maiiicatus 

Euthrips  tritici 

Euthrips  juscus 

Scirtothrips  ruthveni 


184  THYSANOPTERA    AND    ORTHOPTERA. 

Thrips  physopus 

Thrips  tahaci 
b.     Phloeophilous  division,  inhabiting  bark. 

Allothrips  7negacephalus 

Neothrips  corticis 

Trichothrips  beachi  (?) 

Trichothrips  tridentatus 
2.     Superficial,  living  in  exposed  situations, 
a.     Poephilous  division,  li\dng  on  grasses. 

Anaphothrips  striatus 

Aptinotkrips  rufus  (with  its  variety  connaticornii) 

Baliothrips  basalis 
h.     Phyllophilous  division,  found  on  leaves  other  than  grasses. 

Ctenothrips  hridivelli 

Heterothrips  salicis 

Phyllothrips  aspersus 

Trichothrips  hrevicruralis 

It  is  not  meant  by  this  classification  that  a  given  species  is  to  be 
found  only  in  the  situations  designated.  Even  Euthrips  tritici,  which 
is  almost  exclusively  anthophilous,  was  taken  on  leaves  of  blackberry 
(Ruhus  canadensis),  and  in  several  other  equally  superficial  situations. 
Some  species  really  belong  to  more  than  one  group.  For  example, 
Chirothrips  manicatus  is  to  be  found  on  grass  and  in  flowers.  Such  as 
these  have  been  placed  in  the  group  which  the  majority  of  collections 
would  indicate  as  the  principal  one.  Other  species  have  been  found 
in  too  small  numbers  to  warrant  as  yet  a  final  ecological  grouping. 
These  are  placed  tentatively  in  the  groups  indicated  by  the  few  col- 
lections made.  Further  work  is  needed  on  the  less  common  species; 
but  care  should  be  taken  to  note  the  condition  of  the  indi\aduals  when 
captured.  Thus,  while  some  species  undoubtedly  live  all  the  year 
round  under  bark  scales,  others  apparently  only  hibernate  there.  Such 
species  belong  to  the  group  indicated  hj  their  habitat  during  their  sea- 
son of  activity. 

Factors  determining  Habitat. 

The  C[uestion  naturally  arises,  what  are  the  factors  which  determine 
the  habitat  of  a  given  species?-  Why  is  one  species  nearly  always  in 
flowers,  another  exclusively  on  bark?  In  the  great  majority  of  cases, 
the  home  of  any  animal  is  where  proper  food  may  be  found  or  its  ene- 
mies avoided  or  both.  Other  factors,  such  as  climatic  conditions,  often 
play  a  role,  but  in  a  cosmopolitan  order  like  the  Thysanoptera  this  role 
can  not,  I  believe,  be  other  than  a  minor  one.     To  the  question  regard- 


THYSANOPTERA  AND  ORTHOPTERA.  185 

ing  the  factors  determining  the  habitat  of  thrips.  therefore,  two  answers 
suggest  themselves:  (1)  The  character  of  the  food,  and  (2)  the  amount 
of  protection  afforded.  If  either  of  these  factors  predominates  over 
the  other  in  the  case  of  an  individual  species,  the  effect  of  this  pre- 
dominance should  be  evident  in  the  local  distribution.  (1)  If  char- 
acter of  food  is  exclusively,  or  even  chiefly.  responsil)le  for  the  habitat, 
almost  any  part  of  a  plant,  provided  it  is  tender  enough  to  be  pierced 
or  rasped  by  the  mouth  parts  of  thrips,  should  be  infested.  At  least 
we  should  expect  the  whole  plant  to  be  infested  unless  the  enemies  of 
and  checks  to  Thysanoptera  were  powerful  enough  to  remove  them 
from  the  exposed  portions  of  the  plant  after  these  were  once  infested. 
Furthermore,  nearly  related  plants  should  be  infested  by  the  same 
species  of  thrips,  whether  or  not  they  afford  equal  protection.  Xo  test 
of  the  influence  of  the  character  of  food  on  the  choice  of  food  plants  can 
be  made  by  examining  plants  which  afford  abundant  protection  but 
have  unpalatable  juices,  hke  the  dandelion  (Taraxacum  officinale),  or 
plants  that  have  palatable  juices  but  afford  no  protection.  For  what 
may  seem  to  us  highly  unpalatable  may  be  quite  agreeable  to  tlu-ips. 
(2)  If,  on  the  other  hand,  the  protection  afforded  by  a  plant  is  the  chief 
factor  in  determining  whether  it  is  likely  to  be  inhabited  by  thrips,  the 
exposed  portions  should  not  be  occupied  in  equal  degree  with  the  con- 
cealed portions;  and  nearly  related  species  of  plants,  which  afford  un- 
equal degrees  of  protection,  should  be  unequally  infested. 

The  large  number  of  plants  on  which  Thrips  tabaci  and  Euthrips 
tritici  have  been  taken,  in  nearly  every  case  from  the  flowers,  close  tufts 
of  leaves,  or  some  other  equally  concealed  situation,  suggests  at  once 
that  for  these  two  species,  at  least,  the  protection  is  the  determining 
factor.  It  is  interesting  to  note  that  on  white  clover  {Trifolium  repens) 
Euthrips  tritici  was  often  abundant,  and  on  red  clover  (Trifolium  pra- 
tense)  not  uncommon;  while  on  the  closely  related  yellow,  and  white, 
sweet  clovers  (Melilotus  officinalis  and  M.  alba  respectiveU'),  on  which 
the  flowers  are  much  more  widely  separated  than  in  the  species  of 
Trifolium,  and  hence  offer  little  protection,  the  same  species  of  thrips 
was  rare.  The  specimens  of  Melilotus  examined  were  in  localities  in 
which  these  thrips  were  fairly  abundant  on  other  plants,  so  that  op- 
portunity was  present  for  them  to  infest  the  sweet  clovers  also.  .  From 
these  observations,  and  the  large  number  of  unrelated  or  distantly  re- 
lated plants  on  which  Thrips  tabaci  and  Euthrips  tritici  may  be  found, 
I  conclude  that  the  local  distribution  of  these  two  species  is  determined 
largely,  and  perhaps  almost  exclusively,  by  the  protection  afforded  by 
the  inhabited  plants. 

With  two  of  the  poephilous  species.  Anaphothrips  striatus  and  Aptino- 
thrips  rufus,  the 'case  seems  to  be  different.    The  former  species  was 


186  THYSANOPTERA    AND    ORTHOPTERA. 

often  found  quite  exposed  on  grass  blades;  or  when  found  in  concealed 
situations,  it  was  usually  among  the  young  blades  that  were  not  yet 
unrolled  (e.  g.,  on  sea  sand-reed,  Ammophila  arenaria),  and  here  the 
location  may  have  been  determined  by  the  greater  tenderness  of  the 
young  leaves.  Owing  to  the  comparative  scarcity  of  Aptinothrips 
rujus  on  blue  grass  (Poa  pratensis),  and  to  its  sluggishness,  I  have  no 
direct  observations  upon  the  degree  of  concealment  of  this  species.  But 
judging  from  the  ease  with  which  it  could  be  swept  from  the  grass  with 
a  net,  I  am  inclined  to  place  it  among  the  superficial  species,  as  shown 
in  the  classified  list  above.  An  examination  of  the  habitat  of  Anapho- 
thrips  striatus  (see  p.  210)  shows  that  it  was  captured  in  a  large  majority 
of  cases  from  grasses:  and  Aptinothrips  rufus  with  its  variety  connati- 
cornis  was  swept  or  sifted  only  from  grass  collections  that  were  largel}^, 
or  exclusively  made  up  of  blue  grass  {Poa  pratensis).  It  would  appear 
from  these  observations  that  the  local  distribution  of  these  two  species 
of  thrips  is  determined  chiefly  by  the  character  of  the  food;  while  the 
fact  that  the  adults  of  Anaphothrips  striatus  were  more  abundant  on 
rolled  leaves  of  wild  rye  {Elymus  canadensis)  than  on  flat  ones  would 
indicate  that  protection  is  a  minor  factor  in  distribution, — unless,  in- 
deed, it  should  be  found  that  some  of  those  which  had  been  on  exposed 
surfaces  were  washed  ofT  by  rain,  or  captured  by  enemies,  factors  which 
have  nothing  to  do  with  the  distribution  of  the  thrips  in  the  first  place. 

Another  species  may  be  considered,  namely,  Anthothrips  verhasci. 
Although  hundreds  of  specimens  were  collected,  not  a  single  specimen 
was  taken  from  any  other  plant  than  the  common  mullein  {Verbascum 
ihapsus).  I  have  found  as  many  as  874  specimens  of  this  species,  young 
and  adults  together,  on  a  single  spike  of  mullein  about  17  cm.  long. 
There  seems  no  doubt  that  this  species  desires  protection,  for  when 
disturbed  both  young  and  adults  crawled  away  among  the  mullein 
buds  or  seed  capsules.  However,  when  the  spike  was  crowded,  a  num- 
ber of  adults  could  often  be  found  on  the  under  side  of  leaves  and  on 
the  stem,  some  of  them  more  than  30  cm.  below  the  spike.  1  have  also 
transplanted  these  thrips  from  a  spike  of  mullein  to  the  leaves  of  a 
plant  in  its  first  year,  which  had  no  spike.  Specimens  thus  transplanted 
were  thriving  two  weeks  after  the  change,  at  which  time  observations 
ceased.  Here,  apparently,  is  a  species  that  seeks  protection,  but  en- 
dures exposure  rather  than  quit  its  food  plant. 

It  is  unnecessary  to  go  into  detail  regarding  each  species.  Using 
such  data  as  has  been  employed  in  the  case  of  the  five  species  mentioned, 
namel}^,  Euthrips  tritici,  Thrips  tabaci,  Anaphothrips  striatus,  Aptino- 
thrips rufus,  and  Anthothrips  verbasci,  I  have  grouped  all  the  species 
taken  according  to  the  factor  which  I  believe  plays  the  chief  role  in 
determining  their  habitat.     The  arrangement  follows: 


THYSANOPTERA  AND  ORTHOPTERA.  187 

Habitat  determined  chiefly  by  food. 
Anaphothrips  striatus 
Anthothrips  verbasci 

Aptinothrips  rufus  (with  its  var.  connaticornis) 
Baliothrips  hasilis 
Ctenothrips  hridwelli 
Heterothrips  salicis 
Phyllothrips  aspersus 
Phyllothrips  citricornis 

Habitat  determined  chiefly  by  protection. 

Aeolothrips  fasciatus 
Anthothrips  niger 
Chirothrips  manicatus 
Eiithrips  tritici 
Eiithrips  fuscus 
Scirtothrips  ruthveni 
Thrips  physopus 
Thrips  tabaci 

Factor  determining  habitat  doubtful. 

Allothrips  megacephalus 
Neothrips  corticis 
Trichothrips  beochi 
Trichothrips  tridentatus 
Trichothrips  brevicritralis 

The  last  group,  comprising  the  doubtful  species,  is  made  necessary 
because  specimens  have  been  taken  in  too  small  numbers  to  justify  a 
classification.  It  seems  probable  that  the  phloeophilous  species  (Allo- 
thrips megacephalus,  Neothrips  corticis,  and  Trichothrips  tridentatus) 
will  be  found  only  on  bark,  and  the  few  collections  made  suggest  that 
some  may  be  so  highly  specialized  as  to  inhabit  almost  exclusively  the 
bark  of  one  species  of  tree. 

Whether  this  is  to  be  taken  as  indicating  that  the  insects  are  influ- 
enced by  food,  or  by  protection,  to  choose  the  bark  habitat  can  only  be 
decided  when  the  food  of  phloeophilous  species  is  known.  It  is  con- 
ceivable that  they  may  feed  upon  the  bark  itself,  or  upon  mucor  or 
lichens  growing  on  the  bark.  Several  guesses  have  been  made  on  this 
point,  without,  however,  any  evidence  in  support  of  them.  I  am  un- 
willing, until  more  data  are  at  hand,  to  hazard  a  conjecture  as  to  the 
factor  determining  their  habitat. 


188  THYSANOPTERA    AND    ORTHOPTERA. 

HABITS  OF  THYSANOPTERA. 

Locomotion. 

Crawling  seems  to  be  the  only  method  of  locomotion  common  to  all 
thrips.  Many  are  wingless,  which  precludes  flight,  and  of  both  winged 
and  wingless  species  a  considerable  proportion  apparently  do  not  leap. 
Crawling  may  be  quite  rapid,  as,  for  example,  in  Thrips  'physo'pus, 
which  crawls  1  inch  in  about  a  second,  or  very  slow,  as  in  Aptinothrips 
rufiis,  which  travels  1  inch  in  10  or  12  seconds  in  the  average  specimen. 
The  tests  were  made  on  a  sheet  of  smooth  paper.  In  their  natural 
habitat  crawling  may  be  much  slower.  Thus,  for  example,  Anthothrips 
verbasci  crawls  more  rapidly  on  paper  than  it  does  in  the  spikes  of  mul- 
lein (Verhascum  thapsus),  which  is  covered  with  large  branching  hairs. 
Temperature  seems  to  have  some  effect  on  the  general  activity  of  thrips, 
and  so  to  alter  the  rate  of  crawling.  For  example,  Chirothrips  mani- 
catus,  though  at  all  times  slow,  would  allow  me,  on  cool  mornings  in 
August,  to  separate  the  florets  of  timothy  between  which  it  was  located, 
and  to  push  it  with  my  brush  before  it  would  move.  Sex  also  appar- 
ently has  an  influence  on  the  rate  of  crawling.  Thus,  in  Euthrips 
tritici,  the  female  is  larger  than  the  male  and  nearly  always  crawls  more 
rapidly,  though  the  male  is  usually  quicker  in  its  individual  movements, 
as  Jordan  (1888,  p.  610)  points  out  for  the  Terebrantia  in  general.  It 
would  doubtless  be  better  here  to  say  that  rate  of  crawling  is  correlated 
with  size,  rather  than  with  sex.  In  Anthothrips  verbasci,  where  there 
is  less  difference  in  size  between  male  and  female,  the  male  is  rather  the 
more  active  crawler ;  and  occasionally  even  in  Euthrips  tritici  the  male 
crawls  more  rapidly,  the  female  in  one  instance  crawling  1  inch  in  3.5 
sec,  the  male  1  inch  in  2.0  sec.  These  unusual  cases  are  probabty  de- 
termined by  physiological  state. 

Among  the  more  rapid  crawlers  are  Euthrips  tritici,  Ctenothrips  brid- 
welli,  Thrips  physopus,  Thrips  tahaci,  and  Aeolothrips  fasciatus.  Several 
of  the  -Others,  especially  Aptinothrips  rufus  and  the  phloeophilous 
species,  are  quite  sluggish.  Between  these  are  all  gradations  of  rapidity 
of  crawling.  It  is  interesting  to  note  that  the  active  species,  when  dis- 
turbed, nearly  always  come  out  of  their  concealed  places  if  they  are  so 
located,  and  either  take  to  flight,  or  crawl  away  along  exposed  surfaces. 
Of  the  more  sluggish  species,  at  least  Anthothrips  verbasci  and  the 
phloeophilous  ones  crawl  at  once,  when  disturbed,  into  some  other 
neighboring  crevice. 

Flight  is  the  chief  method  of  locomotion  for  several  species,  and  is  of 
particular  interest,  as  is  shown  later  on,  because  of  its  relation  to  the 
dissemination  of  these  insects.  Three  species,  Euthrips  tritici,  Thrips 
physopus   and  Thrips   tahaci,   were   found  to   be  preeminently  fliers; 


THYSANOPTERA  AND  ORTHOPTERA.  189 

Aeolothrips  fasciatus,  and  probably  Trichothrips  heachi  and  Ctenothrips 
hridwelli,  fly  often;  Anaphothrips  striatus,  Chirothrips  manicatus  and 
Scirtothrips  rnthveni  flew  occasionally;  Anihothrips.  verhasci  and  A. 
niger  rarely;  and  Aptinothrips  rufus,  Allothrips  megatephalus,  Neo- 
thrips  corticis  and  Trichothrips  hrevicruralis  never. 

The  first  two  species  were  the  best  subjects  for  observations  on 
flight.  Large  specimens  of  Thrips  physopus  found  on  dandelion  {Tarax- 
acum officinale)  w'ere  especially  favorable  if  placed  on  white  paper.  The 
method  of  flight  is  therefore  described  wholly  from  Thrips  physopus 
and  Euthrips  tritici.  The  individual  did  not  usually  fly  from  a  steeply 
inclined  plane.  It  crawled  up  to  the  top  of  some  eminence  before  at- 
tempting to  spread  its  wings.  If,  as  soon  as  it  had  reached  such  an 
eminence,  its  support  were  turned  so  as  to  leave  the  thrips  at  the  bot- 
tom instead  of  at  the  top,  the  insect  usually  turned  and  crawled  up 
again.  The  turning  could  often  be  repeated  many  times,  until  finally 
the  thrips  apparently  lost  its  hold  and  dropped. 
.  When  the  thrips  had  reached  the  point  from  which  it  was  to  take  its 
flight,  it  began  to  curve  up  its  abdomen  at  frequent  intervals  (0.7  sec. 
to  2.0  sec.  were  observed).  The  purpose  of  this  was  apparently  to  comb 
out  the  long  fringes  which  border  the  hind  margins  of  both  wings,  and 
which  in  the  resting  position  of  the  w^ngs  lie  nearly  parallel  to  the 
longitudinal  axis  of  the  insect.  There  are  many  spines  on  the  sides  of 
the  abdomen  which  doubtless  serve  as  teeth  to  the  comb.  The  abdo- 
men was  usually  curved  up  several  times  in  succession,  in  some  cases 
eight  or  ten  times.  After  this,  I  have  seen  a  large  female  rest  quietly 
with  her  abdomen  raised  and  wings  spread  for  two  seconds  or  longer 
without  any  attempt  at  flight.  Very  often  after  combing  out  the  hind 
fringes  with  the  abdomen  several  times,  the  wings  were  laid  back  in 
resting- position,  and  the  hind  legs  thrown  over  them.  There  followed 
a  series  of  movements  somewhat  resembhng  those  of  a  fly  in  cleaning 
its  AAings,  during  which  the  abdomen  was  slightly  curved  with  its  con- 
vex side  upward.  Apparently  only  the  hind  tibiae  covered  the  wings; 
these  tibiae  are  usually  furnished  with  prominent  spines.  Further- 
more it  seemed  that  they  did  not  extend  to  the  posterior  (inner  when 
at  rest)  edge  of  the  wings,  so  that  the  tibiae  combed  out  only  the  costal 
fringes. 

Meanwhile  the  legs  were  placed  in  a  rather  definite  position,  the  mid- 
dle legs  nearly  at  right  angles  to  the  long  axis  of  the  body,  the  other  two 
pairs  very  obliquely  forward  and  backward  respectively.  Inasmuch 
as  the  direction  of  flight  was  usually  more  nearly  perpendicular  than 
parallel  to  the  supporting  surface,  I  judge  that  the  middle  legs  are  most 
effective  as  aids  in  starting  flight.  This  seems  the  more  probable,  since 
in  manv  cases  the  hind  legs  had  scarcelv  finished  combing  the  costal 


190  THYSANOPTERA    AND    ORTHOPTERA. 

wing  fringes  when  flight  occurred,  thus  hardly  giving  them  time  to  get 
a  secure  footing. 

After  few  or  many  of  these  movements  had  been  made,  the  insect 
would  fly,  and  there  was  apparently  no  way  of  determining  when  it  was 
ready  to  do  so.  Sometimes  the  abdomen  was  raised  but  once;  in  other 
cases  I  have  found  the  entire  preparation  for  flight  to  occupy  over  20 
seconds.  The  abdomen  was  sometimes  lowered  after  combing  the 
"^ings  and  before  flight  began,  l)ut  flight  was  often  commenced  while 
the  abdomen  was  still  elevated. 

The  flight  is  irregular  and  dancing,  often  not  unlike  that  of  a  A-ery 
small  midge  in  a  swarm.  The  rapidity  of  flight  varied  consideral^ly  in 
different  species  and  in  different  individuals  of  the  same  species.  One 
specimen  of  Euthrips  tritici  flew  about  30  cm.,  another  45  cm.,  in  one 
second.  The  only  specimen  of  Ctenothrips  hridweUi  which  was  timed 
flew  about  90  cm.  per  second. 

Leaping.  The  more  active  species,  like  Thrips  tabaci  and  Euthrips 
tritici,  frequently  leaped  for  short  distances.  Hinds  (1902,  p.  112)  has 
descrite.d  leaping  as  Ijeing  effected  by  elevating  the  abdomen  and  l^ring- 
ing  it  down  forcibly  upon  the  surface  on  which  the  insect  rests.  After 
many  careful  observations  I  am  convinced  that  the  movement  of  the 
abdomen  is  not  the  cause  of  the  leap,  for  the  abdomen  was  sometimes 
plainly  still  elevated  when  the  leap  occurred,  and  at  other  times  the 
abdomen  was  lowered  l^efore  the  leap  occurred,  the  two  acts  being 
separated  iDy  an  observable  interval.  Furthermore,  if  the  insect  was 
suddenly  disturbed,  it  sometimes  leaped  without  raising  the  abdomen. 
Often  the  leap  was  preceded  by  all  the  movements  of  combing  the 
wings  with  both  abdomen  and  legs;  in  such  cases  the  leap  might  well 
have  been  only  an  unsuccessful  flight.  Specimens  of  Euthrips  fuscus 
taken  elsewhere  in  September  usually  raised  the  abdomen  when  about 
to  leap.  As  this  is  a  wingless  species,  it  is  not  certain  what  function, 
if  any,  may  here  be  served  by  raising  the  abdomen;  it  may  ])e  merely 
to  throw  the  center  of  mass  farther  forward  over  the  middle  legs,  and 
so  prevent  the  anterior  end  of  the  body  from  being  unduly  raised  by 
the  act  of  springing,  or  it  may  be  functionless. 

Leaping  is  insignificant  from  the  standpoint  of  dissemination,  for  a 
leap  assisted  by  the  wings  was  usually  found  to  be  only  10  to  20  mm., 
rarely  more  than  25  mm.,  while  a  leap  without  the  assistance  of  the 
■wdngs  varied  from  3  to  10  mm.  As  a  means  of  escaping  from  sudden 
danger,  however,  springing  is  probably  quite  effective. 

Reproduction. 

Copulatioyi.  I  have  observed  this  many  times  in  Anthothrips  ver- 
hasci,  representing  the  Tubulifera,  and  several  times  in  Euthrips  tritici 


THYSANOPTERA    AND    ORTHOPTERA.  191 

among  the  Terebrantia.  Mj-  observations  on  the  former  species  con- 
firm in  the  main  the  description  given  by  Jordan  (1888,  p.  583).  Copu- 
lation in  Anthothrips  verhasci  was  not  uncommon  at  the  end  of  July, 
when  it  was  observed  on  separating  the  seed  capsules  of  spikes  of  mul- 
lein (Verhascum  thapsus).  In  every  case  observed  the  male  and  fe- 
male met  while  crawling  in  opposite  directions.  When  the  two  were 
side  by  side,  the  male  turned  and  crawled  upon  the  back  of  the  female. 
His  abdomen  was  curled  down  by  the  side  of  hers,  usually  on  the  right 
side  but  observed  at  least  once  on  the  left,  and  brought  into  contact 
with  the  female's  at  the  base  of  the  tube.  In  most  cases  the  female 
crawled  a  short  distance,  say  5  or  6  mm.  with  the  male  on  her  back. 
The  male  then  turned  aside  and  crawled  from  the  l^ack  of  the  female, 
the  abdomens  separated,  and  both  insects  crawled  away  in  the  same 
direction  as  they  were  going  when  they  met.  In  one  instance  the  fe- 
male kept  on  crawling  when  the  male  tried  to  mount  her  l^ack,  and  the 
genital  o])enings  were  never  brought  into  contact.  The  next  male  she 
met,  however,  was  ]3ermitted  to  complete  the  act.  The  whole  of  a  suc- 
cessful copulation  occupied  16  to  18  seconds.  Jordan  (1888,  p.  583) 
states  that  the  male  creeps  vip  behind  the  female,  and  that  copulation 
lasts  about  half  a  minute.  In  other  particulars  his  description  for  the 
entire  suborder  Tubulifera  agrees  very  well  with  my  observation  on 
Anthothrips  verhasci. 

In  the  suborder  Terebrantia,  however,  there  is  a  substantial  dis- 
agreement Ijetween  Jordan's  account  (1888,  p.  58-4)  and  observations 
made  on  Euthrips  tritici.  Jordan  dismisses  copulation  in  this  suborder 
with  the  statement  that  the  male  is  carried  around  on  the  back  of  the 
female,  and  that  his  abdomen  is  bent  beneath  hers.  In  the  three  cases 
which  I  have  to  record,  the  males  were  not  being  carried.  Two  of  these 
copulating  pairs  were  rather  forcibly  ejected  from  flowers  by  genth' 
Squeezing  the  latter  between  the  fingers,  hence  it  was  not  to  be  expected 
that  the  in.sects  were  necessarily  in  their  natural  position  relative  to 
each  other.  In  both  cases  the  male  projected  laterally  from  the  fe- 
male, or  at  an  angle  backward  as  stated  by  Mr.  Frederick  Gaige,  who 
observed  one  of  these  pairs.  The  male  of  one  pair  was  mounted,  and 
its  external  genitalia  found  to  be  considerably  distorted.  The  third 
pair  was  observed  on  the  silks  of  common  field  corn  (Zea  mays).  I  am 
certain  in  this  case  that  I  did  not  in  any  way  prevent  the  thrips  from 
maintaining  their  natural  positions.  The  abdomens  were  in  contact 
at'or  near  their  tips,  and  the  two  individuals  faced  in  opposite  direc- 
tions. Both  were  resting  directly  on  the  corn-silks.  "\Mien  I  moved 
the  silks,  the  female  crawled  away,  dragging  the  male  after  her  for  a 
short  distance. 

Many  thrips  have  a  tooth  on  the  tarsus,  which  Hinds  (1902,  p.  99) 


192  THYSANOPTERA    AND    ORTHOPTERA. 

supposes  enables  the  insects  to  go  through  small  jDassages.  The  same 
author  states,  however,  that  this  tooth  is  sometimes  larger  in  the  male 
than  in  the  female,  an  observation  confirmed  by  Hood  (1908  a,  p.  371) 
for  Neothrips  corticis  and  by  my  own  work.  Furthermore,  the  tooth 
is  sometimes  present  in  the  male  and  wanting  in  the  female.  It  seems 
to  me  more  probable,  since  the  tooth  is  located  on  the  inner  side  and 
hence  is  not  in  a  position  to  be  thrust  into  plant  tissues,  that  it  serves 
rather  to  enable  the  male  to  hold  on  to  the  back  of  the  female.  I  am 
led  to  this  belief  the  more  strongly,  notwithstanding  the  fact  that  the 
females  of  some  species  also  possess  these  teeth,  because  the  tarsi  of 
the  majority  of  the  members  of  the  suborder  Terebrantia  are  unarmed; 
and  I  believe  it  will  be  found  on  further  observation  that  in  most  of  the 
species  of  this  suborder  the  males  are  not  carried  by  the  females  dming 
copulation.  However,  the  Aeolothripidae  have  armed  tarsi  and  it  will 
be  interesting  to  learn  how  they  copulate. 

Mode  of  Reproduction.  It  is  not  known  of  any  one  of  the  species 
taken,  so  far  as  I  can  learn,  what  the  ^lethod  of  reproduction  is  through- 
out the  season  under  natural  conditions.  At  least  one  species  (Anapho- 
thrips  striatus)  has  been  bred  parthenogenetically  in  the  laboratory 
(Hinds,  1902,  p.  163).  The  male  exists,  however,  for  out  of  some  two 
hundred  specimens  collected  at  fourteen  different  times  and  places  at 
intervals  from  June  15  to  August  20,  two  individuals  were  males.  Both 
of  these  were  taken  from  sea  sand-reed  (Ammophila  arenaria)  on  July 
7.  The  male  of  this  species  has  not,  so  far  as  I  know,  been  known 
hitherto.  It  seems  very  doubtful  if  these  rare  males  ever  fertilize  any 
eggs.  Other  species  w^hose  males  are  unknown  or  rare  are  presumably 
either  exclusively  or  occasionally  parthenogenetic.  I  have  found  no 
evidence  in  any  species  that  the  males  are  common  only  at  certain 
times  of  the  year. 

Those  species  whose  copulation  has  been  observed  (Eutkrips  tritici 
and  Anthothrips  verhasci  in  my  own  work)  are  of  course  presumably 
bisexual;  and  the  fact  that  males  are  common  in  both  these  species 
throughout  the  active  season  suggests  that  they  may  be  exclusively 
bisexual.  Yet,  it  may  easity  be  that  females  of  any  of  these  species,  in 
the  absence  of  males,  reproduce  parthenogenetically.  There  is  need 
of  further  study  of  eA'ery  species  to  determine  this  matter  of  partheno- 
genesis. 

Dissemination. 

Local  distribution.  A  species  which  can  and  does  readily  change  its 
location,  especially  over  considerable  distance  at  one  time,  should  be 
nearly  equally  distributed  over  its  habitat  wherever  external  conditions 
are  the  same.     Such  a  species,  unless  it  were  a  social  one,  if  unusually 


THYSANOPTERA    AND    ORTHOPTERA.  193 

abundant  in  one  place,  whether  or  not  it  actually  lacked  room  there, 
would  tend  to  spread  to  places  where  competition  was  less.  If,  con- 
versely, a  given  species  is  found  crowded  in  certain  localities  when  other 
similar,  but  less  crowded,  situations  are  open  to  it.  it  may  safely  be 
taken  for  granted  that  the  species  does  not  disseminate  readily. 
The  tendency  to  spread  should  A'ary  inversely  as  the  difference  in  the 
numbers  occupying  the  two  neighboring  similar  situations,  other  things 
being  equal. 

This  test  was  applied  to  determine  the  rapidity  of  dissemination  of 
Thysanoptera.  A  short  time  spent  in  collecting  thrips  in  settled  country 
was  sufficient  to  make  it  evident  that  even  with  the  same  species,  in- 
dividuals were  more  abundant  in  certain  localities  than  in  others  only 
a  short  distance  away  where,  to  all  appearances,  the  conditions  of  life 
were  precisely  the  same.  Thrips  living  among  the  florets  of  white 
clover  were  collected  in  patches  where  the  clover  was  eciually  abundant, 
and  equally  large  and  fresh;  yet  one  patch  often  yielded  many  more 
specimens  on  a  given  number  of  heads  than  did  the  other. 

Where  this  difference  was  noted,  one  of  the  localities  where  collections 
were  made  was  nearly  always  near  a  road,  the  other  in  a  wood  or  field 
a  greater  or  less  distance  from  the  road.  To  test  whether  this  were 
generally  true,  different  kinds  of  flowers  were  examined  along  differ- 
ent kinds  of  roads.  The  character  of  the  road  was  noted  in  every  case, 
especially  as  to  its  direction  and  the  amount  of  travel  over  it.  Some 
roads  running  north  and  south,  others  east  and  west  were  examined. 
Only  such  flowers  were  examined  as  nelded  thrips  in  large  enough 
numbers  to  make  a  fair  test,  and  care  was  taken  to  select  flowers  of  ap- 
proximately the  same  size  and  age.  Two  localities  were  examined 
only  when  the  flowers  were  about  as  abundant  and  as  evenly  distribut- 
ed in  one  as  in  the  other.  No  counts  were  made  except  where  the  two 
localities  were  connected  by  a  series  of  flowers  as  close  together  as  in 
the  localities  examined,  so  that  migration  from  one  to  the  other  could 
easily  have  been  effected.  Six  flowers  were  examined  in  each  locality. 
Only  one  flower  was  examined  on  a  single  plant,  and  plants  were  selected 
at  about  eciual  intervals  from  each  other  in  the  two  localities.  The 
results  are  given  in  Table  I. 
25 


194 


THYSANOPTERA  AND  ORTHOPTERA. 


TABLE  I. — Showing  the  number  of  thrips  in  flowers  near  a  road  and  in  simi- 
lar flowers  some  distance  from  the  road. 


Name  cf   Flower. 

No.  of  thrips 
in  6  flowers 
near  road. 

Distance 

of  thrips  in 

preceding 

column" 

from  road 

in  feet. 

No.  of  thrips 

in  6  flowers 

at  a  distance 

from  road. 

Distance  of 

thrips   in 

preceding 

column 

from    road 

in  feet. 

Character  of  road. 

Canada  thistle . . . 

377 

6 

72 

75  to  100 

Much  traveled; 
R.  F.  D.  route; 
E.  and  W. 

White  clover.  . .  . 

40 

6 

22 

165 

Leads  to  3 
houses;  E.andW. 

Canada  thistle . . . 

149 

20 

128 

325 

Private  road 
leading  to  1 
house;  N.  and  S. 

White  clover.  . .  . 

92 

4 

34 

400 

Much  traveled; 
R.  F.  D.  route; 

N.  and  S. 

Dandelion 

135 

6 

31 

150 

Leads  to  4 
houses;  E.andW. 

It  seems  evident  from  the  figures  that  thrips  were  generally  more 
abundant  near  a  road  than  at  some  distance  from  it.  I  have  noticed 
this  to  be  true  in  many  cases  where  I  did  not  count  the  individuals. 
For  example,  I  collected  from  nearly  two  hundred  heads  of  an  undeter- 
mined species  of  thistle  extending  in  a  continuous  line  along  a  ditch, 
from  a  well  traveled  public  highway  back  into  the  fields.  No  two 
successive  plants  were  more  than  about  six  feet  "apart.  I  would  esti- 
mate that  thrips  were  about  twice  as  abundant  near  the  road  as  at  a 
distance  of  70  yards  from  it.  These  thrips  were  exclusively  Euthrips 
tritici,  those  of  Table  I  were  principally  of  this  species.  The  same 
relative  abundance  of  thrips  near  roads  was  noticed  in  a  number  of 
other  instances,  and  in  no  case,  apparently,  were  there  fewer  near  the 
road  than  in  similar  situations  farther  from  it. 

If  this  variation  in  the  abundance  of  thrips  in  different  localities  is 
really  due  to  a  lack  of  a  tendency  to  migrate,  as  I  have  supposed,  in- 
teresting information  regarding  the  rapidity  of  their  dissemination  may 
be  gained  by  noting  how  rapidly  the  numbers  of  thrips  diminish  in  ])ass- 
ing  from  the  point  of  greatest  abundance.  Individuals  were  counted 
in  a  number  of  places  at  different  distances   from  a  road.     The  same 


^  THYSANOPTERA  AND  ORTHOPTERA.  IPo 

care  was  taken  to  select  flowers  of  approximately  the  same  size  and  age, 
to  have  them  equally  abundant,  etc.,  as  in  the  previous  counts  (Table 
I).  The  road  was  a  well  traveled  Rural  Free  Delivery  route  and  ran 
north  and  south;  the  flower  examined  was  white  clover  (Trifolmrn 
repens) ;  and  the  thrips,  as  l^efore,  were  chiefly  Euthrips  tritici.  The 
results  are  given  in  Table  II. 

TABLE  II.  —  Showing   the   number  of  thrip.s   taken  from   G  lieads  of   white 
clover  (Trifolium  repens)  at  different  distances  from  a  highway. 

Number  of  thrips  in  six  heads  of  clover.  Distance  from  the  road  in  feet. 


92 4 

81 8 

46 20 

35 40 

39 80 

35 165 

45 240 

48 320 

34 400 


The  figures  seem  to  show  that  the  decrease  in  numbers  in  passing 
from  the  road  is  all  in  the  first  40  feet,  or  perhaps  even  in  the  first  20 
feet. 

Tendency  not  to  migrate.  If  this  tendency  to  remain  crowded  in  one 
place  rather  than  fly  away  is  as  marked  as  the  figures  seem  to  show,  it 
ought  to  be  capable  of  demonstration  in  the  laboratory.  With  this 
point  in  view,  tw^o  heads  of  Canada  thistle  {Cirsium  arvense)  were 
brought  in  and  placed  in  water.  One,  in  its  prime,  or  perhaps  slightly 
past,  was  from  a  bunch  which  averaged  more  than  75  thrips  per  flower, 
and  seemed  as  badly  infested  as  the  others.  The  other  was  an  opening 
biid  in  which  the  tips  of  the  bracts  had  separated  so  as  to  expose  the 
tips  of  the  florets,  but  none  of  the  florets  were  open,  and  I  could  find  no 
thrips  among  them.  The  l^ud  and  the  flower  were  placed  about  3  cm. 
apart.  The  leaves  immediately  below  them  touched  so  that  migrat- 
ing thrips  could  crawl,  as  well  as  fly,  to  the  opening  flower.  At  the  end 
of  24  hours  the  l)ud  had  nearly  all  its  florets  open,  but  contained  no 
thrips;  the  older  flower  was  decidedly  Ijrownish  already,  but  apparently 


196  THYSANOPTERA    AND    ORTHOPTERA. 

as  badly  infested  as  before.  In  48  hours  the  older  flower  was  quite 
brown  and  was  becoming  dry;  it  bore  6  thrips.  The  younger  flower 
seemed  past  its  prime  and  contained  about  15  thrips.  Here  was  an 
opportunity  to  migrate  to  better  material  and  to  less  crowded  quarters 
which  was  not  seized  until  drying  plant  tissues  compelled  it.  The 
significance  of  the  small  number  (15)  found  on  the  younger  flower,  as 
compared  with  the  probable  75  that  were  on  the  older  one,  is  pointed 
.out  elsewhere. 

Possible  factors  operating  against  migration.  In  an  attempt  to  explain 
this  variation  in  number  in  different  localities,  it  is  to  be  determined 
why  the  thrips  remain  near  the  road.  There  are  several  possible  solu- 
tions. (1)  The  conditions  maybe  most  favorable  near  the  roads. 
(2)  They  may  be  incapable  of  sustained  flight,  w^hile  leaping  or 
crawling  is  wholly  inadequate  to  cover  considerable  distance.  (3) 
They  may  fly  long  distances,  but  without  aim,  so  that  most  of  the 
migrating  ones  are  lost.  Or  (4)  they  may  be  simply  inert,  that  is,  they 
may  "prefer"  remaining  in  tolerably  favorable  circumstances  to  flying 
away  to  a  fate  unknown.  While  I  may  not  be  able  to  answer  the 
question  definitely,  I  hope  to  eliminate  some  of  the  suggested  answers, 
and  to  establish  a  strong  probability. 

(1)  Preference  of  location.  The  only  difference  I  could  detect  be- 
tween the  situations  near  the  road  and  those  back  in  the  fields  was  a 
larger  or  smaller  amount  of  dust  in  the  former.  Inasmuch  as  the  food 
of  thrips  is  apparently  the  juice  or  tissues  of  the  plants,  dust  can  hardly 
be  other  than  a  deterrent  factor,  if  it  is  a  factor  at  all.  -The  care  taken 
to  have  all  the  flowers  practically  alike,  equally  abundant,  and 
evenly  distributed,  precludes,  I  believe,  any  likelihood  that  anything 
could  have  made  one  situation  better  than  the  other. 

(2)  Incapability  of  sustained  flight.  The  ability  to  fly  may  be 
more  directly  tested.  As  stated  above,  the  rate  of  flight  in  the  species 
observed  was  30  to  90  cm.  per  second.  It  is  evident  that  flight  must 
be  wholly  unsuccessful  in  the  face  of  even  an  ordinary  wind.  But  with" 
the  wind,  or  in  calm  weather,  the  case  may  be  different.  Owing  to  the 
small  size  of  the  insect,  it  is  generally  impracticable  to  observe  their 
flight  for  any  great  distance.  By  darkening  a  room  everywhere  ex- 
cept a  portion  of  one  window  which  admitted  direct  sunlight,  and  re- 
leasing a  thrips  in  the  beam  of  light,  where  it  could  be  observed  against 
a  dark  background  as  it  flew  towards  the  window,  I  have  been  able  to 
trace  continuous  flight  for  about  three  meters.  But  there  is  indirect 
evidence  of  much  greater  distances.  Parth"  to  test  this,  and  partly  to 
observe  the  reaction  of  thrips  to  light,  two  adjoining  rooms  were  dark- 
ened, except  a  south  window  in  one  of  them.  There  was  an  open  door 
between  the  two  rooms  so  that  the  farthest  side  of  the  second  room  was 


THYSANOPTERA    AND    ORTHOPTERA.  197 

lighted  directly  from  the  window  some  8  or  9  meters  away.  A  bag  con- 
taining a  number  of  thrips  was  opened  and  set  in  the  darkened  room 
near  the  farthest  wall.  The  tlirips  were  not  disturbed,  so  that  they  had 
opportunity  to  arrange  their  wings  for  flight.  Four  minutes  later  the 
window  was  carefully  examined  and  the  thrips  counted.  The  results 
are  given  in  Table  III  below.  These  rooms  were  not  used  for  labora- 
tory purposes,  hence  it  is  not  probable  that  any  thrips  other  than  those 
confined  in  the  bag  were  afterwards  found  at  the  window.  One  speci- 
men was  found  on  the  outside  of  the  glass,  wher^  it  might  easily  have 
crawled  through  broken  glasses  or  other  holes,  so  that  the  number  of 
thrips  found  at  the  window  may  not  be  complete.  The  exi^eriment 
was  repeated  another  day,  after  making  sm'e  that  there  were  no  tlirips 
on  the  window  pre\dousl5^  to  releasing  those  in  the  bag.  Both  counts 
are  given  in  the  table.  The  numbers  in  the  third  column  are  computed 
on  the  assumption  that,  were  the  insects  not  attracted  by  the  light,  they 
would  fly  along  approximately  horizontal  lines  in  all  directions  from  the 
starting-point. 

TABLE  III.  —  Showing  the  number  of  individuals  of  Euthrips  tritki  which 
flew  to  a  window  8  or  9  m.  distant,  probably  at  a  single  flight. 

Approximate  number  Number  of  thrips  Number  which  should,  by 

of  thrips  in  the  found  at  window  the  laws  of  chance,  have 

bag.  after  -i  minutes.  reached  the  window. 

120 12 2.2 

45 6 0.86 

The  numbers  show  conclusively  enough,  I  think,  that  this  species  of 
thrips  is  positively  phoiotactic.  But  the  point  I  wishio  make  here  is 
that  these  specimens  must  have  gone  to  the  window  b}-  a  single  flight, 
a  distance  of  8  or  9  meters. 

Studies  of  the  thrips  on  Rush  Lake  seem  to  give  evidence  of  longer 
flights.  Rush  Lake  is  an  old  hollow  lying  landward  of  the  first  sand 
dune  to  be  thrown  up,  that  is,  the  one  farthest  from  Lake  Hm-on,  It 
is  being  gradually  filled  up,  and  much  of  the  bottom  is  now  very  soft 
ooze  formed  of  decaying  plant  material.  In  this  the  pickerel  weed 
(Pontederia  cordata)  is  one  of  the  most  common  plants.  In  some 
places  it  grows  in  great  patches  in  which  the  plants  are  not  over  a  few- 
inches  or  at  most  a  few  feet  apart.  Elsewhere  there  are  isolated  clumps, 
separated  from  all  other  vegetation  by  as  much  as  a  hundred  meters 
or  more.  These  plants  die  down  beneath  water  in  the  winter,  so  that 
no  thrips  can  hibernate  on  them.     Any  specimens,  therefore,  that  are 


198  THYSANOPTERA    AND    ORTHOPTERA. 

found  on  them  in  the  summer  must  have  come  to  them  the  same  season. 
Search  was  made  in  the  spikes  of  this  plant,  and  cjuite  a  few  thrips  were 
found,  some  of  them  on  plants  that  were  separated  by  about  100  meters 
from  all  other  vegetation  of  any  kind. 

At  first  thought  this  might  seem  proof  positive  that  one  or  more 
thrips  had  flown  at  least  this  distance  of  100  meters.  But  it  is  con- 
ceivable that  the  insects  were  blown,  or  fell,  into  the  water  nearer  shore, 
and  then  drifted  to  the  pickerel  weed.  If  this  is  to  occur,  the  thrips 
must  be  able  to  float  on  the  water  and  to  remain  there  some  time  with- 
out serious  injury.  To  determine  this,  specimens  of  Thrips  physopus 
and  Anthothrips  verhasci  were  placed  in  water.  Most  of  the  former 
species  adhered  to  the  surface  film.  At  the  end  of  50  hours  they  were 
removed,  and  in  a  few  minutes  were  crawling  rather  actively  about. 
Some  of  this  species,  however,  parted  from  the  surface  film  and  sank  to 
the  bottom;  when  removed  at  the  end  of  50  hours  they  did  not  revive. 
The  specimens  of  Anthothrips  verhasci  all  floated  on  the  surface.  I  tried 
to  force  them  down  into  the  water,  but  adhering  air  bubbles  brought 
them  back  every  time  to  the  surface.  After  72  hours,  they  were  re- 
moved; one  began  to  crawl  in  less  than  three  minutes,  and  the  rest 
shortly  afterwards.  Other  drowning  experiments,  performed  for 
another  purpose,  are  described  under  the  head  of  "Enemies  and 
Checks." 

It  seems  probable,  therefore,  that  thrips  could  drop  into  the  water 
and  float  to  plants  at  a  considerable  distance  from  the  shore.  If  this 
was  the  case  at  Rush  Lake,  and  the  thrips  fell  into  the  water  near  the 
shore  after  only  a  short  flight,  which  is  the-  point  at  issue,  the  plants 
near  the  windward  side  of  the  lake  would  stand  a  better  chance  of  being 
infested  than  those  on  the  leeward.  Since  thrips  do  not  readily  mi- 
grate until  forced  to  do  so  by  drying  tissue,  as  I  have  shown  above,  and 
since  the  spikes  of  Pontederia  last  for  several  weeks,  the  plants  near 
"the  windward  side  of  the  lake  should,  on  the  supposition  of  short  flights 
and  drifting  on  the  water,  bear  more  thrips  at  any  time  during  their 
active  season  than  plants  on  the  leeward  side.  In  Table  IV,  I  give  some 
observations  on  this  point.  Examinations  were  all  made  in  two  days 
time,  so  that  seasonal  variations  in  the  abundance  of  the  insects  would 
not  vitiate  results.  Prevailing  winds  were,  as  usual  in  this  region, 
westerly. 


THYSANOPTERA    AND    ORTHOPTERA.  199 

TABLE  IV. — Showing  number  of  thrips  taken  in  spikes  of  Pickerel  weed  {Fonte- 
den'a  cordata)  in  various  parts  of  Ilush  Lake. 

Location  of  pickerel  weed  Number  of  thrips  taken 

examined.  on  16  spikes. 

20  ni.  from  northwest  shore 2 

200  m.  from  west  end 1 

200  m.  from  west  end (J 

500  m.  from  west  end 0 

Middle  of  lake 2 

Middle  of  lake 1 

100  m.  from  southeast  shore 1 

50  m.  from  southeast  shore 1 

150  m.  from  south  shore 0 

30  m.  from  east  shore 2 


These  figures  go  to  show  that  there  are  no  more  thrips  in  one  part  of 
the  lake  than  in  another,  and  hence  to  oppose  the  view  that  they  have 
drifted  to  the  plants  on  the  water.  It  would  be  expected,  furthermore, 
if  this  drifting  occurred,  that  many  specimens  would  drift  across  the 
lake  without  meeting  any  plants,  and  could  be  found  on  the  leeward 
side.  Two  hours  careful  towing  at  the  surface  on  the  southeast  side 
of  the  lake  with  a  muslin  net  after  a  long-continued  northwest  wind, 
however,  failed  to  secure  a  single  specimen. 

I  have  concluded,  therefore,  that  the  thrips  did  not  cbift  to  the  pic- 
kerel weed,  but  flew  to  it.  This  would  involve  flights  of  at  least  100 
m.,  and  I  know  of  no  reason  why  single  flights  should  not  be  much  long- 
er. It  is  barety  possible  that  the  thrips  have  been  carried  to  the  plants, 
for  there  are  a  few  private  boats  on  the  lake,  but  the  traffic  is  slight, 
and  the  boats  usually  carry  only  passengers,  which  does  not  present  a 
very  likely  method  of  transporting  thrips  for  considerable  distances. 
Moreover,  if  this  were  the  method  of  dissemination,  one  would  expect 
to  find  more  thrips  on  the  Pontederia  near  the  boat-landings  than  else- 
where, which  was  not  the  case.  If  it  is  true  that  thrips  fly  long  dis- 
tances, they  do  not  remain  near  roadsides  because  the\'  are  incapable 
of  sufficiently  long  flight. 

(3)  Aimlessness  of  flight.  This  factor  can  not,  I  believe,  be  opera- 
tive in  the  cases  examined.  Except  where  positive  phototaxis  may  ex- 
plain the  direction  of  their  flight,  I  believe  their  migrations  to  be  prac- 
tically aimless.  For  thrips  do  not  apparently  see  obstacles  or  enemies 
several  centimeters  away;  and  in  the  experiment  described  above  in 
which  a  fresh  and  an  old  thistle  head  were  placed  3  cm.  apart,  only  15 
of  the  probable  75  thrips  on  the  old  head  migrated  to  the  fresh  one. 
Supposing  their  flight  to  be  aimless,  if  the  distribution  of  the  food 
plants  were  irregular,  then  many  individuals  would  probal)ly  be  lost  by 
flying  to  locations  where  there  were  no  plants.     But  in  the  cases  ex- 


200  THYSANOPTERA  AND  ORTHOPTERA. 

amined  the  flowers  were  nearly  uniformly  distributed,  and  were  abun- 
.  dant,  so  that  an  insect  might  have  flown  almost  anywhere  and  still 
have  been  within  eas}^  reach  of  food  and  protection. 

(4)  Inertia.  Three  tangible  factors  which  might  have  explained 
the  crowding  of  thrijis  near  roadways  have  been  examined  and  found 
insufficient.  There  remains  one  possible  factor,  namely,  inertia. 
The  meaning  of  this  term  is  explained  at  the  beginning  of  this  section. 
There  can  be  no  direct  evidence  that  inertia  accounts  for  the  non- 
migration  of  thrips  from  roadways.  It  is  merely  the  one  factor  that 
is  left  after  the  other  conceivable  factors  have  been  eliminated.  By 
proposing  the  name  ''inertia"  for  what  I  suppose  to  be  the  responsible 
factor  in  preventing  migration,  I  do  not  mean  to  imply  that  any  thing 
very  definite  is  known  about  it,  but,  on  the  other  hand,  it  is  not  merely 
a  name.  It  is  employed  for  convenience  to  indicate  that  we  are  here 
dealing  with  an.  internal  factor,  in  contradistinction  to  the  several  ex- 
ternal factors  which  have  been  excluded. 

It  is  to  be  noted  that  so  far  no  explanation  has  been  offered  for  the 
congregation  of  thrips  along  the  roadways  in  the  first  place.  This  I 
suppose  to  be  due  to  traffic.  Uzel  (1905,  p.  368)  mentions  the  possi- 
bility of  artificial  spreading,  as  advocated  by  Blanchard  (1851),  but  is 
inclined  to  discount  its  eflficiency.  Loads  of  hay  in  summer  probably 
contain  thousands  of  thrips,  since  the  insects  remain  in  flowers  until 
the  latter  are  rather  dry.  Many  of  these  flowers  (e.  g.,  clover)  are 
dropped  by  the  roadside.  Loads  of  hay  or  straw  in  winter  may  bear 
hibernating  individuals  or  eggs.  Bouquets  may  transport  a  few,  es- 
pecially in  or  near  cities.  Passing  vehicles  may  intercept  the  flight  of 
thrips  and  carry  them  for  longer  or  shorter  distances.  Stock  pasturing 
along  the  road,  or  the  clothing  of  pedestrians  probably  carry  some;  for 
after  walking  through  a  patch  of  white  clover  bearing  thrips  I  have 
several  times  found  some  of  the  insects  on  my  leggings.  Phloeophilous 
species  are  doubtless  carried  in  logs  where  lumbering  is  practised.  In- 
asmuch as  the  phenomenon  of  abundance  near  roads  may  be  the  cumu- 
lative effects  of  years,  the  young  remaining  near  their  place  of  birth,  I 
believe  the  above  considerations  are  sufficient  to  account  for  the  ob- 
served greater  abundance  of  thrips  along  highways. 

It  would  be  interesting  to  test  this  view  by  studying  a  region  about 
to  be  thrown  open  to  settlement,  both  before  its  opening  and  at  in- 
tervals thereafter.  If  my  interpretation  is  correct,  it  should  be  possil^le 
to  observe  the  gradual  increase  in  the  relative  abundance  of  thrips  near 
lines  of  traffic. 

ENEMIES  AND  CHECKS. 

Predaceous  Animals..  Among  these,  spiders  must  probably  be  num- 
bered, as  I  have  seen  the  empty  skins  of  Anaphothrips  striatiis  entangled 


THYSANOPTERA  AND  ORTHOPTERA.  201 

in  the  webs  of  small  spiders  on  rolled  leaves  of  wild  rje  (Elymus  cana- 
densis). In  several  instances  mites  were  found  attached  to  thrips,  as 
is  well  known,  usually  near  the  base  of  the  abdomen  but  in  one  case  at 
the  articulation  of  the  hind  femur  and  tibia.  The  most  common  insect 
enemy  which  I  have  noted  is  a  small  l)lack  bug  {Triphleps  insidiosus) 
mentioned  by  Osborn  (1888),  found  in  flowers,  on  some  grasses,  in  ter- 
minal bunches  of  leaves,  in  fact  almost  anywhere  where  thrips  may  be 
found.  It  was  quite  common  on  the  blades  and  among  the  silks  and 
husks  of  common  field  corn  {Zea  mays),  and  its  presence  was  so  closely 
associated  with  the  presence  of  thrips  that  I  used  it  as  a  means  of  find- 
ing the  latter.  Thrips  lived  quite  commonly  concealed  at  the  bases  of 
the  blades  of  corn,  but  not  nearlj-  on  all,  nor  even  on  a  large  proportion 
of  the  leaves.  On  those  leaves  where  Triphleps  insidiosus  was  found, 
there  were  usually  thrips.  The  bug  would  go  about  with  its  long  beak 
thrust  forward  and  when  it  came  upon  a  thrips,  it  would  crawl  up  to 
the  latter,  pierce  it  near  the  middle  of  the  body,  and  bear  it  away  im- 
paled on  its  beak.  Rove-beetles  (Staphylinidae)  were  often  found  in 
flowers  with  thrips,  but  as  this  family  is  not  generally  predaceous,  they 
may  not  attack  thrips.  Certain  members  of  the  Staphylinidae  live 
symbiotically  with  ants,  but  the  advantages  derived  from  the  ants  can 
hardly  also  be  derived  from  thrips. 

It  seems  quite  probable  that  such  insectivorous  lairds  as  the  ruby- 
throated  humming-bird  {Trochilus  coluhris),  which  visits  flowers,  would 
devour  thrips.  The  stomach  of  one  individual  which  was  captured  in 
August  was  examined  for  these  insects,  but  the  only  contents  besides 
some  plant  hairs  and  pollen  grains  were  legs  of  small  spiders  together 
with  irregular  chitinous  pieces  which  were  probably  portions  of  the 
bodies  of  the  same  animals.  This  single  stomach-examination,  does 
not,  however,  even  make  it  probable  that  thrips  are  not  sometimes 
captured  by  humming-birds. 

Rains.  This  seems  to  be  the  great  enemy  of  thrips.  ■  It  has  been 
noticed  mam^  times  that  these  insects  are  less  abundant  in  wet  seasons 
than  in  moderately  dry  ones.  During  the  summer  it  seemed  to  me  that 
thrips  were  not  as  common  immediately  after  a  rain  as  they  were  be- 
fore, but  as  hard  rains  were  uncommon  in  Huron  County  during  the 
season,  I  hav^  no  definite  data  on  this  point.  I  have,  however,  at- 
tempted to  determine  experimentally  the  relations  of  thrips  to  water, 
and  to  observe  the  effect  of  rain  in  their  natm^al  habitat.  It  was  noticed 
that,  on  the  spikes  of  mullein  {Verbasciini  thapsus),  during  or  after  a 
rain,  specimens  of  Anthothrips  verhasci  were  not  as  abundant  on  the 
side  which  the  rain  struck  as  on  the  protected  side.  Definite  counts 
were  made  in  a  number  of  instances.  A  row  of  buds,  flowers  or  seed 
capsules,  was  gently  examined  one  at  a  time,  and  the  thrips  on  or  be- 
tween them  were  counted.     Usually  a  row  two  buds  wide  through  the 


202 


THYSANOPTERA  AND  ORTHOPTERA. 


length  of  the  spikes  was  examined,  first  on  one  side  and  then  on  the 
opposite.  A  strip  about  four  buds  wide  thus  remained  undisturbed 
on  each  side  between  the  rows  counted.  It  seemed  scarcely  probable 
that  insects  as  sluggish  as  Anthothrips  verhasci  would  crawl  past  these 
four  buds  when  disturbed,  and  be  counted  again  on  the  other  side;  but 
to  insure  that  no  error  was  in  this  way  introduced  into  the  total  result, 
sometimes  the  leeward  side  was  counted  first,  sometimes  the  wind- 
ward.    The  results  appear  in  Table  V. 

TABLE  V. — Showing  the  number  of  individuals  of  Anthothrips  verbasci  taken  on 
the  leeward  and  on  the  windward  side  of  spikes  of  mullein  {Verbascum 
thapsus)  during  or  shortly  after  a  rain. 


No.  of 
spike. 


Number  of  thrips.  o- ,  ,    ,        Time  elapsing  after 

Leeward  side.      Windward  side.      ""        fi  ^t*  *  ^^^^  before  count 

Young.     Adult.     Young.     Adult.  '  was  made. 


6. 
18. 
152. 
34. 
15. 
12. 
16. 

4. 
12. 

8. 
46. 


.  0. 
.  4. 
.24. 
.    7. 

14. 
,11. 

11. 

2. 

0. 

.    0. 

10. 


4. 

5. 

129. 

31. 

10. 

10. 

8. 

7. 

2. 

3. 
30. 


.  0. 
.  0. 
.52. 
.  4. 
.10. 
.  3. 
.  6. 
.  0. 
.  0. 
.  0. 
.    3. 


Leeward .  . 
Windward . 
Leeward  .  . 
Windward . 
Windward . 
Leeward .  . 
Windward . 
Leeward  .  . 
Windward . 
Leeward .  . 
Windward . 


During  rain. 
During  rain. 

3  hours. 

4  hours. 
2  hours. 
2  hours. 
2  hours. 
During  rain. 
During  rain. 
During  rain. 
During  rain. 


Total 323 

Total  ex- 
clusive of 
3  and  4...    137 


83 


52 


239 


79 


78 


A  count  of  thrips  was  made  in  like  manner  at  times  not  closely  fol- 
lowing a  rain.  The  spikes  were  dry,  and  the  times  were  so  chosen  that 
they  must  have  been  dry  at  least  several  days  before  the  counts  were 
made.  One  set  of  counts  was  made  with  reference  to  the  direction  of 
wind.     The  results  are  given  in  Table  VI. 

TABLE  VI.  —  Showing  number  of  individuals  of  Anthothrips  verbasci  taken  on 
the  windward  and  the  leeward  sides  of  spikes  of  mullein  (Verbascum  thap- 
sus) during  dry  weather. 


No.  of  spike. 


No.  of  thrips  on 
windward  side. 
Young  Adult. 


No.  of  thrips  on 

leeward  side. 

Young.  Adult. 


19. 
135. 


12 

3 

15 

6 

12 

0 

6 

137 

3 

•Total... 162 


24 


152 


18 


THYSANOPTERA  AND  ORTHOPTERA.  203 

Similar  counts  made  with  reference  to  the  direction  of  the  sun  are 
recorded  in  Table  VII. 

TABLE  VII.  —  Showing  the  number  of  individuals  of  Anthothrips  verhasci  taken 
on  the  sunny  and  shady  sides  of  spikes  of  mullein  {Verbascum  thopsus)  at 
times  not  closely  following  a  rain. 

No   of  "spike  '^^'  °^  ^hrips  on  sunny  side.         Xo.  of  thrips  on  shady  side. 

"^      '  Young.  Adult.  Young.  Adult. 


1 13 6 11 8 

2 28 1 32 1 

3 2 2 3 4 

4 138 11 109 8 

Total 181 20 155 21 

Some  irregularities  were  of  course  introduced  into  the  above  counts 
because  it  was  a  matter  of  judgment  to  determine  whether  the  rows  of 
buds  examined  on  opposite  sides  of  a  spike  were  equal.  The  work  was 
done  carefully,  however,  with  this  source  of  error  constantly  in  mind. 
It  is  thought,  therefore,  that  if  there  was  any  marked  tendency  of  the 
thrips  to  congregate  on  a  definite  side  of  the  spike,  it  would  be  notice- 
able in  the  counts.  In  Table  \1,  there  is  a  larger  number  of  thrips  on 
the  windward  side  in  every  case,  but  the  difference  is  too  small  to  in- 
dicate any  preference  for  that  side.  In  Table  VII,  the  total  shows  a 
small  majority  of  thrips  on  the  sunny  side;  but  in  two  of  the  individual 
cases  the  majority  were  on  the  shady  side,  and  in  another  case  the  two 
numbers  were  ecjual.  Defects  and  differences  in  the  plant  tissues  on 
different  sides  could  not  readily  be  measured,  and  were  not  taken  into 
account. 

I  conclude  from  these  data  that  in  dry  Aveather  thrips  distribute 
themselves  uniformly  over  symmetrical  spikes.  During  rains,  how- 
ever, or  shortly  after  them,  it  appears  from  Table  "\^  that  there  is  a 
tendency  to  favor  a  definite  side  of  the  spike,  namely,  the  one  protected. 
In  onl}'  two  cases  out  of  the  eleven  was  the  number  of  thrips  greater 
on  the  windward  than  on  the  leeward  side ;  in  one  of  these  (No.  8)  the 
number  was  quite  small;  in  the  other  (No.  3)  the  observations  were  not 
made  until  3  hours  after  rain  had  ceased,  and  the  spikes  were  practi- 
cally dry  already.  The  total  of  the  eleven  counts  shows  a  decided 
majority  of  thrips  on  the  leeward  side,  in  the  ratio  of  1.28  to  1.  If 
Nos.  3  and  4  be  rejected  as  belonging  more  properly  to  dry  weather 
counts,  the  number  on  the  leeward  side  bears  to  that  on  the  windward 


204  THYSANOPTERA  AND  ORTHOPTERA. 

side  the  ratio  of  1.87  tO'  1.     I  conclude  from  these  figures  that  this 
species  (Anthothrips  verhasci)  is  somewhat  influenced  by  the  rains. 

If,  then,  a  thrips  is  in  a  position  where  it  cannot  well  escape  the  water, 
or  is  too  sluggish  to  crawl  away  when  once  wet,  it  is  interesting  to  know 
what  will  happen.  It  was  stated  under  the  heading  "Dissemination" 
that  when  specimens  of  Thrips  physopus  were  immersed  in  water  they 
were  all  dead  at  the  end  of  50  hours.  To  determine  the  maximum 
time  of  immersion  that  could  be  endured,  several  groups  of  larvae  of 
Anthothrips  verhasci  were  enclosed  in  draw-string  muslin  bags,  and  sunk 
in  water.  Care  was  taken  on  immersion  that  all  air  bubbles  should  be 
removed  from  the  bags.  At  the  end  of  various  intervals  a  bag  was 
opened  and  the  condition  of  the  thrips  noted.  The  results  are  shown 
in  Table  VIII. 

TABLE  VIII.     Showing  condition  of  larvae  of  Anthothrips  .verhasci  after  immer- 
sion in  water  for  various  periods. 


TVT       f    rr.-       •  ,       XT        f  i  u  "      No.  aUvc  On    Time  elapsing  after  removine 

No.  of    Time  m  water  No.  of  thrips       ^^    ,^j  ^^^^^  larvae  began  to  crawl^ 

group.  in  hours.  immersed.      from  water.        .  in  minutes. 

First  larva.         Last  larva. 


1 19.4 5 5 2 70 

2 28.3 5 5 40 90 

3 38.0 5 1 .90 

It  appears  from  these  figures  that  a  rain  lasting  40  hours,  or  keeping 
the  plants  wet  for  that  length  of  time,  would  probably  be  fatal  to  all 
larval  thrips  of  this  species  which  could  not  escape  to  a  protected  situ- 
ation. Passing  showers,  on  the  other  hand,  occurring  infrequently, 
would  have  little  effect  on  them.  It  is  probal)le,  however,  that  even 
brief  showers,  occurring  at  frequent  intervals,  would  in  time  have  a 
detrimental  effect. 

SYSTEMATIC  AND   DETAILED  TREATMENT  OF  SPECIES. 

For  the  identification  of  the  twenty-one  species  of  Thysanoptera 
which  I  have  collected  in  Hm-on  County,  the  following  key  has  been 
compiled.  Little  attempt  has  been  made,  beyond  the  separation  into 
suborders  and  families,  to  arrange  the  species  taxonomically.  This  is 
especially  true  of  the  Tubulifera,  in  which  there  are  fewer  clues  to 
relative  specialization  than  among  the  Terebrantia.  In  the  latter  sub- 
order, the  arrangement  of  species  in  the  key  is  roughly  that  of  ascend- 
ing specialization,  as  adopted  by  most  workers  on  Thysanoptera.     This 


2.1 


THYSANOPTERA  AND  ORTHOPTERA.  205 

lack  of  arrangement  need  not  be  a  serious  defect,  inasmuch  as  the 
taxonomic  order  is  preserved  in  the  "List  of  Species"  which  follows, 
and  the  purpose  of  the  key  is  only  the  identification  of  species. 

Key  to  the  Species  of  Thysanoptera  taken  in  Huron  County,  Michigan. 

a.    Terminal  segment  of  abdomen  conical  or  bluntly  rounded,  not 
a  tube.     Female  with  curved,  saw-like  ovipositor.    Suborder 
1.  ■{  Terehrontia. 

I  b.   Terminal  segment    of    abdomen  a  slender,  slightly  tapering 
[  tube.     Female    without    ovipositor.     Suborder    Tuhulijera. 

Suborder  Terehrantia. 

■  a.  Ovipositor  of  female  curved  with  concave  side  up.  Fore-wings 
with  distinct  cross  veins.  Antennae  nine-segmented.  Fam- 
ily Aeolothripidae. 
Ovipositor  of  female  curved  with  concave  side  down.  Fore- 
wings  without  distinct  cross  veins.  Antennae  six-to  nine- 
segmented  (nine  only  in  genus  Heterothrips).  Family 
Thripidae. 

Family  Aeolothripidae. 

(        Single  species  found.     Wings  with  three  white  bars,  at  base, 
\  middle,  and  tips  respectively.     Aeolothrips  jasciatus,  p.  207. 

Family  Thripidae.. 

a.  Antennae  nine-segmented.  Heterothrips  salicis,  p.  208. 

b.  Antennae  eight-segmented  (sixth  segment  may  be  apparently 
divided  by  an  obliciue  groove).  (5). 

c.  Antennae  seven-segmented.  (11). 
j  d.  Antennae  six-segmented.  Aptinothrips  rvfus  var.  connoticornis, 
[        p.  211. 

f  a.  Second  segment  of  antenna  elongated  on  its  outer  side  to  form 

I  a  conspicuous,  more  or  less  angular  process.     Chirothrips  moni- 

I  catus.  p.  208. 

[  b.  Second  segment  of  antenna  symmetrical.                                  (6). 

a.  Prothorax  without  any  prominent  spines.  (7). 

b.  Prothorax  bearing  few  or  many  conspicuous  spines  (8). 
a.  Always  wingless.     Eyes  small,  composed  of  but  few  facets. 

Ocelli  wanting.     Sixth  segment  of    antennae   apparently   not 

7.  \        divided  by  an  oblique  grove.  Aptinothrips  rufus,  p.  210. 

I  b.    Usually  winged.     Eyes  of  normal  size.     Ocelli  present.     Sixth 

[        segment  of  antenna  apparently  divided  by  an  oblique  groove. 


4.  <! 


10 


11.^ 


206  THYSANOPTERA  AND  ORTHOPTERA. 

Anaphothrips  str'iatus,  p.  210. 
\  a.    With  one  conspicuous  spine  at  each  posterior  angle  of  the  pro- 
thorax.     No  other  prominent  prothoracic  spines.  .         Scirto- 
thrips  ruthveni,  p.  208. 
b.    With  prominent  spines  at  all  four  angles  of  prothorax.  (9). 

f  a.    General  color  nearly  black.  Ctenothrips  hridwelli,  p.  210. 

9.  <{  b.    General  color  ^^ellow,  usually  tinged  ^^dth  orange  or  pale  brown. 

Genus  Euthrips  (10). 

a.  General  color  light  brown.  Body  comparatively  broad. 
Wings  very  short,  appearing  to  be  wanting.     Sluggish  habits. 

Euthrips  fuscus,  p.  210, 

b.  General  color  yellow,  tinged  with  orange  on  thorax.  Body 
more  slender.  Wings  nearly  always  present  and  of  full  length. 
Active.  Euthrips  tritici,  p.  208. 

a.  Maxillary  palpi  two-segmented.  Wings  with  a  conspicuous 
white  area  at  base.    Sluggish  habits.  Baliothrips  hasalis,  p.  212. 

b.  Maxillary  palpi  three-segmented.  Wings  without  conspic- 
uous white  area  at  base.  Very  active  insects.  Genus  Thrips 
(12). 

a.  General  color  yellow.  Four  to  six  widely  separated  spines  on 
fore  vein  in  distal  half  of  fore-mng.  Thrips  tahaci,  p.  21 1 . 

12.  {  b.   General  color  brown  to  black.     Usually  only  three  mdely  sepa- 
rated spines  on  fore  vein  in  distal  half  of  fore-wing. 

Thrips  physopus,  p.  212. 

Suborder  Tuhulifera. 

Family  Phloeothripidae. 

{  a.  Body  slender.     Head  at  least  one  and  one-half  times  as  long 

j  as  broad.  Genus  Phyllothrips   (14). 

13.  ',  b.  Body  stout.  Head  less  than  one  and  one-half  times  as  long  as 
[  broad.  (15). 
f  a.  Last  three  segments  of  antenna  yellow.     Spines  prominent  on 

prothorax.  Phyllothrips  citricornis,  p.  214. 

b.  Last  three  segments  of  antenna  brown.  Spines  inconspicuous 
on  prothorax.  Phyllothrips  aspersus,  p.  214. 

f  a.  Antennae  seven-segmented.       Allothrips  megacephalus,  p.  214. 

15.  \  b.  Antennae  eight-segmented  (last  two  segments  may  be  immov- 

[  ably  joined).                                                                       .        (16). 

[  a.  Seventh  segment  of  antenna  separated  from  eighth  by  a  mere 

groove,  not  a  movable  joint.  Neothrips  corticis,  p.  214. 

b.  Joint  between  seventh  and  eighth  segments  of  antenna  movable. 

[  .                         (17). 


14 


16 


18 


THYSANOPTERA  AND  ORTHOPTERA.  207 

r  a.  Length  of  abdomen  not  more  than  twice  its  breadth. 

17.  i  Trichothrips  beachi,  p.  213. 

I  b.  Length  of  abdomen  phiinly  more  than  twice  its  breadth.     (18). 

a.  Wingless.     Opaque  bhick.         Trichothrips  hrevicruralis,  \^.  2\S. 

b.  Winged.     Black  species  are  more  or  less  transparent.         (19). 
[  a.  Fore-wings  not  narrowed  in  middle.              Trichothrips  triden- 

19.  i  tatus,  p.  214. 

lb.  Fore- wings  narrowed  in  middle.  Genus  Anthothrips  (20). 

r  a.  Postocular  bristles  always  well  developed.     Prominent  spines 

!  at  anterior  angles  of  prothorax.       Anthothrips  rerhasci,  p.  213. 

■  1  b.  Postocular  bristles  usually  wanting.     Anterior  angles  of  pro- 

I  thorax  without  spines.  Anthothrips  niger,  p.  213. 

List  of  Species. 

The  brief  descriptions  of  species  given  in  this  hst  are  intended  merely 
to  indicate  the  general  appearance  of  the  insect  in  its  natural  habitat. 
The  colors  are  those  seen  by  reflected  light  only.  Thus,  many  species 
appear  black  by  reflected  light,  whereas  under  the  miscroscope  with 
transmitted  light  they  are  brown.  For  descriptions  of  species  suffi- 
ciently complete  for  identification,  the  reader  is  referred  to  the  works 
of  Hinds  (1902),  Hood  (1908),  Frankhn  (1907),  and  Shull  (1909). 

The  term  "habitat"  is  used,  in  accordance  with  the  best  modern 
usage,  to  mean  the  character  of  the  place  inhabited  by  a  species,  not 
the  state,  country,  or  region  where  it  has  been  collected.  For  the 
latter,  the  term  "range"  or  "pro\dnce"  should  be  used.  Lender  the 
heading  "habitat"  is  given  every  species  of  plant  and  the  part  of  the 
plant  on  which  each  species  of  thrips  was  captured.  This  is  done,  not 
because  the  species  of  plant  is  important  in  itself,  but  because  the 
character  of  the  habitat  is  in  this  way  most  accurately  described.  The 
scientific  name  of  the  plant  is  given,  except  in  the  case  of  one  or  two 
common  cultivated  forms.  The  names  are  those  used  in  Gray's 
Manual  (7th  edition,  1908),  and  the  authority  for  the  names  has  there- 
fore been  omitted. 

The  species  of  thrips  are  here  arranged  in  what  is  supposed  to  be 
approximately  their  natural  order,  the  most  specialized  last.  The  ar- 
rangement is  based  largely  on  the  degree  of  fusion  of  the  segments  of 
the  antennae  and  palpi ;  the  fewer  the  segments  the  greater  the  special- 
ization. 

Aeolothrips  fasciatus  (Linn.).— This  species  is  comparatively  large, 
as  thrips  go.  The  female  is  deep  brown,  the  male  much  paler.  There 
are  three  conspicuous  white  bars  on  the  wings.  The  insect  is  quite 
active,  and  belongs  among  the  interstitial  species. 

Taken  at  intervals  from  June  24  to  August  18. 


208  THYSANOPTERA  AND  ORTHOPTERA. 

Habitat.  In  flower  of  hedge  bindweed,  Convolvulus  sepium;  in  flowers 
of  pumpkin,  Cucurbita  pepo;  swept  from  blue  grass,  Poa  pratensis; 
among  florets  of  heal-all.  Prunella  vulgaris;  among  florets  of  goldenrod, 
Solidago  canadeyisis;  and  in  heads  of  white  clover,  Trifoliutn  repens. 

Heterothrips  salicis  8hull. — This  insect  is  of  moderate  size,  black, 
and  of  sluggish  habits.     It  is  apparently  one  of  the  superficial  species. 

Taken  at  two  places,  on  July  14. 

Habitat.  On  outside  of  catkins,  not  among  the  florets,  and  on  the 
leaves  of  the  pine-cone  gall,  of  the  ^^^llow,  Salix  flmnatilis. 

Chirothrips  manicatus  Haliday. — This  species  is  of  moderate  size, 
and  deep  brown  to  black  in  color.  It  is  usually  more  or  less  concealed 
(interstitial),  but  occasionally  exposed  (superficial).  It  is  never  very 
active. 

Taken  from  June  24  to  August  16. 

Habitat.  Among  chaff  scales  of  common  oats,  Avena  sativa;  among 
seeds  in  head  of  redtop,  Calamagrostis  ca^iadensis;  in  flowers  of  hare- 
bell. Campanula  rotundifolia;  in  flowers  of  beach  pea,  Lathyrus  mariti- 
mus;  on  upper  side  of  leaves  of  tall  millet  grass.  Milium  effusum;  among 
florets  of  timothy,  Phleum  pratense;  swept  from  blue  grass,  Poa  pra- 
tensis;  in  heads  of  white  clover,  Trifolium  repens;  and  at  bases  of  leaves 
of  field  corn,  Zea  mays. 

Scirtothrips  ruthveni  Shull. — This  is  a  pale  yellow  species  of  rather 
small  size.  It  lives  in  moderately  exposed  situations,  and,  although  it 
leaps  if  disturbed,  it  is  not  nearly  so  agile  as  Thrips  tabaci,  which  it 
resembles  in  general  form  and  color.  Anaphothrips  striatus,  which  also 
resembles  this  species  in  a  general  way,  does  not  leap  at  all.  Only  the 
females  are  known. 

Taken  in  three  localities,  July  9  to  July  15. 

Habitat.  Among  terminal  leaves  of  dogwood,  Cornus  stolonifera;  on 
the  leaves  and  in  the  flowers  of  the  linden,  Tilia  americana;  and  among 
the  florets  of  red  clover,  Trifolium  pratense. 

Euthrips  tritici  (Fitch).- — ^This  is  one  of  the  commonest  of  all  the 
species  found  here.  If  a  medium-sized  thrips  of  yellowish  color,  per- 
haps tinged  with  orange  or  brownish,  issues  from  any  concealed  place, 
as  from  a  composite  flower,  and  crawls  rapidly  away  or  at  once  takes 
to  flight,  the  chances  are  many  to  one  that  it  is  Euthrips.  tniici.  The 
males  are  abundant  also.  So  far  as  food  plants  are  concerned,  this 
species  seems  to  be  but  little  restricted,  as  the  list  below  will  show. 

Taken  June  24  to  August  21. 

Habitat.  Among  florets  of  white  yarrow,  Achillea  millefolium;  in 
flowers  of  alfalfa ;  in  tufts  of  young  leaves  of  ragweed.  Ambrosia  artemisi- 
ifolia;  in  flowers  of  anemone.  Anemone  canadensis;  among  ray  florets  of 
dogfennel,  Anthemis  cotida;  among  young  buds  and  florets  of  burdock, 


THYSANOPTERA  AND  ORTHOPTERA.  209 

Arctium  minus;  in  flowers  and  in  terminal  bunches  of  leaves  of  swamp 
milk-weed,  Asclepias  incarnata;  and  in  tlie  flowers  of  the  common  milk- 
weed, A.  syriaca,  and  plem'isy-root.  .1.  tuherosa;  among  florets  of  large- 
leaved  aster.  Aster  macrophyllus.  and  the  flat-top  white  aster,  .1.  um- 
hellatus;  in  flowers  of  American  sea-rocket,  Cakile  edentula;  in  flowers  of 
the  marsh  harebell,  Campanula  aparinoides,  and  of  the  common  blue- 
bell, C.  rotundifolid ;  in  and  among  the  flowers  of  the  buttonbush,  Cep- 
halanthus  occidentalis;  among  florets  of  young  head,  arid  among  seeds, 
of  green-foxtail,  Chaetochloa  viridis:  among  florets  of  Canada  thistle, 
Cirsium  arvense,  of  the  common  thistle,  C.  lanceolatum,  and  of  Pitche'r's 
thistle,  C.  pitcheri;  in  flowers  of  virgin's  bower.  Clematis  virginiana;  in- 
side of  corolla  and  inner  side  of  stamens  of  hedge  bindweed.  Convolvulus 
sepium;  in  flowers  of  dogwood,  Cornus  stolonifera;  inside  and  outside  of 
corolla  of  field  pumpkin,  Cucurbita  pepo;  in  flowers  of  swamp  loose- 
strife, Decodon  verticiUatus;  upper  side  of  leaves  of  barnyard  grass, 
Echinochloa  crusgalli;  among  bases  of  stamens  of  great  willow  herb, 
Epilobium  angusti folium;  among  florets  of  sweet  scabious,  Erigeron  an- 
nuus,  and  of  daisy  fleabane,  E.  ramosus;  in  flowers  of  wormseed  mustard, 
Erysimum  cheiranthoides;  among  florets  of  trumpet-weed,  Eupatorium 
purpureum;  in  flowers  of  false  fox-glove,  Gerardia  pedicularia;  among 
rays  of  woodland  sunflower,  Helianthus  divaricatus;  among  florets  of 
Canada  hawk-weed,  Hieracium  canadense;  in  flowers  of  Kalm's  St. 
John's  Wort,  Hypericum  kalmianum,  and  of  common  St.  John's  Wort 
H.  perforatum;  in  flowers  of  beach  pea,  Lathyrus  maritimus;  among 
florets  of  cylindric  blazing-star,  Liatris  cyUndracea;  in  flowers  of  butter- 
and-eggs,  Linaria  vulgaris;  in  and  among  flowers  of  cardinal  flower. 
Lobelia  cardinalis;'  in  flowers  of  cut-leaved  water  hoarhound,  Lycopus 
americanus;  in  flowers  and  about  seed-pods  of  narrow-leaved  cow-wheat, 
Melampyrum.  Unease;  in  flowers  of  white  sweet  clover,  Melilotus  alba,  and 
of  yellow  sweet  clover,  M.  officinalis;  in  and  among  flowers  of  pepper- 
mint, Mentha  piperita;  in  flowers  of  sciuare-stemmed  monkey-flower, 
Mimulus  ringens;  among  flowers  and  buds  of  pale  wild  bergamot,  Mo- 
narda  mollis;  in  flowers  of  cultivated  bean,  Phaseolus  vulgaris;  in  flowers 
of  cultivated  pea.  Pisum  sativum;  swept  from  blue  grass,  Poa  pratensis; 
in  and  among  florets  of  water  persicaria,  Polygonum  amphibium;  among 
florets  of  pickerel  weed,  Pontederia  cordata;  in  flowers  of  shrubby  cinque- 
foil,  Potentilla  fruticosa,  and  of  rough  cinquefoil,  P.  monspeliensis;  among 
flowers  of  Prunella  vulgaris;  in  flowers  of  shin-leaf.  Pyrola  elliptica; 
among  petals  and  between  petals  and  sepals  of  swamp  rose,  Rosa. 
Carolina;  on  upper  side  of  young  leaves,  and  in  flowers  of  ]\Iillspaugh's 
blackberry,  Bubus  canadensis;  among  rays  of  black-eyed  Susan,  Rud~ 
heckia  hirta:  among  carpels  and  above  bases  of  petals  of  broad-leaved 
arrowhead,  Sagittaria  latifolia;  outside  of  flowers  and  on  pedicels  of  Uve- 
27 


210  THYSANOPTERA  AND  ORTHOPTERA. 

forever,  Sedum  purpureum;  in  flowers  of  nightshade,  Solarium  dulca- 
mara, and  of  common  potato,  S.  tuberosum;  among  florets  of  golden- 
rod,  Solidago  canadensis;  in  flowers  of  nodding  ladies'  tresses.  Spiranthes 
cernua;  in  flowers  of  linear-leaved  loose-strife,  Steironema  quadrifiorum; 
among  florets  of  tansv,  Tanacetum  vulgare;  in  flowers  of  linden,  Tilia 
americana;  among  florets  of  red  clover,  Trifolium  pratense,  and  of  white 
clover,  T.  repens;  in  and  among  flowers  of  mullein,  Verhascum  thapsus; 
in  tassels,  in  bunches  of  young  leaves,  among  husks,  and  at  bases  of 
older  leaves  of  field  corn.  Zea  mays. 

Euthrips  fuscus  Hinds. — This  is  a  shorter  insect  than  the  preceding, 
and  is  of  a  brownish  yellow  color,  and  much  more  sluggish.  It  does 
not  fly,  its  wings  being  exceedingly  short.  It  is  found  in  more  or  less 
protected  situations  in  grasses  and  flowers.  In  other  regions,  I  have 
taken  it  much  more  abundantly  in  various  grasses,  but  nearly  always 
in  concealed  places. 

Taken  July  31  to  August  20. 

Habitat.  Sifted  from  blue  grass,  Poa  pratensis;  among  florets  of 
dandelion.  Taraxacum  officinale. 

Ctenothrips  bridwelli  FrankUn. — This  is  a  large,  black  thrips,  not 
as  readily  put  to  flight  as  many  species,  but  a  \'igorous  flier  once  it  takes 
to  wing.     It  is  very  spiny,  and  lives  on  exposed  leaf-surfaces. 

Taken  July  28. 

Habitat.  On  both  upper  and  under  surfaces  of  leaves  of  false  lily- 
of-t he- valley,  Maianthemum  canadense,  and  of  star-flowered  Solomon's 
seal,  Smilacina  stellata. 

Anaphothrips  striatus  (Osborn). — This  species  is  found  chiefly  on 
grasses,  often  in  wholly  exposed  situations.  It  is  a  little  smaller  than 
the  commonest  species,  Euthrips  tritici,  is  of  a  clouded  yellow  color,  and 
does  not  leap.  Males  are  exceedingly  rare,  and  the  female  is  known  to 
be  parthenogenetic. 

Taken  at  intervals  from  June  24  to  August  21. 

Habitat.  Upper  side  of  leaves  of  sea  sand-reed,  Ammophila  arenaria; 
among  buds  and  on  young  leaves  of  burdock,  Arctium  minus;  upper 
and  under  side  of  leaves  of  common  oats.  Arena  sativa;  upper  side  of 
leaves  of  barnyard  grass,  Echinochloa  crusgalli;  upper  side  of  leaves  of 
nodding  wild  rye,  'Elymus  canadensis;  swept  from  blue  grass,  Poa  pra- 
tensis; on  leaves  of  ])lackl)erry,  Ruhus  canadensis;  on  leaves  and  husks 
of  field  corn,  Zea  mays. 

Aptinothrips  rufus  (Gmelin).  —  This  is  a  very  sluggish,  wingless 
species  found  only  in  grass.  Often  when  collected  it  is  found  in  the 
soil  at  the  bases  of  the  grass,  l)ut  some  careful  investigations  which  I 
have  made  show  that  it'is  probably  always  in  or  on  the  grass,  and  only 
drops  to  the  ground,  when  disturl^ed.     It  is  yellow,  and  is  quite  slender. 


THYSANOPTERA  AND  ORTHOPTERA.  211 

Its  slow  crawling  is  often  almost  a  wormlike  movement.  It  has  a 
variety  connaticornis  Uzel  which  has  only  six  segments  in  the  antenna 
instead  of  eight  but  is  otherwise  like  the  typical  insect. 

Taken  June  24  to  August  24. 

Habitat.  Found  only  on  blue  grass,  Poa  pratensis,  or  swept  from 
mixtures  of  grasses  containing  blue  grass. 

Thrips  tabaci  Lindeman.  —  Next  to  Euthrips  tritici,  this  is  the  most 
abundant  species  in  the  region  studied.  It  may  usually  be  distin- 
guished at  sight  from  the  female  of  Euthrips  tritici  by  its  smaller  size 
and  paler  color,  the  orange  or  brownish  tinge  being  wanting.  From 
the  males  of  Euthrips  tritici,  it  often  cannot  be  distinguished  without 
microscopic  examination.  Both  species  are  found  in  the  same  kinds 
of  places,  namely,  concealed  situations  almost  anywhere  on  plants,  but 
chiefly  in  flowers.  Both  are  active  species,  and  fly  on  slight  provoca- 
tion. 

Taken  July  7  to  August  22. 

Habitat.  Among  florets  of  common  white  yarrow,  Achillea  mille- 
folium; among  petals  and  sepals  of  water  plantain,  Alisma  plantago- 
aquatica;  among  leaves  and  seeds  of  tumble-weed,  Amaranthus  grae- 
cizans,  and  of  rough  pig- weed,  A.  retroflexus;  in  terminal  bunches  of 
young  leaves  of  ragweed,  Ambrosia  artemisiifolia;  among,  not  in,  the 
flowers  of  pearly  everlasting,  Anaphalis  margaritacea ;  among  florets  of 
dogfennel,  Anthemis  cotula;  in  flowers  of  spreading  dogbane,  Apocynum 
ondrosaemifolium;  among  buds  and  florets,  and  on  very  young  leaves, 
of  burdock,  Arctium  minus;  in  flowers  of  common  milk-weed,  Asclepias 
syriaca;  among  florets  of  large-leaved  aster,  Aster  macrophyllus,  and  of 
flat-top  white  aster,  A.  umbellatus;  in  flowers  of  American  sea-rocket. 
Cakile  edentula;  in  and  among  flowers  of  button-bush,  Cephalanthus 
occidentalis;  among  florets  of  young  heads  of  green  foxtail,  Chaetochloa 
viridis;  in  flowers,  near  base  of  corolla,  of  snake-head,  Chelone  glabra ; 
among  florets  of  common  thistle,  Cirsium  lanceolatum;  inside  of  flower 
and  on  inner  side  of  stamens  of  hedge  bindweed.  Convolvulus  sepium; 
in  flowers  of  swam])  loose-strife,  Decodon  verticillatus;  upper  side  of 
leaves  and  in  heads  of  nodding  wild  rye,  Elymus  canadensis;  in  flowers 
of  great  willow  herb,  Epilobium  angusti folium ;  among  ray  florets  of 
sweet  scabious.  Erigeron  annuus;' a.nd  of  daisy  fleabane.  E.  ramosus;  in 
flowers  of  treacle  mustard.  Erysimum  cheiranthoides:  among  buds  of 
boneset,  Eupatorium  perfoliatum,  and  among  florets  of  trumpet-weed. 
E.  purpureum:  in  flowers  of  small-flowered  gerardia,  Gerardia  pauper- 
cula;  and  of  false  fox-glove,  G.  pedicularia;  among  rays  of  woodland 
sunflower,  Helianthus  divaricatus;  among  florets  of  Canada  hawk  weed. 
Hieracium  canadense;  among  florets  of  cylindric  l)lazing-star.  Liatris 
cylindracea,   in   flowers  of   butter-and-eggs,    Linaria    vulgaris;  in   and 


212  THYSANOPTERA  AND  ORTHOPTERA. 

among  flowers  of.  water  hoarhound.  Lycopus  a  mericanus;  in  flowers  of 
white  sweet  clover,  Melilotus  alba,  and  of  yellow  sweet  clover,  M. 
officinaHs;  in  and  among  flowers  of  peppermint,  Mentha  piperita;  among 
buds  and  flowers  of  pale  wild  bergamot,  Mcnarda  mollis;  in  and  among 
flowers  of  catnip,  Nepeta  cataria;  in  corolla  tubes  of  common  evening 
primrose,  Oeriothera  biennis;  in  flowers  of  ditch  stone-crop,  Penthonim 
sedoides;  in  flowers  of  cultivated  pea,  Pisum  sativum.;  swept  from  tim- 
othy, Phleimi  pratense,  and  blue  grass,  Poa  pratensis;  in  and  among 
florets  of  water  persicaria.  Polygonum  amphihiurn;  in  and  among  flowers 
of  pickerel  weed,  Pontederia  cordata;  among  young  terminal  leaves, 
especially  on  the  dorsal  side  of  those  still  curled  up,  of  balsam  poplar, 
Populus  balsamifera;  among  petals  of  silvery  cinquefoil,  Potentilla  ar- 
gentea,  and  in  flowers  of  rough  cinquefoil,  P.  monspeliensis;  on  bases  of 
petals,  beneath  stamens,  of  swamp  rose,  Rosa  Carolina;  above  bases  of 
petals  and  among  carpels  of  broad-leaved  arrowhead,  Sagittaria  lati- 
folia;  in  flowers  of  hemlock  water-parsnip,  Simn  cicutae folium;  in  flowers 
of  nightshade,  Solanum  dulcamara,  and  of  common  potato,  S.  tubero- 
sum; in  flowers  and  on  upper  side  of  bases  of  leaves  of  goldenrod.  Soli- 
dago  canadensis;  in  flowers  of  nodding  ladies'  tresses,  Spiranthes  cernua; 
in  flowers  of  wood  sage,  Teucrium  canadense,  and  of  hairy  germander, 
T.  occidentole;  in  and  among  flowers  of  mullein,  Verbascum  thapsus; 
among  buds  of  blue  vervain.  Verbena  hastata;  in  tassels,  among  terminal 
leaves  on  young  stalks,  among  husks  and  silks,  and  at  bases  of  older 
leaves  of  field  corn,  Zea  mays. 

Thrips  physopus  Linnaeus. — This  species  is  larger  and  darker  than 
its  congener,  T.  tabaci,  its  color  being  practically  black.  It  is  exceed- 
ingly active;  one  can  scarcely  touch  the  flower  in  which  it  lives  wdthout 
driving  it  forth.     It  takes  to  flight  at  once,  and  is  a  good  flier. 

Taken  July  7  to  August  15. 

Habitat.  Among  petals  and  sepals  of  water  plantain,  Alisma  plan- 
tago-aquatica;  in  flowers  of  swamp  milkweed,  Asclepias  incarnata;  in- 
side corolla  of  field  pumpkin,  Cucurbita  pepo;  in  flowers  of  swamp  loose- 
strife, Decodon  verticillatus;  in  flowers  of  Kalm's  St.  John's  Wort,  Hy- 
pericum kalmianum;  among  small  terminal  leaves  of  spotted  touch- 
me-not,  Impatiens  bifiora;  in  and  among  the  flowers  of  cardinal  flower, 
Lobelia  cardinalis;  in  flowers  of  ditch  stone-crop,  Penthorum  sedoides; 
in  and  among  florets  of  water  persicaria.  Polygonum  amphibium;  among 
curled  terminal  leaves  of  balsam-poplar,  Populus  balsamifera;  in  flowers 
of  hemlock  water  parsnip,  Sium.  cicutae  folium;  among  florets  of  dande- 
lion. Taraxacum  officinale;  in  heads  of  white  clover,  Trifolium  repens. 

Baliothrips  basalis  Shull. — This  is  a  comparatively  large  thrips,  black 
with  a  white  bar  across  the  thorax,  due  to  the  white  basal  areas  on  the 


THYSANOPTERA  AND  ORTHOPTERA.  213 

wings.  It  lives  typically  in  exposed  places  on  grass.  It  is  very  slug- 
gish, crawling  but  slowly  and  perhaps  never  flying. 

Taken  August  6  and  August  13. 

Habitat.  Found  only  on  upper  and  under  sides  of  leaves  of  tall 
millet  grass,  Milium  effusum. 

Suborder  Tubulifera, 
Family  Phloeothripidae. 

Anthothrips  niger  (Osborn) .  —  This  is  a  fairly  large  thrips,  quite 
black.  I  have  rarely  seen  it  fly,  and  it  crawls  but  moderately  well. 
It  is  one  of  the  interstitial  species. 

Taken  at  intervals  from  July  4  to  August  13. 

Habitat.  Among  florets  of  white  yarrow,  Achillea  millefolium;  among 
florets  of  boneset,  Eupatorium  perfoliatum;  in  heads  of  red  clover, 
Trifolium  pratense,  and  of  white  clover,  T.  repens. 

Anthothrips  verbasci  (Osborn).  —  This  is  a  larger  insect  than  the 
preceding,  and  has  more  spines.  It  is  more  readily  distinguished  in  the 
field  by  the  plant  on  which  it  occurs  than  by  any  xdsible  character,  for 
it  was  taken  only  on  mullein,  and  no  other  thrips  that  resembles  it  was 
ever  found  on  the  same  species  of  plant.  I  am  not  certain  that  I  have 
ever  observed  it  in  flight.  It  usually  seeks  concealed  places  on  the 
plant,  but  has  been  found  on  exposed  surfaces  of  the  leaves. 

Taken  July  10  to  August  24. 

Habitat.  Among  buds,  flowers  and  seed-pods,  and  on  stems  and 
leaves  of  mullein,  Verbascu7n  thapsus. 

Trichothrips  beachi  Hinds.  —  This  is  a  very  stout-bodied  Phloeo- 
thripid,  of  a  brown  color.     Little  is  yet  known  of  its  habits. 

The  only  specimen  collected  was  taken  July  12. 

Habitat.  It  is  not  known  from  what  source  this  one  specimen 
came.  It  alighted  on  my  hand  while  I  was  examining  a  stem  of  wild 
yam,  Dioscorea  villosa.  It  did  not  come  from  the  yam,  for  I  had  just 
completed  examining  every  leaf  on  both  sides,  and  the  stem,  and  the 
only  thrips  on  it  were  some  unknown  larvae.  The  surrounding  plants 
from  which  it  might  most  easily  have  come  w^ere:  dogwood,  Cornus 
paniculata;  button  bush,  Cephalanthus  occidentalis ;  sweet-scented  grape, 
Vitis  vulpina;  and  sw^amp  white  oak,  Quercus  bicolor.  Hinds  (1902,  p. 
193)  has  taken  this  species  under  quince  bark. 

Trichothrips  brevicruralis  8hull.  —  The  few  specimens  yet  known  of 
this  species  are  all  wingless,  and  are  of  opaque  black  color.  They  are 
of  inactive  habits,  and  live  in  moderately  exposed  places. 

Only  specimens  taken,  July  14. 

Habitat.     Among  leaves  of  pine-cone  gall  on  willow,  Salix  fluviatilis. 


214  THYSANOPTERA    AND    ORTHOPTERA. 

Trichothrips  tridentatus  Shull.  —  Only  two  adult  specimens  were 
collected.  These  are  deep  brown  to  black,  wdth  grayish  wings  over  the 
back.  They  were  accompanied  by  reddish  larvae,  doubtless  of  the  same 
species. 

Taken  August  25. 

Habitat.  Under  scales  of  bark  of  white  oak.  Quercus  alba.  Reddish 
larvae,  indistingui.shable,  apparently,  from  those  which  accompanied 
the  adults  of  this  species,  -were  also  found  on  another  white  oak  over  a 
mile  away.  This  suggests  that  the  species  may  be  somewhat  limited 
in  its  habitat. 

Phyllothrips  aspersus  (Hind.s). — This  is  a  long,  comparatively 
slender  insect,  living  tj'pically  wholly  exposed  on  leaves.  It  is  brown 
to  black  in  color. 

Only  two  specimens  taken.  July  13. 

Habitat.     On  leaves  of  sweet-scented  grape,  Vitis  vulpina. 

Phyllothrips  citricornis  Hood. — This  species  resembles  the  pre- 
ceding, but  can  be  distinguished  by  its  usually  larger  size,  its  much 
more  conspicuous  prothoracic  spines,  and  by  the  fact  that  the  distal 
three  segments  of  the  antenna  are  lemon  yellow,  not  brown. 

Three  specimens  taken,  July  13. 

Habitat.     On  leaves  of  sweet-scented  grape,  Vitis  vulpina. 

Neothrips  corticis  Hood. — This  species  is  small,  compared  with 
most  other  members  of  its  family.  It  is  of  a  brown  color,  and  sluggish 
habits,  and  lives  under  bark  scales.  All  the  specimens  yet  known  are 
wingless. 

Taken  August  24. 

Habitat.     Under  scales  of  bark  of  American  elm,  Ulmus  americana. 

Allothrips  megacephalus  Hood.^ — This  resembles  in  a  general  way 
the  preceding  species.  There  is  no  easy  way  of  distinguishing  the  two 
at  a  glance.  -  Under  the  microscope,  however,  this  species  is  found  to 
have  only  seven  segments  in  the  antenna;  all  other  members  of  the 
family  Phloeothripidae  have  eight  segments. 

Taken  August  24. 

Habitat.  '  Under  scales  of  bark  of  black  ash,  Fraxinus  nigra. 

Summary  of  Principal  Results. 

1.  Twenty-one  species  of  Thysanoptera  were  taken,  of  which  five  were 
new. 

2.  As  regards  habitat,  thrips  are  of  two  general  ts^pes,  (1)  those  that 
live  in  concealed  places,  and  (2)  those  that  live  on  exposed  .surfaces. 

3.  The  habitat  of  some  species  is  apparently  determined  by  food;  that 
of  others  by  protection. 


THYSANOPTERA  AND  ORTHOPTERA.  215 

4.  The  method  of  flight  and  leaping  was  found  to  be  somewhat  different 
from  that  previous^  described. 

5.  The  method  of  copulation  in  those  members  of  the  suborder  Tere- 
brantia  which  were  observed  is  different  from  that  found  among 
the  TubuHfera,  in  that  the  males  are  not  carried  by  the  females. 

6.  Thrips  of  certain  species  are  more  abundant  near  highways  than 
elsewhere.  This  is  probably  due  primarily  to  the  fact  that  they 
have  been  carried  thither  by  traffic.  Their  failure  to  migrate  from 
the  roads  is  not  due  to  any  preference  for  the  roadsides,  nor  to  in- 
ability to  fly  far,  nor  to  accident  in  attempted  migrations;  but  is 
apparently  due  to  an  internal  factor. 

7.  Of  the  checks  to  Thysanoptera,  rains  are  probably  most  efficient. 
The  larva  of  one  species  was  found  susceptible  to  the  effects  of 
water  to  the  degree  that  it  could  endm'e  complete  immersion  for 
28  hours,  but  not  for  a  much  longer  period. 

8.  The  distribution  of  thrips  on  their  food-plants  is  not  dependent  on 
the  direction  of  ^ind  or  sunlight. 

9.  A  detailed  record  of  the  habitats  from  which  each  species  was  col- 
lected has  been  preserved. 

Discussion  of  Economic  Aspect. 

This  phase  of  the  subject  has  engaged  the  attention  of  entomologists 
for  years,  and  numerous  papers  have  been  issued  from  the  experiment 
stations.     It  ^nll  therefore  be  but  briefly  discussed  here. 

Owing  to  the  fact  that  the  regions  studied  were  for  the  most  part  in 
unsettled  regions,  I  accumulated  little  data  regarding  the  relation  of 
Thysanoptera  to  cultivated  plants.  In  only  one  situation  did  I  find 
thrips  doing  any  very  noticeable  damage  to  wild  plants.  This  was  the 
work  of  Ctenothrips  hridwelli  on  star-flowered  Solomon's  seal  {Smilacina 
stellata)  and  false  lily-of-the-valley  {Maianthemum  canadense),  on  Sand 
Point.  These  plants  were  found  abundantly  on  but  one  small  area, 
and  here  was  the  only  locality  in  which  Ctenothrips  hridwelli  was  taken. 
It  may  prove  that  this  species  is  comparatively  highly  specialized  with 
respect  to  its  food.  The  leaves  of  the  plants  were  nearly  always  con- 
siderably blotched  with  white  or  yellowish,  and  many  of  them  were 
less  than  half  green.  At  the  time  when  the  specimens  were  captured 
here,  they  were  not  numerous,  but  must  have  been  abundant  earlier  in 
the  season. 

On  wild  rye  {Elymus  canadensis)  in  one  location,  near  a  fisherman's 
camp,  I  found  as  many  as  twenty-four  adults  and  larvae  of  Anapho- 
thrips  striatals  on  a  single  young  blade  near  the  top  of  the  stalk.  Fung- 
ous diseases,  however,  were  so  prevalent  on  these  plants  that  their 
weakened  condition  could  not  safely  be  attributed  to  thrips. 


216  THYSANOPTERA  AND  ORTHOPTERA. 

Canada  thistle  (Cirsium  arvense)  and  the  common  mullein  (Verbascum 
thapsus)  were  among  the  most  badly  infested  plants  found.  Where 
a  hundred  or  more  of  Euthrips  tritici  can  be  taken  from  a  single  flower 
of  the  former  plant,  and  874  larvae  and  adults  of  Anthothrips  verbasci 
from  one  small  spike  of  the  latter,  it  would  seem  that  they  could  do  con- 
siderable damage.  Infested  plants,  however,  were  apparently  as 
healthy  as  others  which  were  nearly  or  quite  free  from  thrips.  I  do  not 
know  what  effect  their  feeding  may  have  on  seed-production  in  the  in- 
fested flowers. 

It  would  seem,  from  the  abundance  of  the  various  species,  that 
damage  to  cultivated  plants  is  chiefly  to  be  expected  from  Euthrips 
tritici  and  Thrips  tabaci.  Owing  to  their  apparent  tendency  not  to 
migrate,  marked  attacks  may  be  expected  to  be  more  or  less  local.  A 
general  plague  is  hardly  probable.  The  fact,  furthermore,  that  these 
two  species  are  very  general  in  food  habits,  probably  aids  in  preventing 
serious  outbreaks.  For  they  are  as  likely  to  attack  weeds  as  culti- 
vated plants,  and  in  such  cases  mas'  even  prove  to  be  beneficial. 

In  the  case  of  other  species,  such  as  the  poephilous  group,  which  are 
more  restricted  in  their  choice  of  food,  outbreaks  are  more  to  be  feared. 
Thus,  some  of  the  principal  crops  of  this  region,  as  wheat  or  oats,  are 
open  to  the  attacks  of  grass-inhal^iting  thrips,  especially  Anaphothrips 
striatus;  and  timothy  is  often  attacked  by  Chirothrips  manicafus,  though 
I  have  not,  for  reasons  stated  under  the  heading  of  Ecology,  in- 
cluded it  among  the  poephilous  species. 

The  manner  of  taking  food  is  still  somewhat  in  doubt.  It  is  generally 
supposedthat  they  subsist  chiefly  by  sucking  plant  juices,  though  partly 
by  biting  or  rasping  the  tissues  themselves.  Thrips  are  too  small  to 
observe  readily  in  the  act  of  eating.  Sections  of  a  few  individuals 
which  I  have  made,  however,  show  the  contents  of  the  digestive  tract 
to  be  rather  too  homogeneous  to  contain  much  of  the  plant  tissue.  If 
they  live  by  sucking  juice,  the  standard  method  of  combating  them  is 
by  contact  poison,  for  example,  kerosene  emulsion.  This  may  well  be 
applied  in  the  case  of  superficial  species,  but  the  interstitial  ones  are 
usually  too  well  concealed  to  be  reached.  It  would  be  well  nigh  im- 
possible to  attack  thrips  in  this  manner,  even  if  it  were  desirable  to  do 
so.  on  plants  like  the  Canada  thi.stle  or  dandelion.  In  case  contact 
poison  can  be  applied,  the  practicability  of  the  method  depends  on  the 
value  of  the  crop  in  danger,  and  the  character  of  the  season.  Hooker 
(1906,  p.  4)  estimates  the  maximum  cost  of  spraying,  in  the  case  of 
tobacco,  at  twenty  dollars  per  acre  per  season.  Cultural  methods  are 
also  to  be  recommended.  For  details  of  these  and  other  methods,  the 
experiment  station  literature  should  be  consulted. 


THYSANOPTERA    AND    ORTHOPTERA.  217 


ORTHOPTERA. 


INTRODUCTION. 


The  collection  of  Orthoptera  obtained  on  the  Biological  Surve\'  dur- 
ing the  summer  of  1908  was  of  all  the  groups  of  insects,  except  the 
Thysanoptera,  the  most  representative.  While  the  collection  is  not 
supposed  to  be  complete,  the  number  obtained  in  the  various  families 
and  the  data  secured  both  for  individual  specimens  and  for  certain 
groups  as  a  whole,  seem  to  call  for  a  separate  report.  The  group  is  so 
much  better  known  than  the  Thysanoptera  that  little  was  attempted 
in  a  biological  way  except  the  ecology.  This  little  included  some  ob- 
servations of  economic  interest.  The  almost  uniform  nature  of  the 
small  region  studied  prevented  the  finding  of  a  great  variety  of  Ortho- 
ptera and  made  it  impracticable  to  work  out  any  consistent  scheme  of 
ecology  for  the  whole  order.  The  results  are  therefore  given  largely 
in  detail  without  any  attempt  at  present  to  relate  the  facts  to  each  other. 

For  the  identification  of  the  collection,  I  am  indebted  to  Prof.  A.  P. 
Morse. 

ECONOMIC  CONSIDERATIONS. 

The  agriculturist  is  accustomed  to  look  upon  grasshoppers,  crickets, 
etc..  as  a  .sort  of  harmless  annoyance.  Except  in  certain  regions  they 
have  never  appeared  in  such  numbers  as  to  carry  devastation  vrith. 
them.  Few  people,  therefore,  realize  the  economical  importance  of 
these  insects,  or  have  a  knowledge  of  the  amount  of  damage  they  may 
do  under  ordinary  circumstances. 

An  opportunity  to  test  their  damage,  in  what  seems  to  me  to  be  a 
fairly  accurate  way,  was  presented  in  the  latter  part  of  the  period  spent 
in  the  field.  In  general,  the  method  consisted  in  determining  the  num- 
])er  of  Acridiidae  present  on  a  given  area,  and  the  amount  of  vegetable 
matter  eaten  in  a  given  time  by  a  single  individual.  The  former  de- 
termination was  made  in  a  field  of  blue  grass  and  timothy  where  Ac- 
ridiidae of  various  species  were  c^uite  abundant,  but  not  more  abundant, 
I  believe,  than  they  often  are.  The  conclusions  I  reach,  therefore, 
will  apply,  not  to  an  average  season,  but  to  what  would  be  called  in  the 
northern  or  eastern  states  "a  grasshopper  year''. 

The  details  of  counting  the  grasshoppers  were  as  follows:  I  would 
move  cautiously  into  the  grass  so  as  not  to  flush  the  insects  until  I  had 
approached  within  several  feet  of  them.     Then  fixing  my  eyes  on  some 


218  THYSANOPTERA  AND  ORTHOPTERA. 

spot.  I  took  a  quick  step,  and  noted  as  accuratel}'  as  possible  the  exact 
point  Avhere  two  neighboring  grasshoppers  arose.  They  were  so  close 
together  that  this  could  easily  be  done.  The  distance  between  these 
points  was  then  measured.  It  was  further  required  that  the  two  mem- 
bers of  each  pair  should  be  in  a  line  approximately  north  and  south. 
If  they  had  been  taken  in  any  direction  whatever  from  each  other,  it 
is  conceivable  that  the  grasshoppers  might  be  arranged  in  long  lines 
bounding  open  figures  that  contained  few  or  none  of  them,  so  that  the 
apparent  number  of  individuals  would  ha^'e  been  much  greater  than 
the  actual  number.  I  believe  this  difficulty  to  have  been  obviated  by 
selecting  insects  situated  in  a  definite  direction  from  each  other.  An 
average  of  twenty  measurements  gave  12.9  inches  as  the  distance  be- 
tween each  two  grasshoppers. 

The  accuracy  of  the  method  was  roughl\'  tested  by  trying  to  count 
the  specimens  that  arose  as  I  walked  slowly  through  the  grass.  This 
could,  of  course,  be  only  approximately  done.  The  insects  arose  5 
feet  on  either  side  of  me,  and  at  each  step  I  counted  all  that  flew. 
Locustidae  were  omitted  when  they  were  recognized,  as  they  usually 
could  be  by  their  flight.  M\^  steps  averaged  2.5  feet  in  these  tests, 
and  the  average  of  a  large  number  of  counts  showed  that  28  grass- 
hoppers were  flushed  at  each  step.  There  are  several  sources  of  error 
in  this  method,  some  of  which  tended  to  increase  the  number  counted, 
others  to  diminish  it.  Among  the  former  is  the  fact  that  many  of  the 
grasshoppers  flew  forward  and  were  counted  at  the  next  step.  The 
numbers  were  probably  diminished,  on  the  other  hand,  by  failure  of 
many  of  the  insects  in  the  edge  of  the  ten-foot  strip  supposed  to  be  in- 
cluded, to  fly  when  I  moved.  If  12.9  inches  was  the  true  distance  be- 
tweenHwo  specimens,  and  they  be  supposed  to  be  arranged  in  squares, 
then  21  or  22  should  have  been  flushed  at  each  step.  The  fact  that 
28  were  flushed  at  each  step  shows  that  my  estimate  probably  does 
not  make  the  number  too  high.  In  this  case,  again  supposing  the 
grasshoppers  to  be  arranged  in  squares,  there  were  about  37,878  of 
them  per  acre. 

The  amount  of  food  eaten  by  a  single  individual  was  determined  by 
caging  a  specimen  of  Melanoplus  hivittatus  femoratus  and  feeding  it 
known  amounts  of  grass.  Blades  of  timothy  of  approximately  equal 
width  (4  mm.)  were  put  in  the  cage  after  measuring  their  length.  As 
they  became  dry,  they  were  replaced  with  fresh  grass,  and  the  length 
of  the  uneaten  grass  was  deducted  from  that  put  in.  That  it  had  not 
shrunken  in  length  by  drying  was  shown  by  measuring  other  blades 
before  and  after  drying.  Of  such  grass  blades,  50.4  inches  were  eaten 
in  24  hours.  After  returning  to  laboratory  facilities,  the  same  aggre- 
gate length  of  similar  leaves  of  timothy  was  collected  and  allowed  to 


THYSANOPTERA  AND  ORTHOPTERA.  219 

become  as  dry  as  it  would  at  room  temperature  in  ordinary  atmosphere. 
It  was  then  found  that  it  weighed  127  mg. 

From  the  data  thus  secured  I  compute  that  the  grasshoppers  in  a 
field  of  27  acres  may,  in  a  grasshopper  year,  devour  one  ton  of  cured 
hay  per  week.  I  am  unable  to  state  whether  the  eating  of  parts  of  a 
timothy  plant  stimulates  the  rest  to  grow  more  rapidly.  If  it  does 
not,  the  farmer  may  compute,  from  the  prevailing  price  of  hay.  how 
much  he  can  afford  to  spend  in  preventing  the  appearance  of  unusual 
hordes  of  grasshoppers. 

DIURXAL  ACTIVITY  OF  ACRIDIIDAE. 

While  collections  of  this  family  were  being  made  it  became  a  matter 
of  some  interest  to  know  whether  grasshoppers  were  more  active  at  one 
time  of  day  than  at  another.  Casual  observations  indicated  that  there 
was  a  difference,  but  these  observations  were  not  trusted.  Actual 
counts  were  made  under  several  different  circumstances.  The  first 
counts  were  made  in  a  small  cleared  spot  in  the  woods  on  Sand  Point. 
The  area  was  elliptical,  measuring  perhaps  four  by  eight  rods.  Small 
bushes  and  herbs  covered  the  ground,  and  several  stumps,  logs,  and 
brush  heaps  were  present.  The  number  of  gras.shoppers  in  such  a 
place  was  limited.  They  were  discovered  by  beating  the  weeds  and 
bushes  carefully  for  five  minutes.  The  operation  was  repeated  in  a 
similar  manner  in  the  same  clearing  at  intervals  during  most  of  the 
forenoon.  Unfortunately  the  counts  could  not  be  continued  during 
the  day.     The  results  are  given  in  Table  I. 

TABLE  I. — Showing  the  number  of  Acridiidae   that  were  flushed  in  a   clearing  in 
five  minutes,  at  different  times. 

Time  of  making  count.  Number  of  grasshoppers  flushed. 

Adult.  Immature. 

6:30  a.  m.  .  . 0 3 

7:40  a.  m 4 • 9 

8:30a.  m 4 9 

9:30  a.  m 3 13 

10:30  a.  m 2 9 

A  second  series  of  counts  was  made  on  one  of  the  sparsely  grass- 
covered  dunes  along  the  north  beach  of  Sand  Point.  The  sand  sloped 
strongly  toward  the  north.     At  each  count  an  area  was  included  which 


220  THYSANOPTERA    AIvTD    ORTHOPTERA. 

could  just  be  carefully  beaten  in  three  minutes.  Each  time  the  same 
area  was  beaten  and  the  results  are  given  under  ''Area  No.  1"  in  Table 
II  below.  To  check  the  results  obtained  by  beating  the  same  area 
many  times,  a  second  area  was  beaten  each  time;  but  in  each  count 
"Area  No.  2"  was  a  different  one  from  any  other  area  recorded  in  the 
same  column.     Temperatures  were  read  just  after  making  the  counts. 

TABLE  II. — Showing   the  number  of   grasshoppers  flushed  in  three  minutes  on  a 
sand  dune  at  different  periods  of  one  day. 

Time  of  making         Temperature  Number  of  grasshoppers  flushed. 

count.  in  °C.  Area  No.  1.  Area  No.  2. 

Adult.    Immature.         Adult.   Immature. 


7:35  a.  m 22.4 4 0 7 3 

8:35  a.  m 23.0 15 1 30 1 

9:35  a.  m 24.2 12 1 23 0 

10:35  a.  m 23.0 14 0 27 0 

11:35  a.  m 22.8 9 1 22 0 

12:20  p.  m 23.0 11 2 22 1 

2:00  p.  m 22.0 9 1 15 1 

4:30p.m 23.8 9 1 20 0 

A  third  series  of  counts  was  made  in  a  field  of  timothy  and  blue 
grass  stubble.  The  number  of  grasshoppers  flushed  while  I  walked  a 
distance  of  30  yards  east  or  west  was  determined.  Adults  could  not 
be  distinguished  from  immature  individuals. 

TABLE  III. — Showing  the  number  of  grasshoppers  flushed  from  a  strip  30  yards 
long  in  timothy  and  blue-grass  stubble  at  different  periods  of  one  day. 

T...      ,         e  -r^-      ^-         c     Maximum  distance 

,        ,.  ,,  Number  of  Direction  of     from  path  at  which 

Time  of  making     lemperature       grasshoppers  walking  while     ii^dividuals  were 
observations.              in  °C.                   flushed.  flushing.  flushed   in  feet 


7:30  a.m 21.3 178 east 2.0 

8:25  a.  m. 22.1 213 east 3.5 

9:30  a.  m 23.0 254 east 6.0 

10.35  a.  m 24.1 263 east 6.0 

12:15  p.  m ?    151 west 5.0 

1:.55  p.  m 26.3 163 east 4.0 

3:15p.m.... 27.0 152 east 5.0 


THYSANOPTERA  AND  ORTHOPTERA.  221 

From  these  observations  there  seems  httle  doubt  that  the  insects 
are  more  active  in  the  middle  or  latter  half  of  the  afternoon.  Table  I 
shows  little  except  the  comparative  sluggishness  of  the  grasshoppers 
in  the  early  morning.  Table  II  is  of  particular  interest  because  of  the 
nearly  uniform  temperature,  notwithstanding  which  there  is  a  notice- 
ably greater  activity  during  the  morning  hours.  The  fact  that  the 
two  lowest  counts,  however,  were  obtained  at  the  two  lowest  tempera- 
tures (see  7:35  a.  m.  and  2:00  p.  m.)  gives  room  for  supposing  that 
temperature  is  partly  responsible  for  the  difference  in  activity.  This 
is  not  borne  out  by  Table  III,  unless  it  be  further  supposed  that  in- 
crease of  temperature  is  accompanied  by  increase  of  activity  up  to  a 
temperature  of  about  24°  C,  and  that  further  increase  of  temperature 
is  productive  of  a  decrease  of  activity.  This  is  entirely  possible,  but 
I  lack  data  to  decide  positively. 

The  results  should  be  of  interest  not  merely  to  a  collector,  but  to 
those  who  haA^e  recourse  to  mechanical  means  of  killing  the  insects  as 
an  economic  measure. 

ECOLOGY. 

An  attempt  was  made,  after  collecting  the  season's  data,  to  fit  these 
into  the  scheme  of  ecology  proposed  by  Morse  (1904,  p.  14)  for  the 
Acridiidae.  This  scheme  was  borrowed  at  least  in  part  from  the 
botanists  and  transferred  bodily  to  the  insects.  When  my  data  for 
the  various  families  were  studied,  it  soon  became  apparent  that  the 
scheme  w^as  not  readily  applicable  to  other  families  than  the  Acridi- 
idae; it  was  clearly  not  practicable  to  classify  many  of  the  specimens 
taken  as  hygrophile  or  xerophile,  sylvan  or  campestrian,  humicolous, 
arenicolous,  or  saxicolous.  With  the  Acridiidae,  the  case  was  some- 
what better;  but  even  here  there  were  many  contradictions.  The  same 
species  was  often  found  in  very  chfferent  locahties,  for  example  in 
marshy  spots  or  in  the  driest  fields,  on  humous  soil  or  on  nearly  bare 
sand.  This  may  be  attributable  to  the  nature  of  the  region.  There 
were  no  large  unbroken  areas  of  uniform  character,  so  that  every  loca- 
tion was  practically  on  the  edge  of  some  habitat  of  a  different  kind. 
Contradictions  in  habitat  may  thus  be  accounted  for  by  chance  migra- 
tions, without  necessarily  supposing  the  insect  to  have  no  preference 
for  one  location.  Under  such  circumstances,  the  only  way  to  arrive 
at  a  satisfactory  knowledge  of  the  ecology  is  to  collect  immense  num- 
bers and  depend  upon  majorities  to  decide  the  usual  habitat.  Such 
large  numbers  were  not  collected.  It  appears  that  the  best  way  to 
arrive  at  a  consistent  scheme  is  to  collect  thoroughly  over  extensive 
uniform  areas.     Until  this  is  done,  it  is  of  little  value  to  work  out  an 


222  THYSANOPTERA    AND    ORTHOPTERA. 

ecological  classification  or  try  to  fit  the  data  into  an  old  scheme.  I 
have  therefore  given  detailed  information  regarding  each  species  in  the 
list  which  follows. 

LIST    OF    SPECIES. 

The  following  list  contains  the  names  of  all  the  species  of  Orthoptera 
collected,  with  dates  of  earliest  and  latest  capture,  character  of  places 
in  which  they  were  taken,  and  such  other  information  as  ma\"  prove  of 
interest.  No  more  apology  is  offered  for  including  some  facts  already 
known  in  regard  to  habits  than  for  restating  those  that  were  pre- 
viously known  regarding  hal^itats;  knowledge  of  both  habits  and  ecology 
of  most  insects  is  in  an  incipient  stage  which  warrants  repetition  of  ob- 
served facts. 

Order  Orthoptera. 

Family  Blattidae. 

Ischnoptera  pennsylvanica  (De  Geer). 
June  15  to  August  14. 

Under  boards,  driftwood,  or  logs,  or  in  rotten  timbers,  in  dry  or 
wet  sandy  places;  in  cracks  of  floors  and  woodwork  of  buildings. 
Ischnoptera  uhleriana  Saussure. 
June  15  to  August  15. 

Under   driftwood  or  logs,   moist  or   dry  situations;  usually  in 
sandy  but  sometimes  in  humous  soil. 
Ischnoptera  intricata  Blatchley. 
August  14  and  15. 

Under  logs  in  sandy  woods,  rather  moist  or  quite  dry  situations. 
Ischnoptera  immature  and  indeterminate. 
June  15  to  August  14. 

Taken  in  same  situations  as  the  adults  of  the  three  preceding 
species,  usually  with  the  latter. 

Family  Phasmidae. 

Diapheromera  femorata  (Say). 
July  12  to  August  24. 
On  leaves  and  twigs  of  trees  and  small  bushes  of  various  species. 

Family  Acridiidae. 

Subfamily  Tettiginae. 

Nomotettix  cristatus  Sc udder. 

July  3. 

On  wet  leaf-covered  soil  in  dense  woods. 
Tettix  granulatus  (Kirby). 


THYSANOPTERA  AND  ORTHOPTERA.  223 

August  12. 

On  bare  ground  and  in  short  l)lue  grass  in  damp  woods. 
Tettix  omatus  (Say). 

August  12. 

Open  grassy  spot  in  edge  of  damp  woods. 
Tettix  hancocki  ]\Iorse. 

June  15. 
*      On  sandy  grass  plot. 

Tettix  immature,  probably  omatus  (Say). 

July  30  to  August  12. 

Short  grass  in  open  woods  or  fields. 
Tettigidea  parvipennis  (Harris). 

August  12. 

Open  grass-plot  in  edge  of  damp  woods. 
Tettigidea  parvipennis  pennata  Morse. 

June  22  to  July  1 . 

On  sand  beaches  with  or  without  vegetation. 

Subfamily  Tryxalinae. 

Pseudopomata  brachyptera  Scudder. 

Immature  June  23;  adults  June  27  to  July  21. 

In  open  woods,  in  patches  of  tall  grass,  and  on  grassy  sand  dunes. 

The  males  were  often  found  in  song,  especially  in  the  morning. 
They  usually  perched  on  some  dead  grass  stem,  drew  up  the  tibiae 
against  the  femora  like  a  folding  pocket-rule,  and  scraped  the  leg  up 
and  down  over  the  wing  covers.  This  is  the  common  method  of 
stridulation  in  the  suborder  Tryxalinae.  The  rate  of  stridulation 
varied  in  tnis  species  from  5i  to  9  double  strokes  (up  and  down)  per 
second,  and  some  twenty  complete  vibrations  were  made  in  succes- 
sion, followed  1)y  a  period  of  rest  about  half  as  long. 
Pseudopomata  brachyptera  reversa  Morse. 

July  6. 

Grassy  sand  dunes. 

Unhke  the   preceding  form,   all  the  specimens  of  this   variety 
alighted  on  green  and  not  dead  stems. 
Orphulella  pelidna  (Burmeister). 

Julv  14. 

On  bare  sand  in  open,  partially  grass-covered  woods. 
Chloealtis  conspersa  Harris. 

June  25  to  July  23. 

In  grassy  places,  either  in  the  open  or  in  open  woods,  on  sandy 
or  humous  soil,  wet  or  dry  locations;  on  bare  sand  or  on  gravel,  and 
on  sparsely  vegetated  sand  ridges. 


224  THYSANOPTERA  AND  ORTHOPTERA. 

This  is  a  clumsy  insect,  leaping  several  inches  to  two  or  three  feet 
when  disturbed.  It  hops  about  from  one  dead  grass-stem  to  another, 
and  being  of  a  brownish  gray  color,  almost  exactly  that  of  the  sand, 
it  was  often  difficult  to  detect  because  of  its  sluggishness.  It  rarely 
seeks  concealment.  The  males  were  often  found  in  song,  the  method 
of  making  music  being  the  same  as  that  described  for  Pseudopomata 
hrachyptera.  The  rate  of  stridulation  appears  to  vary  with  the 
temperature,  being  more  rapid  at  higher  temperatures  than  at  lower 
ones. 

Chloealtis  conspersa  var.  prima  Morse. 

July  17. 

Coarse  gravel  near  bushes  in  edge  of  woods. 
Stenobothrus  curtipennis  (Harris). 

July  12  to  July  30. 

Open  woods;  low  underbrush;  stubble  fields;  grass  in  moist  or 
dry  places,  even  on  sand  dunes. 

The  males  were  found  in  song  during  the  latter  half  of  the  period 
during  which  this  species  was  captured.     The  method  of  making 
music  is  the  same  as  in  the  other  species  of  this  subfamily,  and  the 
rate  likewise  appears  to  depend  on  the  temperature, 
gtenobothrus  curtipennis  longipennis  Scudder. 

July  30. 

In  timothy  and  blue-grass  stubble. 

.  Subfamily  Oedipodinae. 

Arphia  tenebrosa  Scudder. 

July  21  to  August  3. 

Grassy  locations,  either  meadows  or  open  woods,  often  on  sandy 
soil. 

The  flight  of  this  species  is  often  accompanied  by  a  rapid  clacking 
of  the  wings.  When  this  occurs,  the  flight  is  irregular  and  butterfly- 
like. Without  clacking,  flight  is  direct  and  well-controlled.  A 
flight  of  13  yards  without  clacking  occupied  3.2  seconds,  while  one 
of  12  yards  with  clacking  required  4.8  seconds.  All  the  individuals 
observed  alighted  on  sand. 

Chortophaga  viridifasciata  (De  Geer). 

July  1  to  July  20. 

On  grass  and  among  low  bushes  on  a  moist  beach. 
Camnula  pellucida  (Scudder). 

July  4  to  August  12. 

In  grassy  meadows  or  woods,  along  roads,  or  among  small  herbs; 
moist  or  dry  places;  sandy  or  clayey  soil;  tall  or  short  grass. 

This  species  was  exceedingly  abundant  in  grassy  fields.     Usually 


THYSANOPTERA    AND    ORTHOPTERA.  225 

it  was  easily  flushed  and  leaped  three  or  four  feet,  alighting  on  the 
ground  unless  the  grass  was  dense;    but  some  individuals  concealed 
themselves  in  clumps  of  grass  when  approached. 
Camnula  pellucida,  probably,  immature. 

June  25  to  August  12. 

In  same  locations  as  adults  (vide  supra),  and,  in  addition,  among 
low  underbrush. 

Hippiscus  tuberculatus  (Palisot  de  Beauvois). 

June  15  to  August  3. 

On  bare  or  grass-covered-  sand,  and  in  open  woods  where  the 
ground  is  covered  with  a  sparse  growth  of  grass. 

The  male  of  this  species  is  a  ready  flier,  and  sometimes  quite 
hard  to  catch.  The  female  is  heavy  and  clumsy.  The  specimens 
observed  always  alighted  on  the  ground.  Examination  of  a  con- 
siderable quantity  of  faeces  of  a  female  of  this  species  indicates  that 
its  food  had  been  almost  exclusively  the  sea  sand-reed,  Ammophila 
arenaria. 

Dissosteira  Carolina  (Linnaeus). 

July  7  to  August  6. 

Grassy  fields,  roadsides,  open  woods,  clearings,  on  sand  dunes 
(among  grass  or  on  the  bare  sand),  hay  or  wheat  stubble, — in  fact, 
almost  anywhere. 

This  is  one  of  the  most  nearly  universal  of  all  the  Acridiidae  in 
the  region  studied,  though  not  as  abundant  as  several  others. 
Dissosteira  Carolina,  probably,  immature. 

June  29  to  July  24. 

In  same  locations  as  the  adults  (vide  supra),  and,  in  addition, 
among  low  underbrush. 

Spharagemon  bolli  Scudder. 

July  7  to  August  3. 

Meadows,  clearings,  roadsides,  sand  dunes,  beaches, — all  at 
least  partly  grass-covered. 

The  flight  of  this  species  is  often  accompanied  by  a  rattling  of  the 
wings.     It  alights  upon  the  sand  or  soil,  not  on  the  vegetation. 
Spharagemon  bolli,  probably,  immature. 

June  30  and  July  3. 

Localities  similar  to  those  given  above  for  the  adults. 
Spharagemon  wyomingianum  (Thomas). 

July  11  to  July  24. 

Grass  plots,  damp  or  dry;  tall  weeds;  open  sandy  woods;  bare  or 
grassy  beaches. 

The  habits  of  this  species  are  similar  to  the  preceding.     Flight 
is  usually  accompanied  by  a  rattling  of  the  wings  unless  the  insect  is 
29 


226  THYSANOPTERA    AND    ORTHOPTERA. 

frightened.     About  25  or  30  yards  may  be  covered  at  a  single  flight, 
but  usually  much  less. 

Scirtetica  marmorata  (Harris). 

July  20  to  August  3. 

Open  woods,  grassy  clearings,  and  roadsides  in  woods. 

This  species  flies  with  a  clacking  of  the  wings  which  is  so  rapid 
as  to  be  almost  a  buzz. 

Trimerotropis  maritima  var.  interior  E.  M.  Walker. 

July  4  to  August  3. 

Grassy  sand  dunes  and  semi-vegetated  beaches. 

This  is  a  vigorous  flier.  A  single  flight  covering  30  yards  was 
not  uncommon,  while  one  individual  supposed  to  be  of  this  species 
was  seen  to  fly  up  over  the  tre^  tops  and  was  more  than  a  hundred 
yards  away  when  it  passed  out  of  sight.  When  flushed,  they  start 
off  with  direct  and  vigorous  flight  as  if  intending  to  go  a  long  dis- 
tance, but  very  often  after  flying  eight  or  ten  yards  they  turn  sud- 
denly to  the  left  or  right,  execute  a  short  half-turn  of  a  spiral,  and 
alight  on  the  sand  or  ground  facing  the  disturber. 
Circotettix  verruculatus  (Kirby). 

July  12  to  August  3. 

Open  woods  and  clearings,  grassy  roadsides  and  sand  dunes. 

A  favorite  spot  for  this  blackish  species  was  a  burned-over  area 
near  Caseville,  where  they  were  almost  indistinguishable  when  at 
rest.  If  not  disturbed,  they  would  rise  in  the  air,  one,  two,  or  three 
at  a  time,  and  execute  an  irregular  flight  during  five  or  six  seconds. 
One  remained  in  the  air  24.5  seconds.  Often  they  took  a  spiral 
course,  not  moving  far  from  the  place  where  they  arose,  but  some- 
times they  would  move  off  slowly  in  one  direction.  They  never  rose 
more  than  two  tcf  four  feet  from  the  ground  during  such  a  flight. 
They  invariably  clacked  loudly  with  their  Avings  during  all  or  a  part 
of  each  flight,  unless  flushed,  when  flight  was  almost  noiseless  except 
just  before  alighting. 

Subfamily  Acridiinae. 

Melanoplus  atlanis  (Riley). 

June  30  to  August  6. 

Open  Avoods,  among  grass  or  leaves;  sandy  or  gravelly  beaches 
at  least  partly  covered  with  grass  or  low  bushes;  grassy  roadsides  or 
other  grass  plots,  either  dry  or  moist;  among  low  herbs  or  tall  weeds. 

Next  to  M.  bivittatus  femoratiis,  this    species  was  the  most  fre- 
quently captured  of  any  in  the  genus. 
Melanoplus  dawsoni  (Scudder). 

July  12. 

Grassy  places  in  meadows  or  open  woods. 


THYSANOPTERA  AND  ORTHOPTERA.  227 

Melanoplus  fasciatus  (Barnston- Walker). 
June  29  to  August  3. 

Open  woods,  low  underbrush,  grass  plots  sometimes  sandy. 
Melanoplus  femur-rubrum  (De  Geer). 
July  12  to  August  6. 

Among  grass  or  weeds,  or  in  stubble  fields,  always  in  dry  places. 
Melanoplus  foedus  Scudder. 
June  22  to  August  3. 

On  bare  or  somewhat  grassy  beaches,  or  in  sandy  woods,  always 
in  dry  places.     Found  on  sand  or  soil,  not  on  vegetation. 
Melanoplus  minor  (Scudder). 
June  30  to  August  3. 

Open  woods  sparsely  grown  with  grass;  among  tall  weeds; 
grassy  roadsides. 

Melanoplus  luridus  (Dodge). 
August  IS.  . 

The  only  specimens  were  taken  in  copulo  in  open,  somewhat 
grassy  woods. 

Melanoplus  bivittatus  femoratus  Scudder. 
June  29  to  August  4. 

Among  low  underbrush;  in  open  woods;  sparsely  grass-covered- 
dunes;  wet  grassy  swales;  among  low  herbs  of  various  kinds  and  taller 
weeds;  at  edges  of  ponds;  in  hay  or  grain  stubble;  on  sandy  or  gravelly 
beaches;  and  on  bare  rock  outcroppings. 

This  was  the  most  nearly  universal  species  of  the  whole  famil}', 
though  in  point  of  numbers  it  easily  yielded  first  place  to  Camnida 
pellucida.  Some  individuals  quickl}'  sought  concealment  in  bunches 
of  grass  when  disturbed,  and  were  very  hard  to  flush,  sometimes 
difficult  to  see.     Other  individuals  flew  on  the  slightest  disturbance. 

Family  Locustidae. 
Sub  fa  mi  ly  Phaneropterinae. 

Scudderia  texensis  Saussure-Pictet. 

August  25. 

Tall  grass  in  dry  meadow. 
Scudderia  curvicauda  (De  Geer), 

July  14  to  August  4. 

Tall  grass,  in  wet  or  drs*  places;  one  specimen  taken  in  under- 
brush in  woods. 

At  night  the  song  of  the  males  was  a  monotonous  "katy-did-she- 
did"  of  three  to  seven  syllables  without  noticeable  accent  on  any  of 
them.     These  syllables  were  sounded  at  the  rate ,  of  about  five  per 


228  THYSANOPTERA  AND  ORTHOPTERA. 

second  on  the  evenings  when  they  were  counted,  but  the  rate  probably 
varied  with  temperature,  etc.  During  the  day  the  same  song  was 
compressed  into  a  single  rasping  syllable  with  a  rising  inflection. 
Usually  it  could  not  be  resolved  into  separate  parts,  but  an  occasional 
note,  produced  more  slowly  than  the  rest,  showed  that  this  day- 
time note  is  the  same  as  that  composed  of  disparate  syllables  which 
is  usual  at  night. 

Scudderia  pistillata  Brunner. 

August  21 . 

On  grass  and  weeds  in  dry  locations. 
Scudderia  furcata  Brunner. 

August  18. 

On  grass  on  a  broad,  flat,  and  wet  beach. 
Scudderia  immature  and  indeterminate. 

June  29  to  July  28. 

On  grass  and  in  open  woods,  on  small  bushes  or  herbs. 

Subfamily  Conocephalinae. 

Conocephalus  ensiger  Harris. 

Immature  July  18;  adults  July  23  to  August  16. 

On  tall  grass  in  either  wet  or  dry  situations. 

The  song  of  the  male  is  a  rapid  succession  of  rasping  notes  with 
a  very  strong  accent  on  alternate  syllables,  continuing  several  minutes 
without  interruption.  After  a  brief  rest,  sometimes  for  less  than  a 
second,  the  song  is  again  taken  up  and  lasts  for  a  similar  period.  The 
rate  varies  with  the  temperature,  an  increase  of  1°  C.  in  the  tempera- 
ture being  accompanied  by  an  increase  of  about  11  in  the  number  of 
accented  syllables  per  minute. 
Orchelimum  vulgare  Harris. 

July  9  to  August  18. 

Grassy  places,  usually  rather  wet,  but  sometimes  on  quite  dry 
sand  dunes. 

This  was  probabl\^  the  most  abundant  species  of  the  entire 
family.  Certainly  it  was  the  most  conspicuous  because  of  its  song. 
This  is  a  long  zee-e-e-e,  followed  by  a  tsit-tsit-tsit,  all  repeated  over 
and  over  again.  It  may  be  heard  by  day  or  night  throughout  the 
season.  The  rate  of  stridulation  here  also  appears  to  be  related  to 
temperatm-e,  but  not  so  clearly  as  in  Conocephalus  ensiger  because 
there  is  great  individual  variabihty. 

Orchelimum  immature  and  indeterminate. 

June  25  to  July  23. 

On  grass,  sedges,  ferns,  etc.,  sometimes  in  dry  situations,  but 
usually  at  the  edge  of  ponds  and  marshes. 


THYSANOPTERA    AND    ORTHOPTERA.  229 

Xiphidium  fasciatum  (De  Geer). 
July  13  to  August  14. 

On  grass,  either  tall  or  short,  in  dry  or  moderately  wet  places, 
or  in  open  woods;  also  in  hay  or  grain  stubble. 

The  song  of  the  male  is  a  miniature  reproduction  of  that  of 
Orchelimum  indgare,  mentioned  above,  but  is  so  faint  as  to  be  scarcely 
audible  at  a  distance  of  five  or  six  feet. 
Xiphidium  brevipenne  Scudder. 
August  1  to  August  16. 

On  grass,  in  wet  or  dry  places,  or  on  bushes. 
Xiphidium  nigropleura  Brunner. 
July  16  to  August  15. 

Meadows  or  clearings,  wet  or  dry,  tall  or  short  grass. 
Xiphidium  immature  and  indeterminate. 
June  26  to  July  24. 
Same  locations  as  adults,  but  found  earlier  in  the  season. 

Subfamily  Stenopelmatmae. 

Ceuthophilus  terrestris  Scudder. 

August  12. 

Under  damp,  decaying  logs. 
Ceuthophilus  seclusus  Scudder. 

August  12  to  August  15. 

In  or  under  damp  decaying  logs. 
Ceuthophilus  meridionalis  Scudder. 

August  11  to  August  15. 

In  or  under  decaying  logs,  usually  damp,  but  sometimes  quite 
dry. 

Ceuthophilus  neglectus  Scudder? 

August  13. 

Under  damp  log  in  a  cedar  swamp. 

Family  Gryllidae. 

Subfamily   Gryllinae. 

Nemobuis  fasciatus  (De  Geer). 

Immature  July  16;  adults  July  30  to  August  12. 
Among  tall  or  short  grass,  in  open  woods  or  fields,  usually  in  dry 
situations  but  sometimes  moist;  also  under  boards  and  stones  near 
grassy  places. 

Gryllus  pennsylvanicus  (Burmeister). 
June  15  to  August  15. 


230  THYSANOPTERA  AND  ORTHOPTERA. 

In  or  under  rotten  logs  in  moist  places,  sometimes  in  grass  or  on 
sandy  soil. 

Gryllus  immature  and  indeterminate.  • 

!  •'     July  1  to  August  6. 

Semi- vegetated  beaches;  grassy  roadsides;  open  sandy  woods; 
grassy  clearings,  among  underbrush;  in  tall  grass. 

Subfamily  Oecanthinae. 

Oecanthus  piveus  (De  Geer). 
August  12. 

Among  raspberry  bushes  in  the  edge  of  a  wood,  and  other  low 
bushes  near  dwellings. 

The  first  specimens  were  taken  on  the  above  date,  but  their  song 
was  heard  at  night  about  a  week  earlier.  The  song  of  this  species, 
like  that  of  several  of  the  Locustidae,  varies  in  rate  with  temperature 
and  humidity. 

Oecanthus  fasciatus  Fitch. 
August  12  to  August  20. 
On  grass  or  bushes  in  dry  situations. 
Oecanthus  fasciatus  var.  quadripunctatus  Beutenmiiller. 
August  6  to  August  20. 
Dry  grassy  or  weedy  locations. 
Oecanthus  immature  and  indeterminate. 
July  14  to  August  6. 
Same  situations  as  adults. 

LITERATURE    CITED. 

Blanchard,  E. 

1851.     Tisanopteros.     Historia    fisica    y    politica    de    Chile,    etc. 
''^oologia,  VI,  pp.  143-152. 
Franklin,  H.  J. 

1907.  Ctenothrips,  New  Genus.  Entomological  News,  Vol. 
XVIII,  June,  pp.  247-250. 

Gra^',  Asa. 

1908.  A  Handbook  of  the  Flowering  Plants  and  Ferns  of  the 
Central  and  Northeastern  U.  S.  and  Adjacent  Canada.  Re- 
■vdsed  by  B.  L.  Robinson  and  M.  L.  Fernald.  American 
Book  Co.     926  pp. 

Hinds,  W.  E. 

1902.  Contribution  to  a  Monograph  of  the  Insects  of  the  Order 
Thysanoptera  Inhabiting  North  America.  Proc.  U.  S. 
Nat.  Museum,  Vol.  XXVI,  pp.  79-242,  Pis.  I-XI. 


THYSANOPTERA  AND  ORTHOPTERA.  231 

Hood,  J.  D. 

lOOSa.  New  Genera  and  Species  of  Illinois  Thysanoptera.  Bull.  Ill, 

State  Lab.  Nat.  Hist.,  Vol.  VIII,  Article  II,  August. 
1908b.  Three    New  North   American    Phloeothripidae.     Canadian 
Entomologist,  Vol.  XL,  No.  9,  September,  pp.  305-309. 
Hooker,  W.  A. 

1906.     The   Tobacco   Thrips,    and   Remedies  to    Prevent    "White 
Veins"  in  Wrapper  Tobacco.     I'.  S.  Dept.  of  Agr.,  Bur.  of 
Ent.,  Circular  No.  68. 
Jordan,  K. 

1888.     Anatomic  und  Biologie  der  Physapoda.     Zeit.  Wiss.  Zool., 
Bd  47,  1888,  pp.  541-620,  TafelXXXVI-XXXVIII. 
Morse,  A.  P. 

1904.     Researches  on  North  American  Acridiidae.     Carnegie  In- 
stitution of  Washington,  Pub.  No.  18. 
Osborn,  H. 

1888.     The  Food  Habits  of  the  Thripidae.     Insect  Life.     (U.  S. 
Dept.  of  Agr.)     Vol.  I,  No.  5.,  pp.  137-142. 
Shull,  A.  F. 

1909.     Some  Apparently  New  Thysanoptera  from  Michigan.     Ent. 
News,  Vol.  XX,  pp.  220-228. 
Uzel,  H. 

1895.     Monographic    der   Ordnung   Thysanoptera.     500   pp..    Pis. 
I-X. 


MALLOPHAGA.  233 


MALLOPHAGA. 
By 

CHARLES  ALBP^RT  SHULL  AND  M.  A.  CARRIKER,  JR. 
INTRODUCTION. 

Among  the  smaller  orders  of  insects,  none  offers  more  interesting 
problems  to  the  biologist  than  the  Mallophaga.  Until  recent  years 
little  attention  had  been  given  to  these  obscm-e  parasitic  forms ;  but  the 
splendid  work  of  Kellogg  and  others  in  the  closing  years  of  the  last 
centmy  aroused  much  interest  in  them,  and  has  led  to  a  constantly  and 
rapidly  increasing  knowledge  of  the  order. 

One  of  the  problems  which  must  be  more  fully  investigated  is  that  of 
the  distribution  of  the  various  species,  not  from  the  geographical  stand- 
point, for  this  depe^nds  upon  the  distribution  and  migration  habits  of 
the  hosts,  but  from  the  standpoint  of  host  distribution  of  the  insects. 
More  information  is  imperative  before  any  general  conclusions  con- 
cerning the  order  can  be  drawn. 

Many  of  the  species  are  as  yet  reported  from  but  a  single  host,  and, 
indeed,  the  presence  of  certain  species  of  Mallophaga  on  certain  hosts 
is  in  many  instances  so  characteristic  that  the  relation  has  proven  one 
of  the  surest  means  of  identification  to  the  amateur.  It  is  usual  to 
find  that  any  particular  species  is  confined  to  a  small  group  of  closely 
related  hosts,  and  that  within  a  group  of  hosts  some  of  the  parasites 
may  be  of  close  relationship.  The  possible  significance  of  these  facts 
in  tracing  the  lines  of  evolution  among  the  birds  and  Mallophaga  must 
not  be  overlooked,  but  no  sure  conclusions  can  be  drawn  until  a  far 
greater  mass  of  data  on  the  distribution  has  been  accumulated.  Gen- 
eral distribution  on  varied  hosts  ma,v  indicate  antiquity,  and  restric- 
tion a  more  recent  origin.  The  presence  of  a  single  species  on  a 
few  closely  related  birds  may  be  accounted  for  by  supposing  that 
the  parasite  inhabited  the  ancestral  birds,  and  has  been  transmitted 
unchanged  to  all  the  branches  of  the  family.  The  importance  of  a 
fuller  study  is  seen  at  once,  and  any  contribution  to  the  knowledge  of 
these  insects  is  of  great  biological  interest. 

HINTS  ON  COLLECTING. 

In  order  that  records  may  be  accurate,  the  collector  of  Mallophaga 
should  remember  that  when  a  bird  has  been  killed  and  the  bodv  be- 


234  MALLOPHAGA. 

comes  cold  the  lice  will  leave  the  host  and  wander  about  for  some  time 
before  death.  This  habit  has  led  to  some  inaccm-acy  in  records,  as  the 
straggling  lice  are  taken  from  birds  which  they  normally  never  inhabit. 
This  is  especially  true  when  a  number  of  birds  are  placed  in  a  hunting 
bag  together.  The  accuracy  of  the  records  of  the  present  collection 
has  been  marred  b}'  several  such  cases  of  undoubted  straggling.  The 
birds  should  be  examined  at  once,  if  possible,  or  bagged  in  light,  tight 
paper  bags,  or  TkTapped  in  such  a  way  as  to  preclude  straggling. 

The  best  method  of  removing  the  lice  from  the  feathers  is  by  means 
of  a  camels  hair  brush  dipped  in  xylol.  But  here  again  care  is  neces- 
sary, for  the  lice  on  being  touched  with  the  fluid  often  bite  the  brush 
and  are  hard  to  remove.  Small  lice  may  easily  be  overlooked  and 
finally  removed  along  with  the  specimens  from  another  bird.  Great 
care  should  be  taken  to  remove  every  specimen  from  the  brush  before 
using  it  on  other  birds. 

The  specimens  should  be  put  into  xylol  immediately  on  removal,  if 
the  lice  are  to  be  mounted  at  once,  and  in  a  few  hours  they  can  be  placed 
on  slides  with  Canada  balsam.  If  they  are  not  to  be  mounted  at  once 
it  is  better  to  put  them  into  95%  alcohol  until  thev  can  be  mounted. 

In  my  own  collecting  the  birds  are  taken  alive,  if  possible,  and  held 
on  a  table  covered  with  white  paper.  Very  small  quantities  of  xylol 
are  introduced  among  the  feathers,  and  the  odor  causes  the  lice  to  come 
out  to  the  surface  or  crawl  off  upon  the  paper  where  they  are  readily 
seen,  even  if  quite  small.  In  this  way  I  have  been  able  to  find  speci- 
mens on  birds  where  I  had  not  been  able  to  discover  them  by  the  most 
careful  visual  examination. 

THE  HURON  COUNTY  COLLt^CTION. 

The  specimens  of  Mallophaga  on  which  the  present  report  is  based, 
the  first  important  collection  of  material  in  this  order  from  Michigan, 
were  taken  from  the  birds  secured  by  the  members  of  the  biological 
expedition  sent  to  the  sand  region  along  the  south  shore  of  Saginaw 
Bay  (Huron  County),  by  the  Michigan  Geological  and  Biological  Sur- 
vey, in  the  summer  of  1908. 

The  collectioh  was  examined  by  Mr.  M.  A.  Carriker,  Jr.,  during  his 
brief  stay  in  Boston,  Mass.,  just  preceding  his  departm-e  for  South  Amer- 
ica on  a  long  collecting  trip,  and  I  am  much  indebted  to  him  for  the 
identification  of  the  species,  as  well  as  for  valuable  notes  concerning 
some  of  them.  The  twenty-nine  different  species  taken  on  this  survey 
represent  seven  of  the  twenty-three  known  genera,  distributed  as  fol- 
lows:— eight  belong  to  the  genus  Docophorus,  seven  to  the  genus  A^ir- 
mus,  six  to  the  genus  Colpocephahmi,  two  to  the  genus  Trinoton,  one 
to  the  genus  Laemohothrium,  one  to  the  genus  Nitzschia,  and  four  to 


MALLOPHAGA.  235 

the  genus  Menopon.  The  four  new  species  and  one  new  subspecies 
occurring  in  this  collection  were  described  and  figured  by  Mr.  Carriker 
and  have  been  published  elsewhere  (1910).  Two  of  the  new  species 
belong  to  the  genus  Colpocephalum,  as  does  also  the  new  subspecies; 
one  to  the  genus  Nitzschia;  and  one  to  the  genus  Menopon.  Conspicu- 
ous for  its  absence  is  Docophorus  communis,  one  of  the  most  widely 
distributed  species  known,  but  this  is  due  to  the  small  number  of 
passerine  birds  from  which  parasites  Avere  taken.  The  fact  that  five 
new  forms  were  discovered  in  a  collection  of  twenty-nine  species  is 
remarkable,  and  should  stimulate  the  collection  of  a  large  amount  of 
material  in  this  order  from  the  state. 

LIST    OF    SPECIES. 

The  species  are  listed  in  the  same  order  within  the  genera  as  that 
used  by  Kellogg  (1900)  in  his  list  of  Mallophaga  published  by  the  U.  S. 
National  Museum.  The  genera  are  arranged  in  accordance  with  the 
several  keys  which  Kellogg  has  published  (1 903) . 

Docophorus  lari  Denny. — A  number  of  specimens,  male  and  female, 
of  this  easily  recognized  species  were  taken  from  Lams  argentatus 
Pontoppidan.  It  was  originally  described  from  three  species  of  gulls, 
Larus  islandicus  (=L.  glaucus),  L.  tridactylus  (=Risso  tridactyla),  and 
Denny  reports  it  also  from  L.  rissa  (=Rissa  tridactyla) ,  L.  marinus,  L. 
argentatus,  and  L.  ridibundus. 

Docophorus  icterodes"  Nitzsch. — ^This  parasite  is  one  of  the  very 
commonest  found  on  ducks,  and  was  taken  on  the  black  duck.  Anas 
ruhripes  (Brewst.),  and  on  the  wood  duck,  Aix  sponsa  (L.).  Two 
specimens  were  recorded  from  the  pine  warbler,  Dendroica  vigorsvi 
(Aud.),  but  as  D.  icterodes  is  found  only  on  ducks,  this  record  is  without 
doubt  due  to  straggling.  I  am  informed  by  Dr.  Ruthven  that  on  the 
same  day  that  the  warbler  was  captured  several  specimens  of  both 
black  ducks  and  wood  ducks  were  taken,  so  that  the  straggling  is  readily 
accounted  for,  and  this  latter  record  should  not  stand. 

Docophorus  fusiformis  Denny. — Three  specimens,  male  and  female, 
were  taken  from  the  sanderling,  Calidris  leucophaea  (Pallas).  It  was 
described  originally  from  Pisobia  minuta,  and  has  been  found  on  other 
species  of  that  genus.  The  specimens  agree  closely  with  the  figures 
of  Piaget  and  Kellogg. 

Docophorus  cordiceps  Giebel. — A  single  specimen,  male,  of  this  species 
was  found  on  the  least  sandpiper,  Pisobia  minutilla  (Vieill).  It  has 
been  found  on  species  of  Tringa  by  Kellogg,  and  is  reported  from  a  con- 
siderable number  of  Limicolae  from  Europe.  It  is  probably  closely 
confined  to  this  order  of  birds. 

Docophorus  halieti     Osborn. — A  considerable  number  of  specimens 


236  MALLOPHAGA. 

of  different  ages,  both  male  and  female,  were  taken  from  the  bald  eagle, 
Haliaeetus  leucocephalus  (L.).  The  specimens  agree  closely  with  Os- 
born's  description  (1896),  but  no  figures  of  this  species  have  been  pub- 
lished. Osborn  described  it  originally  from  the  same  host  from  Florida, 
and  states  that  it  is  nearest  to  D.  intermedius  Piaget  which  was  des- 
cribed from  //.  vocijer. 

Docophorus  coccygi  Osborn. — Four  specimens,  three  males  and  one 
female,  taken  from  the  yellow-billed  cuckoo,  Coccyzus  americanus  (L.). 
The  specimens  were  compared  with  Osborn 's  type,  a  male,  by  Mr.  Car- 
riker,  and  found  to  agree  perfectly.  The  species  was  first  described 
iFrom  the  same  host,  and  I  am  not  aware  of  its  having  been  found  on 
any  other  host  as  yet.  It  resembles  D.  latifrons  Nitzsch  but  differs 
from  it  in  having  a  narrower  clypeus,  and  in  the  markings  of  the  ventral 
surface. 

Docophorus  latifrons  occidentalis  Kellogg. — Several  specimens  of 
a  Docophorus  probably  referable  to  this  form  were  found  on  Coccyzus 
americanus  (L.).  The  head  markings  show  fairly  distinct,  although 
little  can  be  determined  in  regard  to  the  thorax  and  abdomen.  Kellogg 
(1899)  describes  this  variety  from  C.  americanus  occidentalis  (Ridgw.) 
which  is  practicall}^  the  same  host,  so  that  there  is  little  doubt  of  the 
identity  of  these  immature  specimens. 

Docophorus  incisus  Kellogg. — Two  females  and  one  male  of  this 
species  were  taken  from  the  blue  bird,  Sialia  sialis  (L.).  The  species 
was  described  from  the  same  host  by  Kellogg,  who  found  it  also  on  the 
cedar  waxwing  {Bomhycilla  cedrorum  VieilL).  The  rather  narrow,  deep- 
ly incised  clypeus  makes  this  species  easily  recognizable.  Otherwise 
it  somewhat  resembles  D.  communis  Nitzsch. 

Nirmus  furvus  ravus  Kellogg. — Two  females  and  one  male  of  this 
variety  of  Nirmus  furvus  Nitzsch  were  recorded  from  the  wood  duck, 
Aix  sponsa  (L.),  but  in  as  much  as  this  parasite  has  been  found  only 
on  the  Limicolae,  being  described  horn  Actitis  macularia  (L.),  this  record 
of  it  from  the  Anseres  is  doubtful.  The  doubt  is  much  strengthened  by 
the  fact  that  on  the  same  day  that  this  wood  duck  was  captured  (Aug. 
10,  '08)  a  spotted  sandpiper,  Actitis  macularia  (L.),  was  also  taken.  It 
is  undoubtedly  a  case  of  stragghng.  This  variety  of  N.  furvus  is  easily 
recognized  from  furvus  by  the  general  dark  chestnut  coloration  of  the 
abdomen,  the  absence  of  a  median  uncolored  line  across  the  first  six 
or  seven  segments  of  the  abdomen,  and  the  absence  of  distinct  abdomi- 
nal blotches. 

Nirmus  complexivus  Kellogg  and  Chapman. — This  species  occurs 
widely  distributed  among  the  Limicolae  but  is  apparently  sharply  con- 
fined to  them.  In  this  collection  it  was  found  on  the  semipalmated 
plover,  Aegialitis  semipalmita  Bonap.,  least  sandpiper,    Pisobia    min- 


MALLOPHAGA.  237 

utilla  (Vieill.),  sanderling,  Culidris  leucophaea  (Pallas),  pectoral  sand- 
piper, Pisobia  maciilatd  (Meill.),  knot,  Tringa  canutus  (L.),  turnstone 
Arenaria  interpres  (L.),  and  is  also  recorded  from  the  red-breasted 
nut  hatch,  Sitta  canadensis  (L.).  Of  course  this  last  record  from  the 
Passeres  is  simply  a  case  of  straggling.  This  nuthatch  was  the  only 
bird  taken  on  August  25  other  than  semipalmated  plover,  sanderling, 
and  yellowlegs.  One  of  these  Liraicolae  was  certainly  the  host  of  the 
single  specimen  of  N.  complexivus  found  on  the  nuthatch.  Kellogg 
and  Chapman  describe  it  from  Calidris  leucophaea  (Pallas)  and  Pisobm 
minutilla  (Vieill.).  It  combines  several  characters  presented  as  diag- 
nostic of  older  species,  whence  its  name. 

Nirmus  actophilus  Kellogg  and  Chapman. — Two  females  from  the 
sanderling,  Calidris  leucophaea  (Pallas).  It  is  common  on  this  host, 
Kellogg  reporting  it  on  nine  out  of  fifteen  birds.  It  is  well  marked 
and  easily  recognized  from  the  other  species  of  Nirmus  common  on  the 
Limicolae. 

Nirmus  parallelus  Osborn.^ — A  single  female  of  this  species  was  taken 
on  the  greater  yellowlegs,  Totanus  melanoleucuh  (Gmel.).  The  species 
was  described  by  Osborn  from  Oxyechus  vociferus  (L.).  Its  general 
form  is  much  like  that  of  Lipeurus  baculus,  the  body  being  very  long 
and  slender,  the  abdomen  parallel-sided,  and  the  legs  like  the  Lipeuri; 
but  the  antennae  are  alike  in  both  sexes,  and  it  is  a  Nirfnus.  Among 
the  Nirmi  it  most  nearly  resembles  A^.  boephilus  Kell.,  and  Osborn  re- 
marks: ''Kellogg's  description  of  A'',  boephilus  from  a  female  specimen 
from  the  same  host  agrees  quite  closely  in  most  respects,  but  differs 
in  the  proportions  of  the  head.  The  types  for  my  description  being 
now  in  the  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History,  a  detailed  comparison 
is  impossible.  Comparisons  of  a  greater  series  of  specimens  will  very 
likely  prove  their  identity,  in  which  case  Kellogg's  name  will  have 
priority."  On  this  point  Mr.  Carriker  says:  "I  have  examined  the 
type  (Osborn's)  of  A^.  parallelus  and  compared  it  with  specimens  in  my 
own  collection  which  I  have  identified  as  A'',  boephilus  and  find  that  the 
two  are  quite  distinct." 

Nirmus  boephilus  Kellogg. — A  single  female  of  this  parasite  was 
found  on  the  semipalmated  plover,  Aegialitis  semipahnata  (Bonap.). 
Kellogg  described  it  from  a  female  taken  on  the  killdeer,  Oxyechus 
vociferus  (L.).  It  is  a  long  slender  species  with  parallel  sides,  and  a 
distinct  brown  marginal  band  on  head,  thorax,  and  abdomen. 

Nirmus  candidus  Nitzsch. — Four  specimens,  male  and  female,  from 
the  flicker,  Colaptes  auratus  luteus  (Bangs.),  are  undoubtedly  this  form. 
Mr.  Carriker's  notes  regarding  these  are  as  follows:  "These  specimens 
agree  almost  exactly  with  Giebel's  description  of  the  species  (Insecta 
Epizoa,  p.  149),  but  without  a  good  plate  and  a  more    detailed    de- 


238  MALLOPHAGA. 

scription  it  is  impossible  to  be  certain  that  these  specimens  are  not  sub- 
specifically  distinct  from  Xitzsch's  specimens.  Piaget  says  (Les  Pedi- 
culines,  p.  138),  that  N.  stramineus  Denny  is  a  synonym  of  this  form, 
but  from  Denny's  description  and  plate  (which  are  fairly  good)  they 
seem  to  me  to  be  distinct."  The  original  description  was  from  speci- 
mens taken  from  Picus  conns,  and  it  has  been  recorded  on  Picus  viridis. 
In  this  country  Osborn  has  reported  a  species  believed  to  be  candidus 
from  Ceniurus  carolinus  (L.). 

Nirmus  simplex  Kellogg. — Two  specimens,  male  and  female,  from 
the  roljin,  Planesficus  migratorius  (L.).  They  were  first  described  by 
Kellogg  from  the  same  host,  and  these  specimens  agree  very  well  with 
his  description  and  figure. 

Colpocephalum  bicolor  Piaget. — A  young  freshly  moulted  female 
taken  on  the  turnstone,  Arenaria  interpres  (L.),  probably  belongs  to 
this  species,  since  it  was  first  described  from  the  same  host.  This 
species  is  not  included  in  Kellogg's  list  of  North  American  Mallophaga. 
Colpocephalum  spinulosum  obscurum  Carriker. — The  description 
of  this  new  subspecies  of  C.  spinvlosum  Piaget,  as  prepared  by  Mr. 
Carriker,  has  been  published  in  the  Entomological  News  (1910.)  It  is 
of  the  same  size  as  C.  s.  minor  Kellogg,  but  differs  from  it  in  the  pro- 
portions of  the  head,  and  in  a  number  of  details  of  color  pattern.  A 
male  and  female  from  the  turnstone,  Arenaria  interpres  (L.),  were  the 
only  specimens  obtained. 

Colpocephalum  ocularis  Carriker. — This  easily  distinguished  new 
sjDecies  has  been  descril^ed  and  figured  b}'  Mr.  Carriker  in  the  Ento- 
mological News  (1910).  The  two  most  striking  features  are  the  pecu- 
liar V-shaped  ocular  bands,  and  the  spindle-shaped,  constricted  abdo- 
men. A  single  female  was  taken  on  the  turnstone,  Arenaria  interpres 
(L.).  Careful  search  should  be  made  on  other  specimens  of  this  bird 
to  find  the  male  belonging  to  the  species. 

Colpocephalum  subpustulatum  Carriker. — Only  one  specimen,  a 
female,  was  found  belonging  to  this  new  species,  which  has  been  de- 
scribed and  figured  elsewhere  with  the  other  new  species  by  Mr.  Carriker 
(1910).  It  is  distinguished  from  C.  pustulosum  Piaget,  which  species 
it  most  nearly  resembles,  b\'  the  absence  of  the  conspicuous  double  row 
of  clear  pustules  on  the  abdomen  and  on  the  posterior  margin  of  the 
head;  by  the  absence  of  long  hairs  anywhere  except  on  the  temples: 
and  by  the  absence  of  the  fringe  of  fine  hairs  at  the  posterior  extremity. 
It  was  captured  on  the  belted  kingfisher,  Ceryle  alcyon  (L.).  Mr.  Car- 
riker states  in  his  notes  that  this  is  the  "first  record  for  a  species  of  this 
genus  on  any  member  of  this  family.  Osborn  has  recorded  C.  pustu- 
losum Piaget  from  the  kingfisher  but  it  was  ])robably  a  specimen  of 
the  present  form,  as  the  two  have  a  superficial  resemblance."     The 


MALLOPHAGA.  239 

genus  Colpocephalun)  is  wide  spread  among  the  Wirds.  Keing  found  on 
half  a  dozen  (hfferent  orders. 

Colpocephalum  osborni  Kellogg. — A  consideral)le  numler  of  .speci- 
mens, male  and  female,  from  the  bald  eagle.  Haluicctus  leucocephalKS 
(L.).  The  species  -was  described  from  the  white-tailed  kite.  Klnnu.s 
leucuruf!  (Vieill.).  Its  nearest  relatives  are  the  European  species  C 
dissimile  Piaget  and  C.  tricinctum  Xitzsch. 

Colpocephalum  quadrimaculatus  Carriker. — A  single  male  of  this 
species  was  taken  on  the  red-winged  blackbird,  Agelaius  phoeniceus 
(L.).  Mr.  Carriker  says  concerning  it:  "This  is  the  first  specimen  of 
this  l)eautiful  species  that  I  have  seen  since  describing  it  some  years 
ago  from  a  single  male  taken  on  the  American  crossbill,  Loxia  curvirostra 
minor  (Brehni).  The  type  was  collected  by  myself  from  a  freshly 
killed  specimen  taken  in  a  i-egion  where  no  red-winged  blackbirds  are 
found,  so  that  its  occuiTence  on  this  host  is  rather  peculiar.  It  seems 
l)robable  that  there  is  room  for  doubt  as  to  the  host."  It  has  not  been 
possible  to  determine  the  possibility  of  Ihis  being  a  case  of  straggling 
on  account  of  the  fact  that  the  specimen  was  taken  early  in  the  season, 
before  the  work  had  ])een  well  systematized.  The  insect  note-bcok 
failed  to  give  the  exact  date  of  capture  of  this  specimen,  so  that  the 
other  birds  captured  that  same  day  are  not  known.  It  should  be  said, 
however,  that  no  crossbills  were  observed  by  the  party. 

Colpocephalum  sp  (?) — A  young  male  just  emerging  from  the  egg, 
probalih'  belonging  to  this  genus,  was  taken  from  Wilson's  black  cap, 
Wilsonia  pusilla  (Wils.).     It  could  not  of  course  be  identified. 

Trinoton  luridum  Nitzsch. — A  single  specimen,  female,  of  this  com- 
mon parasite  of  the  ducks  was  taken  from  the-black  duck.  Anas  rubripes 
(Brewst.).  It  is  closely  confined  to  the  ducks,  and  is  easily  recognized 
by  the  characteristic  markings  and  large  size. 

Trinoton  lituratum  Nitzsch. — A  single  specimen,  female,  of  this  species 
was  taken  from  Anas  rubripes  (Brewst.).  It  too  is  confined  closely 
to  the  ducks.  It  may  be  recognized  by  its  broad  outline,  and  by  the 
characteristic  brown  markings  on  the  head  and  thorax.  It  is  very 
interesting  to  know  that  mites  infest  bird  lice  as  parasites.  A  number 
of  mites  were  found  clinging  to  the  sides  of  this  species  of  Trinoton. 

Laemobothrium  giganteum  Xitzsch. — A  considerable  number  of 
specimens  of  this  gigantic  V)ird  louse  Avere  taken  from  the  bald  eagle, 
Haliaeetus  leucocephalus  (L.).  The  largest  specimen  measures  11mm. 
in  length,  and  about  2.2mm.  in  abdominal  width.  This  is  the  only 
representative  of  the  genus  in  this  collection. 

Nitzschia  latifrons  Carriker. — The  description  and  figure  of  this 
new  species  of  one  of  the  smallest  genera  of  the  order  were  prepared  by 
Mr.  Carriker  and  have  been  already  published  (1910).     It  most  nearly 


240  MALLOPHAGA. 

resembles  A^.  pulicaris  Nitzsch,  and  A'^.  bruneri  Carriker,  but  can  be 
distinguished  at  once  by  the  broad,  flatly  rounded  forehead,  a  character 
which  suggested  the  name.  A  number  of  specimens,  male  and  female, 
were  taken  from  the  bank  swallow,  Riparia  rfparia  (L.). 

Menopon  loomisii  Kellogg. — Four  specimens  of  this  species  were 
obtained  from  the  wood  duck,  Aix  sponsa  (L.).  They  agree  perfectly 
with  the  specimens  first  taken  by  Kellogg  from  Oidemia  deglandi  Bonap. 

Menopon  praecursor  Kellogg. — Three  specimens,  one  male  and  two 
females,  were  taken  on  the  flicker,  Colaptes  auratus  luteus  (Bangs).  The 
species  was  first  described  from  Ceniurus  uropygialis  by  Kellogg,  and 
Carriker  states  that  he  took  a  variety  of  this  species  (M.  praecursor 
meridionale)  from  Ceniurus  hoffmanni  from  Costa  Rica.  This  is  the 
first  record  of  it  on  the  flicker. 

Menopon  hirsutum  Carriker. — A  single  female  taken  from  the  downy 
woodpecker,  Dryobates  pubescens  medianus  (Swains.).  The  description 
and  figure  were  prepared  by  Mr.  Carriker  for  previous  publication 
(1910),  as  in  the  case  of  the  other  new  species.  Carriker  states  that  it 
is  very  different  from  any  species  of  Menopon  heretofore  described  from 
the  woodpeckers,  and  seems  to  have  no  near  relative. 

Menopon  mesoleucum  americanum  Kellogg. — A  large  number  of 
specimens  of  this  common  crow  parasite  were. taken  from  the  crow, 
Corvus  brachyrhynchus  (Brehm.).  This  variety  of  M.  mesoleucum  was 
first  described  from  the  same  host,  and  the  species  has  been  found  on 
other  species  of  Corvus  in  Europe.  The  striking  color  markings  make 
it  easy  to  recognize,  as  it  does  not  resemble  closely  any  nearly  related 
form. 

Menopon  sp  (?). — Several  immature  specimens  of  a  Menopon  were 
found  on  the  towhee,  Pipilo  erythrophthalmus  (L.),  and  on  the  yellow- 
billed  cuckoo,  Coccyzus  americanus  (L.).  They  could  not  be  satis- 
factorily identified. 

List  of  Hosts  with  Parasites. 

In  this  list  of  hosts  with  parasites  the  hosts  have  been  arranged  in 
accordance  with  the  check  list  of  the  American  Ornithologist's  Union. 
Larus  argentatus  (Pontoppidan). 

Docophorus  lari  Denny. 
Anas  rubripes  (Brewster). 

Docophorus  icterodes  Nitzsch. 

Trinoton  luridum  Nitzsch. 

Trinoton  lituratum  Nitzsch. 
Aix  sponsa  (L.). 

Docophorus  icterodes  Nitzsch. 


MALLOPHAGA.  241 

Nirnius   furvus   ravus   Kellogg.     [Straggler   from    Actitis   macularia 
(L.)  probably.] 

Menopon  loomisii  Kellogg. 
Tringa  canutus  (L). 

Nirmus  complexivus  Kellogg  and  Chapman. 
Pisohia  moculata  (Vieill.). 

Nirnius  complexivus  Kellogg  and  Chapman. 
Pisohia  minutilla  (Vieill.). 

Docophorus  cordiceps  Giebel. 

Nirmus  complexivus  Kellogg  and  Chapman. 
Calidris  leucophaea  (Pallas). 

Docophorus  jusijormis  Denny. 

Nirmus  complexivus  Kellogg  and  Chapman. 
Totanus  melanoleucus  (Gmel.). 

Nirmus  parallelus  Osborn. 
Aegialitis  semipalmata  (Bonap). 

Nirmus  complexivus  Kellogg  and  Chapman. 

Nirmus  hoephilus  Kellogg. 
Arenaria  interpres  (L.). 

Nirmus  complexivus  Kellogg  and  Chapman. 

Colpocephalum  hicolor  Piaget. 

Colpocephalum  spinulosum  ohscurum  Carriker. 

Colpocephalum  ocularis  Carriker. 
Haliaeetus  leucocephalus  (L.). 

Docophorus  halieti  Osborn. 

Colpocephalum  oshorni  Kellogg. 

Laemohothrium  giganteum  Nitzsch. 
Coccyzus  americanus  (L.). 

Docophorus  coccygi  Osborn. 

Docophorus  latifrons  occidentalis  Kellogg. 

Menopon  sp  (?). 
Ceryle  alcyon  (L.). 

Colpocephalum  suhpusLulatiim  Carriker. 
Dryobates  puhescens  medianus  (Swains.). 

Menopon  hirsutum  Carriker. 
Colaptes  auratus  luteus  (Bangs). 

Nirmus  candidus  Nitzsch. 

Menopon  praecursor  Kellogg. 
Corvus  hrachyrhynchus  (Brehm). 

Menopon  mesoleucum  americanum  Kellogg. 
Agelaius  phoeniceus  (L.). 

Colpocephalum  quadrimaculatus  Carriker.     Straggler  (?). 
31 


242  MALLOPHAGA. 

Pipilo  erythrophthalmus  (L.). 

Menopon  sp.  (?). 
Riparia  riparia  (L.). 

Nitzschia  latifrons  Carriker. 
Dendroica  vigorsii  (Aud.). 

Docophorus  icterodes  Nitzsch.     Straggler  from  duck. 
Wilsonia  pusilla  (Wils.). 

Colpocephalum  sp.  (?). 
Sitta  canadensis. 

Nirmus  complexivus  Kellogg  and  Chapman.     Straggler  from  Limi- 
colae. 
Planesticus  migratorius  (L.). 

Nirmus  simplex  Kellogg. 
Sialia  sialis  (L.). 

Docophorus  incisus  Kellogg. 

LITERATURE    CITED; 

1910.     Carriker,  M.  A.  and  Shull,  Charles  A.     Some  New  Species  of 

Mallophaga  from  Michigan.     Ent.  News.,  XXI,  pp.  51-57. 
1900.     Kellogg,  V.  L.     A  List  of  the  Biting  Lice  (Mallophaga)  taken 

from  Birds  and  Mammals  of  North  America.     Proc.  U.  S.  Nat. 

Museum,  Vol.  XXII,  pp.  39-100. 
1896.     Kellogg,  V.  L.     New  Mallophaga,  Vol.  I,  pp.  61-63. 

1899 New  Mallophaga,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  5. 

1900 Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  Vol.  XXII,  pp.  41-42. 

1903 Two  New  Genera  of  Mallophaga.     Biol.  Bull., 

Vol.  V,  pp.  85-87. 

1906 American  Insects,  pp.  118-119,  New  York. 

1896.     Osborn,  H.     Insects  affecting  Domestic  Animals.     Bull.  No.  5, 

U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agr.,  Div.  of  Entomology,  pp.  218-219. 


FISH.  243 


FISH. 

BY    ADELBERT    L.    LEATHERS. 
GENERAL  DISCUSSION. 

The  fish  inhabiting  the  waters  in  and  about  the  sand  region  of  Huron 
County,  Michigan,  were  studied  as  carefully  as  the  season,  the  limited 
time,  and  the  means  at  hand  would  permit.  The  object  of  this  study 
was  not  so  much  the  investigation  of  particular  problems  as  to  increase 
our  knowledge  of  the  distribution  of  the  species  in  the  state. 

The  aquatic  habitats  of  the  sand  region  present  a  number  of  pecu- 
liarities which  have  a  profound  influence  upon  the  number  and  dis- 
tribution of  the  fish.  The  lakes  and  ponds  have  neither  outlets  nor 
inlets,  and  the  water  they  contain  and  their  permanence  is  thus  largely 
governed  by  the  amount  of  rainfall  in  their  immediate  \ncinity.  The 
sandy  .soil  permits  the  excess  of  water  to  escape  without  overflowing, 
except  where  the  banks  are  low  and  then  only  when  the  rainfall  is  ex- 
cessive. The  bottoms  of  the  lakes  and  ponds  were  originally  sandv 
but  they  are  now  covered  by  an  ooze  resulting  from  the  disintegration 
-of  aquatic  vegetation. 

Long  Lake,  Orr  Lake  and  Rush  Lake  are  examples  of  the  larger 
bodies  of  quiet  water.  Long  Lake  (PI.  Xlla)  appears  to  be  without 
a  fish  fauna.  Grass  Lake  apparently  contains  only  the  mud  minnow, 
which,  however,  seems  to  thrive  there.  Rush  Lake  (PI.  IX).  the  largest 
and  deepest  of  the  lagoon  lakes  of  Huron  County,  although  outside  of 
the  sand  region  proper,  presents  similar  conditions.  It  has  no  outlet 
through  which  fish  would  be  liable  to  enter  or  escape,  and  the  only  in- 
let is  a  county  drain  connecting  it  with  a  marshy  region  located  within 
its  hydrographic  basin.  This  lake  has  extensive  shallow  areas  where 
the  bottom  is  composed  of  ooze  that  overlies  the  sandy  substratum  to  a 
depth  of  from  two  to  five  feet.  During  the  driest  part  of  the  season 
about  a  third  of  this  area  is  exposed,  although  the  fafl  of  the  lake  is  not 
more  than  six  inches  below  the  average  level.  Towards  the  north  shore, 
however,  there  are  areas  of  open  water  which  have  a  depth  of  six  or 
seven  feet.  The  fish  fauna  is  quite  abundant  and  varied,  but  minnows, 
catfish'and  pike  are  apparently  the  most  numerous  forms. 

The  streams  in  the  sand  region  all  communicate  with  Saginaw  Bay, 
and  consequently  their  fish  faunas  do  not  suffer  permanently  from  ad- 
verse  conditions.     The   habitats   consist    of  two    types — the   flowing 


244  FISH. 

water  type  and  the  stagnant  water  type.  The  flowing  water  type 
differs  from  the  stagnant  water  type  chiefly  in  the  amount  of  vegeta- 
tion and  mud  which  is  present.  In  the  former  the  vegetation  is  con- 
fined to  the  flags  and  rushes  along  the  margin  and  the  filamentous  algae 
in  the  slack  water  pools.  The  streams  are  all  more  rapid  in  their  upper 
than  in  their  lower  com-ses,  and  the  lower  parts,  being  nearly  on  a  level 
with  Saginaw  Bay,  show  transitional  conditions  between  the  stream 
and  lake.  Pigeon  River  (PI.  Xb,  Xlb)  exhibits  these  conditions  very 
plainly.  The  upper  part  is  shallow  and  rapid,  but  near  the  lake  there 
is  a  stretch  of  slowl}^  flowing  water  about  a  half-mile  long  and  eight  to 
ten  feet  deep.  Mud  Creek  and  the  county  drain  near  Bayport  drain 
the  same  general  area.  They  carry  only  a  small  amount  of  water  at 
any  season,  and  still  less  during  the  driest  part  of  the  year.  Dming 
the  dry  times  they  consist  principally  of  scattered  pools,  but  the  lower 
portion,  which  is  at  the  lake  level,  contains  about  two  feet  of  water 
throughout  the  year. 

The  stagnant  water  habitats  associated  with  the  streams  are  char- 
acterized by  conditions  intermediate  between  those  of  a  flowing  stream 
and  those  of  a  lagoon  lake.  They  have  quite  clear  water  with  a  mud 
bottom  and  an  abundant  aquatic  flora.  The  oxbow  pond  at  Caseville 
is  an  example  of  this  type.  It  was  originally  formed  by  the  artificial 
cutting  off  of  the  bend  of  the  river  to  straighten  the  course  of  the  latter, 
but  it  has  now  become  a  typical  ox-bow  pond.  (PI.  XIa.)  The  bottom 
has  become  covered  with  mud  and  the  waters  are  now  filled  with  aquatic 
vegetation,  with  an  abundance  of  duckweeds  (Lemnaceae)  and  fila- 
mentous algae  near  the  surface.  It  lacks  a  current  during  the  greater 
part  of  the  year,  but  retains  a  connection  at  one  end  with  the  lower 
part  of  Pigeon  River. 

Another  habitat  that  deserves  special  mention  is  found  in  the  bays 
along  the  coast.  The  principle  one  of  these  studied  is  Tm-tle  Bay 
(PL  Xlllb),  on  the  south  side  of  Sand  Point,  the  largest  of  the  partially 
inclosed  bodies  of  water  along  the  shore.  It  is  cut  off  from  Wild  Fowl 
Bay  by  a  sand  spit,  but  still  opens  at  one  end  by  a  narrow,  shallow 
passage  which  is  gradually  being  filled.  The  water  within  is  clear  and 
the  bottom  muddy.  The  vegetation  is  abundant  and  varied — cat- 
tails, bulrushes  and  arrow-leafed  plants  grow  along  the  shore,  and  pond- 
lilies,  pond  weeds,  etc.,  in  the  deeper  waters. 

The  waters  of  Saginaw  Bay  north  of  Sand  Point  offer  a  very  uniform 
environment.  (PI.  la).  The  water  is  shallow  and  the  bottom  uni- 
formly sandy.  There  is  no  vegetation  over  this  area  and  no  shelters, 
except  a  few  artificial  ones.  The  fish  of  the  deeper  waters  outside  the 
shore  area  could  not  be  examined  in  detail,  but  they  were  investigated 
to  some  extent  by  following  the  catches  of  the  commercial  fisheries  of 


FISH.  245 

the  OiT  Fish  Company,  which  operated  a  string  of  ten  nets  on  the  north 
shore  of  Sand  Point.  These  nets  extended  from  a  depth  of  about 
eight  feet  to  a  depth  of  ahnost  thirty  feet,  the  whole  string  forming  a 
complete  fish  barrier  a  mile  and  three  quarters  long. 

In  Wild  Fowl  Bay,  which  is  south  of  Sand  Point,  the  bottom  was 
more  muddy  and  supported  some  vegetation.  The  fish  were  investi- 
gated chiefly  by  set  lines. 

In  the  course  of  the  work  an  attempt  was  made  to  ascertain  the 
number  and  kinds  of  fish  to  be  found  in  the  different  habitats  both  by 
direct  observation  and  by  use  of  the  dip-net,  fyke  net,  trammel  net, 
lines  and  spears.  I  realize  that  the  results  are  very  incomplete,  but 
I  believe  they  are  reliable  as  far  as  they  go,  and  submit  them  for  their 
bearing  upon  the  distribution  of  the  species  in  the  state. 

I  wish  to  acknowledge  my  indebtedness  to  Dr.  A.  G.  Ruthven  for 
assistance  in  editing  this  paper  and  for  the  table  of  habitat  distribution 
and  the  bibliographical  references.  I  am  also  under  obligations  to 
Mr.  Seymour  Bower,  Director  of  the  Michigan  Fish  Commission,  for 
the  tabular  statement  of  the  products  of  the  Saginaw  Bay  Fisheries 
for  1 908,  and  to  Dr.  S.  E.  Meek,  of  the  Field  Museum  of  Natural  History, 
for  the  identification  of  a  number  of  species. 

As  a  summary  I  append  tables  giving  the  habitats  in  which  the 
different  species  were  found  and  the  value  of  the  different  food  fish 
taken  in  Saginaw  Bay  in  1 908. 


246 


FISH. 


Habitat  Distribution  Oy 

f  Fish  taken  in  the  Sand  D 

une 

Region. 

Species. 

So 
'5) 

« 

3 

■5 

0 

c 
0 

•c 

0  e3 

c 
0 

PLh 

u 
aj 

C 

0 

a; 
1 

"5 

0 

5 

5 

0 

3 

X 

X 

X 

X       V 

X 

X 

.... 

X. 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

.... 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

1 

1 

X 

! 

X 

1 

! 

Carpiodes  thompsoni ...... 

X 

X 

i 

] 

Catostomus  catostomus .... 

X 

'  1 

1 

Catostomus  commersonii .  .  . 

X 

X 

X 

X 

1 

Moxostoma  aureolum 

X 

X 

1 

1 

.... 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

■ 

Anguilla  chrysypa 

X 

Coregonus  qvxidrilateralis .  . 

X 

Coregonus  clupeiformis .  .  .  . 

X 

Argyrosomus  artedi 

X 

Umbva  litni            

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

Lucius  vermiculatus .  . 

X 

X 

X 

FISH. 


247 


Habitat  Distrihution  of  Fish  taken  in  the  Sand  Dune  Region. — Continued. 


Species. 

PQ  V 

02 

3 

H 

.a: 

O 

c 
o 

o 

Oh 

as 

a> 

c 

aj   ■ 

S| 

S> 

p 

o 

.a: 

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3 

"3 

a 
>, 

c 

3 
O 

o 

3 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

1 

X 

X 

X 

X 

Affibloplites  rupestris 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

yiicrovterus  doloTnieu   .  ■  ■ 

X 

X 

Micropterus  salmoides 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

Stizostedion  vitrewm 

X 

X 

X 

Perca  flavescens 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

PerciTM  cQprodes   

-X 

X 

X 

Hadropterus  aspro 

X 

X 

EtheostoTfM  iowae      

X 

X 

Boleichthys  fusiformis 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

Aplodinotus  grunniens .... 

X 

Cottus  ictolops 

X 

Lold  tnuculoscL 

X 

Statement  of  fish  caught  in  Saginaw  Bay  in   1908,  giving  number  of 
"pounds  of  each  kind  of  fish  and  the  total  value  of  each  kind. 

Value. 


Kinds. 

Whitefish 

Lake  Trout 

Pike  Perch 

Herring 

Sturgeon 

Bass 

Saugers 

Perch 

Suckers 

Catfish 

Cavaire 

All  other  kinds 


Pounds. 

253,184 

21,314 

778,214 

4,569,381 

1,994 

258 

3,850 

1,983,920 

821,853 

62,987 

617 

373,125 

7.970.697 


27,067.19 

1,398,18 

74,256.84 

73,483.87 

1,597.36 

21.30 

163.09 

32,877.25 

13,386.69 

2,912.42 

266.75 

7,933.40 

234.464.34 


248  FISH. 


LIST    OF    SPECIES. 


1.  Icthyomyzon  concolor  (Kirtland).  Silver  lamprey. — Seldom 
seen  by  the  commercial  fisherman  of  this  region  and  very  little  of  its 
destructive  work  was  noticed  hence  I  have  concluded  that  it  is  not 
abundant. 

2.  Lepisosteus  osseus  (Linnaeus).  Long-nosed  gar.— This  fish  is 
quite  common  in  the  sand  region,  especially  in  the  shallower  waters 
of  the  bayous  and  stagnant  mouths  of  streams.  Taken  in  Orr's 
fish-trap,  Turtle  Bay,  Mud  Creek,  and  the  county  drain  near  Bayport. 
Recorded  from  Saginaw  Bay  by  Cope  (1864,  276)  under  the  name 
Lepidosteus  huronensis. 

3.  Amia  calva  Linnaeus.  Dogfish;  bowfin;  grindle  fish;  mudfish; 
brindle  fish;  poisson  de  Marais.- — Common  throughout  the  region. 
Specimens  were  taken  in  Orr's  fish-trap.  Turtle  Bay,  and  the  upper 
and  lower  parts  of  the  Pigeon  River. 

4.  Ameiurus  natalis  (Le  Sueur).  Yellow  catfish;  catfish. — This 
species  is  very  generally  distributed  and  fairly  abundant.  Taken  in 
the  Pigeon  River,  Caseville  marsh  (a  marsh  joining  both  with  the 
Pigeon  River  and  Saginaw  Bay),  Rush  Lake  (deeper  part),  Mud 
Creek,  and  the  county  drain  near  Bayport. 

5.  Ameiurus  vulgaris  (Thompson).  Long-jawed  catfish.— Not 
found  abundantly  in  any  place.  Onlv  a  few  specimens  were  taken 
and  these  were  all  from  the  following  places:  Orr's  fish-trap,  Rush 
Lake  (deeper  part),  Tiu-tle  Bay. 

6.  Ameiurus  nebulosus  (Le  Sueur).  Common  bull-head;  horn- 
pout;  catfish. — Found  abundantly  in  the  following  places:  Turtle 
Bay,  Wild  Fowl  Bay  (near  Turtle  Bay),  ox-bow  pond  at  Caseville, 
pond  near  Turtle  Ba}'  on  Sand  Point. 

7.  Ameiurus  melas  (Rafinesque).  Bull-head;  black  bull-head; 
small  black  -catfish. — This  species  is  the  most  abundant  of  the  cat- 
fishes  of  this  region.  It  was  found  in  great  numbers  in  the  following 
places:  Turtle  Bay,  Pigeon  River,  marsh  on  lake  shore  near  Pigeon 
River,  Mud  Creek,  county  drain  near  Bayport  and  in  the  county 
drain  and  in  the  marsh  at  the  west  end  of  Rush  Lake,  as  well  as  in 
the  deeper  part  of  the  lake  itself. 

8.  Ameiurus  lacustris  (Walbaum).  Great  fork-tailed  cat;  Mis- 
sissippi cat;  Florida  cat;  great  catfish  of  the  lakes.— A  single  speci- 
men was  taken  in  Turtle  Bay.  They  are  caught  on  set  lines  in  from 
2-10  feet  of  water  in  various  parts  of  Wild  Fowl  Bay,  especially  near 
the  Sand  Point  shore,  where  the^''  are  fairly  abundant. 

9.  Noturus  flavus  Rafinesque.  Yellow  stone-cat;  common  stone- 
cat.— This  species  was  taken  only  in  the  deeper  waters  of  Saginaw 


PISH.  249 

Bay,  at  a  considerable  distance  from  the  shore.  Specimens  were 
taken  in  Orr's  fish-trap,  and  in  Wild  Fowl  Bay  in  water  from  8-10 
feet  deep  and  one-half  mile  from  shore. 

10.  Schilbeodes  gyrinus  (Mitchill).  Tad-pole  cat. — Specimens  of 
this  species  were  found  only  in  very  stagnant  and  muddy  pools.  Taken 
in  the  county  drain  at  Rush  Lake,  and  in  the  pond  near  Turtle  Bay 
on  Sand  Point. 

11.  Carpiodes  thompsoni  Agassiz.  Lake  Carp. — ^This  species  ap- 
pears to  be  rather  common  for  it  was  frequenth'  seen  in  Turtle  Bay 
and  along  the  shore  of  Wild  Fowl  Bav,  and  was  often  taken  in  Orr's 
fish-trap.  A  small  specimen  from  Mud  Creek  possesses  only  four 
rows  of  extra  large  scales  on  the  sides.  Recorded  from  Saginaw  Bay 
by  Cope  (1864,  285;  1871,  483.) 

12.  Catostomus  catostomus  (Forster).  Northern  sucker;  long- 
nosed  sucker;  sturgeon  sucker. — This  sucker  is  taken  frequently  in 
the  pound  nets  along  the  shore  of  Saginaw  Bay.  Our  specimens 
were  taken  from  Orr's  fish-trap  or  found  dead  along  shore  just  after  a 
storm. 

13.  Catostomus  commersonii  (Lacepede).  Common  white  sucker; 
brook  sucker. — This  fish  is  abundant  along  the  shores*  of  Saginaw 
Bay.  Specimens  were  taken  in  the  following  places:  Orr's  fish-trap, 
county  drain  near  Bayport,  Mud  Creek,  Pigeon  River  (lower  part) 
and  the  beach  on  Sand  Point  (dead).  Michael  (1905,  10)  states  that 
this  species  is  recorded  by  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  from  Saginaw 
Bay  and  Caseville. 

14.  Moxostoma  aureolum  (Le  Sueur).  Red-horse;  mullet.— This 
fish  was  rather  uncommon.  Specimens  were  taken  in  Turtle  Bay 
and  in  the  lower  part  of  the  Pigeon  River.  Recorded  by  Cope  (1864, 
285;  1871,  476-477)  from  Saginaw  Bay,  under  the  name  of  Ptychosto- 
mus  aureolus  Ag.,  and  stated  by  Michael  (1905,  11)  to  be  recorded 
by  the  IJ.  S.  Fish  Commission  from  Saginaw  Bay  and  Caseville. 

15.  Pimephales  notatus  (Rafinesque).  Blunt-nosed  minnow. — 
Found  in  Rush  Lake,  Mud  Creek,  and  county  drain  near  Bayport. 

16.  Semotilus  atromaculatus  (^litchill).  Horned  dace;  creek 
chub. — The  Horned  Dace  was  not  found  to  be  abundant.  It  was 
taken  in  the  upper  part  of  the  Pigeon  River,  Mud  Creek,  and  county 
drain  near  Bayport. 

17.  Abramis  crysoleucas  (Mitchill).  Golden  shiner;  roach;  bream. 
— Found  abundant  in  the  ox-bow  pond  at  Caseville,  and  in  Rush 
Lake.  Specimens  were  taken  in  Turtle  Bay.  Recorded  by  Cope 
(1864,  281)  from  Saginaw  Bay  under  the  name  of  Plargyrus  ameri- 
canus  Cope. 

18.  Notropis   cayuga   Meek.     Cayuga   minnow. — Specimens   were 


250  FISH. 

taken  in  the  upper  part  of  the  Pigeon  Riv.er,  in  Rush  Lake,  Mud 
Creek,  and  the  county  drain  near  Bayport. 

19.  Notropis  hudsonius  (De  Witt  CHnton).  Spawn-eater;  spot- 
tailed  minnow;  shiner. — This  species  was  found  commonly  along  the 
sandy  shore  of  SaginaAv  Bay,  especially  on  the  north  side  of  Sand 
Point. 

20.  Notropis  cornutus  (Mitchill).  Shiner,  red  fin;  dace. — Found 
in  small  numbers  in  the  upper  part  of  the  Pigeon  River,  and  in  the 
ox-bow  pond  at  Caseville.  It  was  exceedingly  numerous  along  the 
shore  of  Sand  Point  where  on  calm  days  the  young  could  be  seen  in 
immense  schools. 

21.  Notropis  rubrifrons  (Cope).  Red-fronted  minnow. — Common 
along  the  shore  of  Sand  Point. 

22.  Notropis  whipplii  (Girard).  Silver-fin. — Apparently  not  com- 
mon. A  single  specimen  was  taken  in  the  lower  part  of  the  Pigeon 
River. 

23.  Anguilla  chrysypa  Rafinesque.  Common  eel;  fresh-water  eel. 
—The  fishermen  occasionally  take  this  eel  in  Orr's  fish-trap. 

24.  Coregonus  quadrilateralis  Richardson.  Pilot  fish;  Menominee 
whitefish;  shadwaiter;  round  whitefish. — Reported  to  have  been  taken 
occasionally  both  at  Caseville  and  Bayport. 

25.  Coregonus  clupeiformis  (Mitchill).  Common  whitefish. — This 
species  spawns  on  the  broad  sand  fiats  off  Sand  Point,  and  specimens 
are  taken  in  limited  numbers  the  year  round  on  these  grounds.  This 
is  the  commercial  whitefish  of  the  county  and  is,  next  to  the  sturgeon, 
the  most  valued  fish.  It  forms  the  most  profitable  part  of  the  com- 
mercial fishermen's  catch.     Specimens  were  taken  in  Orr's  fish-trap. 

26.  Argyrosomus  artedi  (Le  Sueur),  Lake  herring;  Michigan 
herring;  cisco. — Like  the  common  whitefish,  the  herring  is  also  abun- 
dant along  the  broad  flat  to  the  north  of  Sand  Point  and  is  taken  in 
immense  numbers  during  November  and  December.  Although  it 
brings  only  a  small  price  per  pound,  it  is  considered  a  profitable  part 
of  the  seasons  catch  and  is  much  depended  upon.  Specimens  were 
taken  from  Orr's  fish-trap. 

27.  Cristivomer  namaycush  (Walbaum).  Lake  trout. — Recorded 
by  Cope  (1865,  80)  from  Saginaw  Bay,  under  the  name  Trutta  namay- 
cush. 

28.  Umbra  limi  (Kirtland).  Mud  minnow;  dogfish.- — This  fish 
was  found  to  be  very  common  in  the  following  places:  ponds  near 
Turtle  Bay,  stagnant  pools  of  the  upper  part  of  the  Pigeon  River; 
Rush  Lake  (shallow  water  at  south  side) ;  ^Nlud  Creek,  and  county 
drain  near  Bayport. 

29.  Lucius  vermiculatus  Le  Sueur.     Little  pickerel. — Only  a  few 


FISH.  251 

Specimens  were  taken,  all  of  these  being  from  the  following  places: 
ox-bow  pond  at  Caseville,  upper  part  of  Pigeon  River,  and  county 
drain  near  Bayport.  A  specimen  was  taken  from  the  crop  of  an 
American  bittern  shot  on  Sand  Point. 

30.  Lucius  lucius  (Linnaeus).  Common  pike;  lake  pickerel; 
grass  pike. — Very  common  in  the  larger  inland  bodies  of  water.  Taken 
in  the  upper  and  lower  parts  of  the  Pigeon  River;  ox-bow  pond  at 
Caseville,  and  in  the  deeper  waters  and  the  adjacent  county  drain 
at  Rush  Lake. 

31.  Lucius  masquinongy  (Mitchell).  Muskallunge. — Recorded 
from  Saginaw  Bay  by  Cope  (1865,  80;  1869,  410)  and  Goode  (1884, 
465)  under  the  name  Esox  nobilior  Thompson. 

32.  Fundulus  diaphanus  (Le  Sueur).  Spring  minnow;  barred 
killifish;  toothed  minnow;  horse  minnow. — Found  in  small  numbers 
in  the  Caseville  marsh  and  in  the  county  drain  at  Rush  Lake. 

33.  Percopsis  guttatus  Agassiz.  Trout  perch. — Large  numbers 
of  dead  individuals  were  found  on  the  shores  of  Sand  Point. 

34.  Pomoxis  sparoides  (Lacepede).  Calico  bass;  grass  bass; 
strawberry  bass.^ — ^This  species  is  apparently  uncommon  in  the  region 
studied.  One  specimen  was  taken  in  Turtle  Bay  and  another  in  the 
lower  part  of  the  Pigeon  River.  Recorded  from  Saginaw  Bay  by 
Cope  (1865,  84)  under  the  name  of  Hyperistius  hexacanthus  (Gill). 

35.  Ambloplites  rupestris  (Rafinesque).  Red-eye;  goggle-eye;  rock 
bass.— Common  and  widely  distributed  in  the  sand  region  and  ad- 
jacent waters  of  Saginaw  Bay.  Found  in  Orr's  fish-trap,  Turtle  Bay, 
Pigeon  River,  ox-bow  pond  at  Caseville,  Caseville  marsh.  Mud  Creek, 
county  drain  near  Bayport,  and  under  Orr's  fish  house  on  Sand  Point. 

36.  Eupomotis  gibbosus  (Linnaeus).  Pumpkin-seed;  sunny;  com- 
mon sunfish. — Like  the  rock  bass  this  species  is  very  common  and 
widely  distributed  in  the  region.  It  was  taken  in  Turtle  Bay,  upper 
and  lower  parts  of  the  Pigeon  River,  and  in  the  deeper  waters  and 
adjacent  county  drain  and  marsh  (west  end  of  lake)  at  Rush  Lake. 

This  fish  was  abundant  in  Turtle  Bay  and  was  observed  breeding 
there.  As  said  before,  this  bay  is  a  shallow  body  of  water  measuring 
from  four  and  a  half  to  six  feet  in  depth  and  comprises  about  fifteen 
acres.  The  conditions  are  well  suited  to  the  life  of  the  common  sun- 
fish,  the  bottom  being  mudd^^  the  water  shallow,  quiet,  and  warm, 
and  the  vegetation  abundant. 

Individuals  were  found  with  nearly  ripe  eggs  as  early  as  June  23, 
and  males  with  milt  were  found  as  late  as  August  20.  The  only  case 
of  spawning  was  observed  on  July  5.  Nest  building  was  watched 
closely  in  connection  with  a  number  of  individuals  in  different  lo- 
calities,   and   the    following   was   the    general    method.     The    ne.sts. 


252  FISH. 

which  are  well  known  and  easily  recognized  as  saucer-shaped  depres- 
sions, were  usually  located  in  comparatively  shallow  water,  the  depth 
ranging  from  six  inches  to  two  or  three  feet.  The  fish  began  opera- 
tions by  removing  any  plant  material  that  was  present.  The  loose 
material  was  rooted  or  bunted  out  of  the  way  and  the  attached  stalks 
were  seized  in  the  mouth  and  dragged  away,  little  judgment  being 
used  in  the  method  of  seizing.  When  the  aquatic  vegetation  had  been 
cleared  awaj''  sufficiently,  the  clearing  away  of  the  sediment  was  be- 
gun. This  the  fish  accomplished  with  a  long  sweeping  stroke  of  the 
tail.  The  movement  of  the  body  caused  by  the  sweeping  tail  was 
largely  but  not  entirely  compensated  for  by  an  opposing  motion  of 
the  pectorals,  so  that  a  slow  progressive  motion  took  place.  This 
forward  movement  was  accompanied  by  a  depression  of  the  tail  or 
caudal  fin,  so  that  the  fish  lay  vertically  in  the  water.  The  result 
of  these  sweeping  strokes  was  the  production  of  a  current  in  the 
water  which  carried  out  the  debris. 

The  sweeping  was  quite  vigorous,  especially  as  the  breeding  season 
approached,  so  that  the  mud  and  fine  sand  were  swept  aside  exposing 
the  coarse  gravel  or  the  roots  of  aquatic  plants.  Often  the  mouth 
was  brought  into  play  in  removing  the  gravel  and  small  stones.  The 
final  result  of  the  sweeping  and  handling  of  the  plants  and  gravel 
was  a  shallow  depression  of  some  ten  to  eighteen  inches  in  diameter 
by  two  to  four  inches  in  depth. 

The  single  case  of  spawning  th^t  was  observed  from  first  to  last 
took  place  as  follows.  At  about  half-past  three  on  a  warm  sunny 
afternoon  (June  5)  my  boat  glided  over  a  nest  w^here  the  owner  poised 
a  moment  and  then  disappeared  among  the  weeds  near  by.  I  paused, 
and  it  was  not  long  before  he  returned  from  his  concealment  showing 
little  fear  of  me.  He  was  a  splendid  big  fellow,  six  to  eight  inches 
long,  with  a  little  greenish  blue  showing  on  his  muzzle  as  from  a  scar. 
By  this  mark  he  was  easily  recognized.  Directly  beneath  me,  in 
about  two  feet  of  water,  I  observed  him  stroking  vigorously  with  his 
pectoral  fins  and  tail.  The  result  of  this  motion  was  to  produce 
currents  as  shown  by  the  disturbed  particles  on  the  bottom,  yet  was 
so  compensated  for  that  the  position  of  the  fish  was  not  changed. 
While  performing  in  this  way  the  male  stayed  within  about  two 
inches  of  the  bottom. 

This  exercise  was  occasionally  interrupted  by  the  unwelcome  ap- 
proach of  a  few  minnows  (Notropis  sp.),  and  by  the  fish  leaving  the 
nest  suddenly.  These  sudden  departures  were  accomplished  by  quick 
movements  very  similar  to  those  shown  in  fright.  That  they  were 
not  from  fright,  I  was  able  to  demonstrate  by  attempting  to  frighten 
him.     He  would  allow  me  to  chase  him  all  over  the  nest  with  a  stick 


FISH.  253 

without  once  leaving  tlie  nest.  Finally  he  returned  from  one  of  his 
trips  in  company  with  a  fish  a  trifle  shorter  than  himself  and  differing 
in  color  in  that  the  back  was  a  lighter  brown  and  the  body  was  banded. 
In  the  lighter  colored  bands,  one  could  distinguish  golden  or  orange- 
colored  scales  mingled  with  others  of  a  lighter  shade.  Upon  entering 
the  nest,  the  newcomer,  a  female,  came  a  little  in  advance  and  to  all 
appearances  freely  entered  the  nest.  When  once  in  the  nest,  she 
avoided  the  owner  for  a  time,  dodging  this  way  and  that,  but  after 
a  few  seconds  she  allowed  him  to  conie  abreast.  In  this  position 
they  circled  about  for  a  few  seconds,  keeping  the  axis  of  their  bodies 
parallel  and  stroking  in  unison.  Finally  the  female  began  to  vary 
her  motion  by  rotating  or  turning  her  body  so  as  to  lay  almost  com- 
pletely on  her  side,  recovering  her  original  upright  position  by  a 
quick  stroke  to  resmiie  her  movement  about  the  nest.  I  counted 
eleven  such  circles  in  a  minute,  including  the  movements  associated 
with  the  turning  of  the  body  upon  its  side  and  the  recovery  of  the 
upright  position.  During  this  entire  process,  the  male  retained  an 
upright  position  in  close  proximity  to  the  ventral  surface  of  the  fe- 
male, the  ventral  surfaces  of  the  two  being  very  near  together  at  the 
time  when  the  female  was  in  a  horizontal  position.  At  the  time  that 
the  female  made  the  quick  motion  of  the  tail  that  returned  her  to 
the  upright  position,  a  little  cloud  of  sperm  intermixed  with  eggs 
could  be  obserA^ed  streaming  in  a  general  direction  past  the  male 
and  toward  the  bottom.  The  spawning  took  place  close  to  the  bot- 
tom where  weeds  and  roots  were  present,  and  the  body  of  the  female 
seemed  actually  to  strike  them  at  the  time  of  the  sudden  movement. 

Spawning  was  continued  from  eignt  to  ten  minutes  (the  actual 
time  occupied  was  observed  for  five  minutes  and  the  remainder  esti- 
mated) with  only  an  occasional  intermittance  of  a  few  seconds.  At 
the  time,  towards  the  last  of  the  interval,  when  the  male  was  dis- 
turbed, the  iemale  remained  rather  c[uiet  and  exhibited  every  mark 
of  fatigue,  such  as  the  rapid  movement  of  the  opercular  and  sluggish- 
ness of  other  parts  of  the  body.  At  intervals,  especially  towards 
the  last,  the  female  would  appear  to  avoid  the  male  and  he  would 
bunt  into  her  side  above  the  ventral  fins.  These  bunts  were  followed 
in  every  case  by  spawning  which  extended  over  an  appreciable  time. 
At  the  end,  the  male  made  a  bunt  at  the  female  and  she  quickly  left 
the  nest,  pursued  by  him. 

37.  Micropterus  dolomieu  Lacepede.  Large-mouthed  black  bass. 
— Generally  not  abundant  but  somewhat  more  common  locally. 
Specimens  were  taken  in  Orr's  fish-trap,  and  in  the  upper  and  lower 
parts  of  the  Pigeon  River.  Recorded  from  Saginaw  Bay  by  Cope 
(1865,  83)  under  the  name  of  Micropterus  fasciaius  Gill. 


254  FISH. 

38.  Micropterus  salmoides  (Lacepede).  Large-mouthed  bass. — 
Rather  more  common  than  the  preceding  species  but  still  not  abun- 
dant. Taken  in  Pigeon  River,  ox-bow  pond  at  Caseville,  Mud  Creek, 
county  drain  near  Bayport,  and  Turtle  Bay. 

39.  Stizostedion  vitreum  (Mitchill).  Wall-eyed  pike;  pike  perch; 
glass-eye;  yellow  pike;  blue  pike. — Very  common  in  Saginaw  Bay 
and  in  the  open  waters  of  the  lake.  This  species  is,  with  the  exception 
of  the  herring  and  then  only  during  the  fall,  the  most  abundant  fish 
taken  in  the  pound  nets.  Several  specimens  were  taken  in  Orr's 
fish-trap,  on  the  north  shore  of  Sand  Point,  and  in  the  lower  part  of 
the  Pigeon  River. 

Said  by  Michael  to  be  recorded  by  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  from 
Saginaw  Bay  and  Caseville.  Recorded  from  Saginaw  Bay  by  Cope 
(1865,  82)  and  Milner  (1872,  11,  34)  under  the  name  Stizostedion 
americanus,  and  by  Goode  (1884,  420). 

40.  Perca  fiavescens  (Mitchill).  Yellow  perch;  common  perch; 
ringed  perch. — Very  common  and  only  a  little  less  numerous  than  the 
precechng  species  in  the  habitats  in  which  they  are  found  together, 
but  much  more  widely  distributed.  Specimens  were  taken  in  Orr's 
fish-trap,  north  shore  of  Sand  Point,  Turtle  Bay,  Pigeon  River  (lower 
part),  Mud  Creek,  county  drain  near  Bayport,  and  the  county  drain 
and  marsh  (at  west  end)  at  Rush  Lake  as  well  as  in  the  deeper  waters 
of  the  latter.  Recorded  from  Saginaw  Bay  by  Cope  (1865,  82)  and 
Goode  (1884,  415-416). 

41.  Percina  caprodes  (Rafinesque).  Log  perch;  rock  fish;  hog 
fish.' — Not  uncommon  in  the  lower  part  of  the  Pigeon  River,  off  the 
north  shore  of  Sand  Point,  and  in  Turtle  Bay. 

42.  Hadropterus  aspro  (Cope  and  Jordan).  Black-sided  darter. — 
Specimens  were  taken  in  the  upper  and  lower  parts  of  the  Pigeon 
River,  and  on  the  north  shore  of  Sand  Point. 

43.  Etheostoma  iowae.  Jordan  and  Meek.  Iowa  darter.- — Taken 
in  the  lower  part  of  the  Pigeon  River,  and  in  Turtle  Bay  on  Sand 
Point. 

44.  Boleichthys  f usif ormis  (Girard).  Spindle  darter. — Found  com- 
monly in  both  the  upper  and  lower  parts  of  the  Pigeon  River,  on  the 
north  and  south  shores  of  Rush  Lake,  along  the  shore  of  Sand  Point, 
and  in  Turtle  Bay. 

45.  Roccus  chrysops  (Raf.).  White  bass.— Recorded  from  Sagi- 
naw Bay  by  Cope  (1865,  83)  and  by  Goode  (1884,  430).  The  latter 
writes  as  follows:  "On  the  fishing  grounds  of  Saginaw  Bay,  including 
also  those  of  Charity  Islands,  a  few  white  bass  are  occasionally  taken 
in  May  and  the  first  part  of  June."  They  were  never  abundant  in 
this  region. 


FISH.  255 

46.  Aplodinotus  grunniens  Rafinesque.  Fresh-water  drum : 
sheepshead. — Taken  in  the  pound  nets  by  the  commercial  fishermen 
all  along  the  shore. 

47.  Cottus  ictalops  (Rafinescfue).  Miller's  thunil);  blob;  muffle 
jaw;  bullhead;  springfish.^ — Apparently  rare  in  the  sand  region  and 
adjacent  waters  of  Saginaw  Bay.  A  single  specimen  was  taken  on 
the  north  shore  of  Sand  Point. 

48.  Lota  maculosa  (Le  Sueur) .  Lawyer ;  ling ;  burbot ;  aleky  trout ; 
mother  of  eels;  eel-pout. — Not  common.  A  few  specimens  were 
taken  from  Orr's  fish-trap,  and  one  was  found  dead  on  the  shore  of 
Sand  Point  in  August. 

LITERATURE  CITED. 

The  literature  that  deals  with  the  fish  of  this  region  is,  so  far  as  we 
have  been  able  to  find,  restricted  to  those  of  Saginaw  Bay. 

1864.  Cope,  E.  D. 

Partial  Catalogue  of  the  Cold-blooded  Vertebrata  of  Michigan. 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1864,  276-285. 

1865.  Cope,  E.  D. 

Partial  Catalogue  of  the  Cold-blooded  Vertebrata  of  Michigan. 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1865,  78-85. 

1869.     Cope.     Synopsis  of  the  Cyprinidae  of  Pennsylvania.     Trans. 
Amer.  Phil.  Soc,  XIII,  351-410. 

1871.     Cope,  E.  D. 

A  Partial  Synopsis  of  the  Fishes  of  the  Freshwaters  of  North 
Carohna.     Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc,  XI,  448-495. 

1884.     Goode.  G.  Brown. 

The  Fisheries  and  Fishery  Industries  of  the  United  States. 
Sec.  I,  U.  S.  Com.  of  Fish  and  Fisheries. 

1905.     Michael,  Ellis. 

Catalogue  of  Michigan  Fish.  16th  Ann.  Rept.  State  of  Michi- 
gan Board  of  Fish  Commissioners. 

1873.     Milner,  J.  W. 

Report  on  the  Fisheries  of  the  Great  Lakes;  the  Result  of  In- 
quiries prosecuted  in  1871  and  1872.  Rept.  U.  S.  Com.  Fish 
and  Fisheries  for  1872-1873.  1-75. 


Mich 


Publication   4;    Biology   2. 
Map. 


Mlolilgan   Geological   And 


rubUcatlon    4:    Elologj-    2- 


AMPHIBIANS  AND  REPTILES.  257 


AMPHIBIANS  AND  REPTILES. 

'  BY  ALEXANDER  G.  RUTHVEN. 
GEOGRAPHIC  RELATIONS  OF  THE  FAUNA. 

The  writer  gave  particular  attention  to  the  amphibians  and  reptiles 
on  this  expedition,  and  in  this  work  he  was  assisted  very  materially 
l)y  the  other  members  of  the  party.  To  one  interested  in  the  herpet- 
ology  of  Michigan  the  results  obtained  in  this  summers  work  are  very 
gratifying;  for  while  our  Michigan  fauna  is  composed  of  species  which 
are  of  wider  range  in  eastern  North  America,  and  thus  for  the  most 
part  well  known,  comparatively  little  is  know^n  of  the  distribution  of 
many  of  these  forms  in  the  state.  This  is  particularly  true  of  the  north 
and  south  distribution,  an  interesting  question  in  view  of  the  inter- 
mediate position  of  the  state  between  northern  and  southern  faunas. 
The  remarks  on  the  general  nature  of  the  fauna  of  Michigan  in  an 
earlier  paper  in  this  report  apply  equally  to  this  group,  and  we  find 
as  we  go  northward  that  the  species  that  inhabit  the  extreme  southern 
tier  of  counties  gradually  drop  out  of  the  fauna  until  few  are  left  on 
our  northern  boundary.  In  the  case  of  amphibians  and  reptiles,  how- 
ever, we  do  not,  as  in  the  case  of  mammals  and  birds,  have  many  other 
forms  coming  into  the  fauna  from  the  northward,  and  the  explanation 
is  that  these  groups  are  preeminently  tropical  and  are  in  this  region 
reaching  the  outskirts  of  their  range.  This  is  less  true  of  the  am- 
phibians than  of  the  reptiles,  for  the  former  have  a  greater  capacity  for 
enduring  cold.  It  is  thus  not  surprising  that  the  only  two  forms  that 
enter  our  region  from  the  north  belong  to  the  genus  Rana  (the  frogs). 
These  species  are  Rana  cantahrigensis  and  R.  septentrionalis,  both  of 
which  are  of  decidedly  northern  distribution,  the  latter  not  occm-ring 
in  the  southern  peninsula,  so  far  as  we  know,  and  both  ranging  tlirough 
the  northern  peninsula  and  far  into  Canada. 

From  these  general  remarks,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  rei)tile-amphibian 
fauna  of  the  region  studied  may  be  divided  into  three  groups: 

1.  Those  forms  that  are  known  to  occur  throughout  the  state,  or 
at  least  range  well  north  of  this  latitude.  The  species  that  fall  into 
this  group  need  no  discussion  here.  They  include  most  of  the  am- 
phibians and  may  be  enumerated  as  follows:  Bufo  americaii'us,  Rana 
pipiens,  R.  clamitans,  Ilyla  pickeringi,  H.  versicolor,  R.  sylvatica  can- 
tahrigensis, Ambystoma  jefjersonianum,  Diemictylus  viridescens,  Plct- 
33 


258  AMPHIBIANS  AND  REPTILES. 

hodon  cinereus,  Storeria  dekayi,  S.  occipitomaculata,  Thamnophis  sirtalis, 
Liopeltis  vernalis,  Chrysemys  cinerea,  Chelydra  serpentina. 

2.  Those  forms  that  are  not  known  to  extend  far  north  of  latitude 
44°  north,  but  are  nevertheless  known  to  occur  near  this  latitude  and 
might  reasonably  be  expected  here.  The  Huron  County  records  of 
these  species,  which  are  listed  below,  are  of  value  as  adding  to  our 
knowledge  of  their  distribution  within  the  state.  They  are  Choro- 
philus  nigritus  triseriatus,  Thamnophis  sauritus,  LampropeUis  doluitus 
triangulus,  Natrix  sipedon,  Sistrurus  catenatus  and  Emydoidea  bland- 
ingi.  Further  investigation  will  undoubtedly  result  in  the  placing  of 
some  of  these  forms  in  the  first  group. 

3.  Those  forms  of  southern  distribution  that  were  not  definitely 
known  to  occur  in  the  lower  peninsula  as  far  north  as  this  latitude. 
Here  belong  Eumeces  quinquelineatuus,  Elaphe  vulpinus,  Heterodon 
platyrhinus  and  Thamnophis  hutleri.  This  group  is  a  very  interesting 
one  from  the  standpoint  of  Michigan  herpetology,  as  it  gives  us  more 
exact  data  on  the  northern  limit  of  these  species,  and  may  indicate  a 
more  southern  element  in  the  fauna  of  this  coast  than  in  that  of  the 
interior. 

Eumeces  quinquelineatus.  "The  Eumeces  quinquelineatus  is  distrib- 
uted throughout  the  eastern  district,  with  the  exception  of  the  Cana- 
dian and  Hudsonian  subdistricts,  and  throughout  the  Austroriparian, 
excepting  the  Texan  district.  The  most  northern  locality  from  which 
I  have  seen  a  specimen  is  Michigan,  as  pointed  out  by  Hallo  well."  (Cope, 
1898  p.  638).  The  Michigan  specimen  referred  to  by  Cope  was  taken 
at  Flint.  ^Michigan,  and  hitherto  has  been  the  most  northern  record  for 
the  state. 

Elaphe  vulpinus.  The  fox  snake  does  not  extend  as  far  south  as  do 
most  of  the  species  that  make  up  the  Michigan  fauna.  The  only 
Michigan  record  known  to  the  writer,  previous  to  this  expedition,  was 
Grosse  Isle  (Cope,  1898,  p.  832)  and  "from  the  vicinity  of  Saginaw 
Bay"  (Miles  1861,  p.  234).  Other  specimens  were  recorded  from  this 
coast  in  1909  (Ruthven  1909)  so  that,  as  it  was  found  to  be  rather 
abundant  in  the  sand  region  and  on  Stony  Island,  it  is  now  known  to 
extend  up  the  east  coast  of  Michigan  as  far  north  as  this  latitude.  It 
probably  occurs  in  suitable  habitats  farther  north  in  the  lower  penin- 
sula, for  it  is  known  from  the  upper  peninsula  (Ruthven  1910). 

Heterodon  platyrhinus.  This  species  occurs  throughout  the  eastern 
forest  region,  from  Florida  northward.  It  w'as  to  have  been  expected 
in  the  state,  but  up  to  1909  its  status  was  very  doubtful.  The  reliable 
records  seem  to  show  that  it  is  primarily  confined  to  the  sandy  regions 
in  southern  Michigan,  as   far  north   as   Oscoda  Countv  and  Manistee 


AMPHIBIANS 'AND  REPTILES.  259 

(Ruthven  1909).  We  found  the  species  not  uncommon  in  the  sand 
region. 

Thamnophis  butleri.  Thi.-5  garter-snake  inhabits  Indiana,  Ohio, 
western  Pennsylvania  and  southern  Michigan.  The  most  northern 
record  for  the  species,  as  well  as  for  the  state,  has  hitherto  been  Oak- 
land County,  Michigan.  Three  specimens  were  found  in  Huron 
County,— two  on  Stony  Island  and  one  at  Rush  Lake  (neither  locality  in 
the  sand  region), — which  extends  the  range  considerably  to  the 
northward. 

It  will  be  seen  that  of  the  forms  in  this  group  Eumeces  quinqnelineatus 
and  Thamnophis  butleri  probably  also  occur  in  the  interior  of  the  state, 
so  that  the  milder  climate  of  this  coast  cannot  be  said  to  be  of  influence 
in  introducing  them  farther  northward  than  in  the  interior.  On  the 
other  hand,  if  Elophe  vulpinus  and  Heterodon  platyrhimis  also  occur  in 
the  interior  it  is  not  a  little  singular  that  they  have  not  been  found  at 
Ann  Arbor,  Lansing,  or  Olivet.  At  first  sight  it  appears  that  this 
distribution  may  be  accounted  for  on  the  basis  of  temperature,  for 
both  species  may  be  called  abundant  in  the  sand  region,  and,  further- 
more, Eumeces  quinquelineatus  is  certainly  much  more  common  there 
than  in  the  interior.  In  this  connection  it  is  interesting  to  note  that 
these  forms  are  apparently  not  only  confined  to  this  general  region 
but  also  to  the  very  limited  confines  of  the  sand  region,  which  the  more 
equable  temperature  of  this  coast  would  not  rec[uire,  that  Heterodon 
platyrhinus  prefers  sandy  regions  and  has  been  found  elsewhere  in 
lower  Michigan  only  in  such  areas  (Ruthven,  1909),  and  that  Elaphe 
vulpinus  and  Eumeces  quinquelineatus  were  by  far  the  most  abundant 
in  this  region  in  the  dryest  and  sandiest  habitats.  In  view  of  these 
things  I  believe  the  explanation  for  the  fact  that  these  forms  are  here 
introduced  beyond  the  major  part  of  their  range,  or  at  least  occur  here 
more  abundantly  than  in  the  interior,  is  to  be  found  not  so  much  in  the 
more  equable  temperature  as  in  the  higher  summer  temperature,  sandy 
soil  and  general  aridity  of  the  upland  habitats  of  the  sand  region. 

HABITAT  RELATIONS  OF  THE  FAUNA. 

As  regards  their  habitat  relations  the  amphil)ians  and  reptiles  of  the 
region  studied  fall  into  several  groups,  the  forms  of  which  are  particu- 
larly adapted  to  the  conditions  of  life  in  the  habitats  in  which  they  are 
found. 

A.  Aquatic  habitats.  Xone  of  the  reptiles  and  amphibians  obtained 
are  deep  water,  aquatic-breathing  forms,  although  the  fishermen 
informed  us  that  Necturus  moculosus  is  frequently  found  in  their 
pound-nets  off  Sand  Point.     Most  of  the  forms  that  are  associated 


260  AMPHIBIANS  AND  REPTILES. 

with  the  aquatic  habitats  are  air  breathers  during  a  part  or  all  of 
their  existence,  and  few  are  peculiar  to  those  habitats.  S'ome  of 
them  are  terrestrial  except  in  the  larval  state  or  during  the  breeding 
season  (Hylidae,  Ranidae,  Ambystomadae),  while  others  are  always 
air  breathers  but  live  in  the  water  except  during  the  breeding  season 
(Testudinata),  and  one  other  Natrix  sipedon,  only  takes  to  the  water 
to  obtain  food  and  escape  enemies.  Diemyctilus  viridescens  is  unique 
in  that  it  is  an  aquatic  form  in  the  larval  state,  a  terrestrial 
air-breather  the  second  year,  and  a  partially  aquatic  breather  in  the 
adult  state. 

This  fauna,  not  being  strictly  an  aquatic  one,  is  not  dependent 
upon  continuous  waterways  in  its  migrations.  The  presence  of 
bodies  of  water  is,  however,  an  indispensible  condition  in  the  environ- 
ment, and  the  forms,  being  weak  swimmers,  prefer  the  quiet  water 
conditions  of  ponds,  small  lakes  and  bays  to  those  in  the  large  bay. 
There  is  a  considerable  number  of  ponds,  small  lakes  and  quiet  bays 
in  the  sand  region  which  accounts  for  the  abundance  of  this  fauna. 
Many  of  these  are  transient  but  they  are  mostly  large  enough  to 
presist  until  after  the  larval  stages  of  the  amphibians  that  breed  in 
them  are  passed,  and  other  forms  are  rarely  found  in  such  places. 

B.  Swamp  habitats.  Here  may  be  grouped  (a)  the  grassy  marshes 
that  exist  throughout  the  sand  region  and  on  Stony  Island,  and  the 
grass  zones  about  many  of  the  bodies  of  water,  and  (b)  the  timbered 
swamps.  These  two  kinds  of  swamps  have  in  common  the  adult 
stages  of  Hyla  pickeringi,  Bufo  americanus  (see  p.  262),  Rana  pipiens, 
and  the  garter-snakes,  T.  sirtalis  and  T.  sauritus.  Characteristic  of 
the  grass  swamps  are  the  adult  stages  of  Chorophilus  nigritus  tri- 
seriatus,  Sistrurus  catenatus  and  Liopeltis  vernalis,  while  Plethodon 
cinereus,  Hyla  versicolor,  Rana  sylvatica  cantahrigensis  and  Ain- 
by stoma  jeffersonianum  were  characteristic  of  the  wooded  swamps. 
The  abundance  of  these  habitats  in  this  region  together  with  the 
numerous  ponds  explains  the  abundance  of  the  forms  enumerated 
above.  It  should  be  noted  that  some  of  these  species  are  occasional- 
ly found  also  upon  the  sand  ridges,  these  being  usually  the  ones  most 
capable  of  resisting  dessication,  e.  g.,  Rana  pipiens,  Bufo  americanus, 
Liopeltis  vernalis,  Hyla  versicolor,  and  the  garter-snakes. 

C.  Sand  ridge  habitat.  As  stated  elsewhere,  the  numerous  sand  ridges 
are  the  prevailing  feature  in  the  topography  of  the  san  d  region.  These 
ridges  although  clothed  with  vegetation  are  rather  open,  and  the  soil 
although  covered  with  herbaceous  plants  is  loose  and  dry.  The 
habitat  is  thus  a  dry  hot  one  during  the  summer  months.  Amp- 
hibians are  quite  scarce  here,  but  the  conditions  are  more  favorable 
for  reptiles,  and  the  fact  that  the  number  of  characteristic  forms  is 


AMPHIBIANS  AND  REPTILES.  261 

small  is  due  in  large  part  to  the  fact  that  only  a  few  species  get  as 
far  north  as  this  latitude.  To  this  grpup,  however,  belong  the  hog- 
nosed  snake  {H.  platyrhinus) ,  the  fox  snake  (Elaphe  vulpinus)  and 
the  skink  {Eumeces  quinquelineatus) .  Being  dry  habitat  forms  we 
should  expect  these  species,  if  present  in  the  fauna,  to  seek  this 
habitat,  but,  while  they  may  also  be  occasionally  found  in  the  ad- 
joining clay  country,  I  believe  that  one  cause  of  their  abundance  in 
this  region  is  the  xerophilous  nature  of  the  terrestrial  habitats  (see 
p.  28  et  seq).  Three  other  species,  Lampropeltis  doliatus  triangulus, 
Storeria  dekayi  and  S.  occipitomaculata,  were  practically  confined  to 
this  habitat,  but  this  was  probably  not  due  to  the  aridity  of  the 
conditions  but  merel}'  to  the  fact  that  they  prefer  high  terrestrial 
conditions  and  have  been  able  to  persist  here. 

Other  forms  that  occur  in,  but  are  not  peculiar  to,  this  habitat 
are  the  ubiquitous  garter  snakes  {T .  sirtalis,  T.  sauritus),  the  green 
snake  (Liopeltis  vernalis),  and  the  tree  toads,  Hyla  versicolor  and  H. 
pickeringi,  all  species  which  occur  also  in  the  swamps. 

LIST  OF  SPECIES. 

Amphibia. 

1.  Necturus  maculosus  Rafinesque.  ]Mud-puppy. — No  specimens 
of  this  amphibian  were  observed,  but  the  fishermen  informed  the 
writer  that  individuals  were  frequently  caught  in  the  pound-nets  off 
Sand  Point. 

2.  Plethodon  cinereus  (Green).  Red-backed  salamander. — We 
found  this  salamander  much  less  common  than  might  be  expected. 
Only  15  specimens  were  secured,  and  these  were  all  taken  east  of 
Caseville,  in  and  under  moist  decaying  logs  in  the  swamps  between 
the  sand  ridges.  Individuals  were  also  taken  in  the  clay  country 
immediately  adjoining— in  the  low  woods  at  the  east  end  of  Rush 
Lake. 

3.  Ambystoma  jeffersonianum  (Green).  Jefferson  salamander. — 
This  little  salamander  apparently  occurs  throughout  the  sand  region. 
It  was  found  under  logs  in  damp  places — usually  in  the  swamps 
among  the  ridges.  On  Sand  Point  a  number  of  specimens  were  taken 
under  decaying  logs  on  the  fossil  beaches.  It  was  also  found  in  the 
woods  at  the  east  end  of  Rush  Lake. 

Both  spotted  and  uniformly  black  specimens  were  taken.  In  the 
spotted  individuals  the  ground  color  was  black  above  and  blackish 
slate  beneath,  and  the  spots,  both  above  and  below,  dark  blue  (about 
CC.  403).* 


*KlincksUck;  and  Valet te.  Code  des  Couleurs,  Paris,  1908. 


262  AMPHIBIANS  AND  REPTILES. 

4.  Diemictylus  viridescens  Rafinesque.  Newt.- — As  Avas  to  have 
been  expected,  this  amphibian  was  comparatively  common  in  the 
region  explored.  Adults  were  secured  in  the  permanent  ponds  on 
Stony  Island  and  throughout  the  sand  region,  from  Sand  Point  to 
Rush  Lake.  Larvae  were  found  in  a  pond  on  Stony  Island,  and  the 
terrestrial  form  was  found  under  logs  in  the  woods  on  Stony  Island 
and  in  a  swale  back  of  the  beach  on  the  north  side  of  Sand  Point. 

5.  Bufo  americanus  Le  Conte.  Toad. — Singularly  enough  this 
amphibian  could  not  be  found  in  the  sand  region  proper,  except  on 
the  low  ground  about  the  mouth  of  the  Pigeon  River.  Specimens 
were  also  found  on  Stony  Island  and  in  the  woods  at  the  east  end  of 
Rush  Lake. 

6.  Hyla  versicolor  Le  Conte.  Tree  toad. — A  series  of  eleven 
specimens  of  this  amphibian  was  obtained.  It  was  found  to  be 
relatively  common  in  all  of  the  sand  region  localities  investigated 
and  on  Stony  Island.  The  immature  individuals  (July  11  and  15) 
were  taken  about  the  margins  or  in  the  recently  dry  beds  of  ponds; 
the  adults  on  plants,  the  walls  of  shacks,  etc.,  in  wooded  swamps  and 
even  on  the  dry  ridges. 

7.  Hyla  pickeringi  Holbrook.  Spring  peeper.— As  H.  versi- 
color the  spring  peeper  is  not  uncommon  in  the  sand  region,  and  it 
was  also  observed  on  StonN^  Island.  Adults  were  taken  on  the  vege- 
tation in  the  wooded  swamps  on  Sand  Point,  Hat  Point  and  Rush 
Lake,  in  the  grassy  margins  of  ponds  on  Sand  Point  and  Stony  Is- 
land, and  a  single  specimen  on  the  beach  near  the  extremity  of  Sand 
Point.  On  the  prairie  at  the  base  of  Sand  Point  immature  individuals 
were  found  on  the  sites  of  ponds  that  had  recently  become  dry  (July, 
3). 

8.  Chorophilus  nigritus  triseriatus  (Wied).  Swamp  tree-toad. — 
A  few^  adult  specimens  of  the  swamp  tree-toad  were  secured  at  the 
following  places:  Stony  Island,  North  Island,  Sand  Point,  woods  at 
east  end  of  Rush  Lake.  These  were  all  taken  in  grassy  areas,  except 
the  single  specimen  from  the  last  named  locality.  On  July  11,  a 
great  number  of  immature  specimens  were  taken  on  the  mud  beds 
of  dried-up  ponds,  on  the  prairie  at  the  base  of  Sand  Point. 

I  hesitate  to  refer  the  Michigan  representative  of  this  genus  to 
the  subspecies  triseriatus,  for  the  relations  of  the  forms  of  this 
group  do  not  seem  as  yet  to  be  satisfactorily  worked  out.  I  am 
unable  to  distinguish  the  specimens  from  Huron  Count}^,  as  well 
as  those  from  Ann  Arbor,  from  Iowa  material,  all  of  these  specimens 
having  a  rather  short  hind-limb  (the  length  to  the  heel  equaling  the 
distance  from  the  anus  to  some  point  between  the  ear  and  eye)  and 
a  rather  prolonged  snout;  characters  that  seem  to  refer  this  form  to 


AMPHIBIANS  AND  REPTILES.  263 

the  triseriatus-septentrionalis  section  of  the  genus  rather  than  to 
the  feriarum-nigritufi  section. 

9.  Rana  sylvatica  cantabrigensis  (Baird).  Wood  frog. — This 
species  Avas  common  in  the  swamps  l)etween  Sand  Point  and  Rush 
Lake.  It  was  only  very  rarely  found  on  the  sand  ridges.  I  have 
elsewhere  (Ruthven,  1909,  p.  116)  given  my  reasons  for  referring  these 
specimens  to  the  variety  cantabrigensis. 

10.  Rana  pipiens  Schreber.  Leopard  frog. — Common  in  suitable 
habitats  everywhere  in  the  region  studied. 

11.  Rana  clamitans  Latreille.  Green  frog. — Although  not  as 
abundant  as  the  leopard  frog,  the  green  frog  was  found  to  be  not  un- 
common in  the  ponds  and  swamps  of  the  sand  region,  between  Sand 
Point  and  Hat  Point,  and  individuals  were  occasionally  found  on  the 
beach  of  Saginaw  Bay.  It  was  also  a  common  form  on  Stony  and 
North  Islands. 

12.  Rana  catesbeana  Shaw.  Bull  frog. — This  species  was  found 
in  numbers  in  Rush  Lake  and  in  the  county  ditches  near  hv,  but 
nowhere  else  in  the  region. 

Sauria. 

13.  Eumeces    quinquelineatus    (Linneaus).     Blue-tailed    skink. 

The  expedition  .secured  a  large  series  of  this  lizard,  which  is  verv 
fortunate  in  view  of  the  fact  that  the  species  is  apparently  becoming 
rare  in  the  regions  that  it  formerly  occupied  in  the  state,  as  the  woods 
are  removed  by  lumbering  and  fire.  We  found  it  throughout  the 
sand  region,  from  Sand  Point  to  Hat  Point,  but  it  was  much  more 
abundant  on  Sand  Point,  probablv  for  the  reason  that  this  region 
has  not  been  .so  extensively  burned  over.  A  careful  search  failed  to 
discover  it  on  Stony  Island. 

In  the  woods  of  the  sand  region  it  was  found  on  the  drv  ridges, 
under  and  in  decaying  logs,  where  it  fed  on  the  insects  that  frecjuent 
such  situations.  It  was,  however,  much  more  common  than  elsewhere 
under  the  drift  logs  on  the  fossil  beaches,  and  also  on  the  middle  beach 
on  the  pre.sent  shore,  at  the  extremity  of  Sand  Point.  The  logs  strewn 
along  the  fossil  beaches  were  in  an  advanced  stage  of  decay, 
and  usually  consisted  of  an  outer  sheU  of  better  preserved  wood 
covering  a  mass  of  decomposed  debris,  the  decomposition  taking 
place  most  rapidly  next  to  the  ground.  This  apparently  furnished 
a  very  favorable  habitat  for  these  lizards,  great  numbers  of  which 
were  found  in  the  decomposed  material  when  the  outer  shell  of  the 
log  had  been  removed.     (PI.  XVI.) 

The  eggs  were  laid  in  the  same  material,  the  female  generally 
scooping  out  a  small  hollow  in  the  bottom  of  which  the  eggs  were 


264  AMPHIBIANS  AND  REPTILES. 

partially  buried  in  the  debris.  Both  in  the  woods  and  on  the  beaches 
nests  were  occasionally  found  in  the  sand  beneath  a  log  or  board 
where  there  was  only  a  small  amount  of  decaying  wood,  but  in  every 
case  there  was  at  least  a  small  amount.  Females  taken  on  June  19 
were  pregnant,  containing  large  eggs  apparently  nearly  ready  to  be 
laid.  The  first  sets  observed  were  on  July  2,  and  on  and  after  this 
date  nests  of  eggs  were  found  in  numbers.  Everything  went  to 
show  that  the  eggs  are  mostly  laid  about  the  first  of  July.  None 
were  observed  before  this  date,  and  those  collected  on  July  2  were 
all  clean — they  usually  become  much  stained  from  the  decaying 
wood  after  being  in  the  nest  for  some  time.  The  number  of  eggs  in 
the  set  was  counted  in  eight  instances  and  were  as  follows:  6,  6,  8, 
8,  9,  11,  13,  14.  An  examination  of  the  pregnant  females  shows  that 
the  number  in  each  set  varies  with  the  size  (age?)  of  the  female,  the 
smaller  ones  having  6  to  8  eggs,  the  larger  ones  9  to  14.  It  is  inter- 
esting to  compare  this  with  the  statement  of  Ditmars  (1907,  202) 
that  he  found  the  normal  numbers  to  be  3  or  4,  and  that  of  Strecker 
(1908,  169)  "the  several  sets  that  I  have  examined  Avere  all  of  8  eggs 
each." 

It  was  interesting  to  observe  the  behavior  of  the  female  when  with 
her  eggs.  As  is  well  known  she  remains  with  them  until  they  are 
hatched,  but  for  what  purpose  is  not  evident.  We  usually  found 
them  coiled  about  the  eggs,  but  sometimes  they  simply  lay  beside 
them.  In  any  case  there  seemed  to  be  no  attempt  to  come  in  im- 
mediate contact  with  the  eggs,  and  indeed  this  would  have  been  im- 
possible in  most  instances,  as  the  eggs  themselves  were  not  even  in 
contact  with  each  other,  being  somewhat  scattered  about  in  the  de- 
caying debris.  However,  there  seemed  to  be  a  disposition  on  the 
part  of  the  female  to  keep  her  set  together;  several  times  I  saw  a 
female  leave  her  position  and  crawl  about  the  eggs,  and  when  she 
encountered  one  which  I  had  displaced,  lick  it  and  then  nose  it  back 
with  the  others.  If  care  was  taken  in  removing  the  outer  shell  of 
the  log  to  expose  the  nest,  the  female  would  remain  with  the  eggs, 
only  burying  herself  deeper  in  the  loose  debris  when  her  head  w^as 
exposed  to  the  light. 

The  first  young  of  the  year  were  observed  on  July  31,  when  a  fe- 
male was  found  under  a  small  log  on  a  sand  beach,  coiled  about  a 
nest  of  8  eggs  from  which  the  young  were  emerging.  In  life  the 
ground  color  of  the  young  was  black;  the  stripes  yellow  (CC.  202), 
the  tail  bright  blue  (CC.  436). 

One  of  the  enemies  of  the  skink  is  the  milk  snake  {Lampropeltis 
doliatus  triangulus)  that  captures  it  in  decaying  logs. 


AMPHIBIANS  AND  REPTILES. 


265 


Serpentes. 

14.  Heterodon  platyrhinus  Latreille.  Hog-nosed  snake. — This 
species  was  found  throughout  the  sand  region  from  Sand  Point  to 
Rush  Lake,  and  a  specimen  was  collected  at  Port  Austin  b}^  Miss 
Crystal  Thompson  of  the  University  of  Michigan  Museum.  The 
sand  country  evidently  furnishes  favorable  conditions  for  this  snake, 
for  it  could  not  be  called  uncommon,  and  specimens  of  large  size 
were  obtained.  One  female  (University  of  Michigan  No.  37746)  taken 
on  June  21  was  898  mm.  in  length  and  had  a  girth  of  125  mm. 

Mr.  Yax,  a  resident,  informed  us  that  specimens  were  occasionally 
killed  in  the  clay  country  near  the  sand  region,  but  all  of  the  in- 
formation that  we  could  gather  from  the  residents  was  to  the  effect 
that  it  was  seldom  found  outside  of  the  sand  region. 

The  color  pattern  of  blotches  is  distinct  in  all  of  the  specimens  ob- 
tained; indeed  all  but  two  are  brightly  colored,  having  a  considerable 
amount  of  bright  yellow  or  orange  in  the  ground  color.     (PI.  XMI  b.) 


Locality. 

Dorsals. 

"3 
S 

a 

3 
02 

2 
3 

S3 

1 

"3 

t.1 

3 

8 

2 

a; 
a; 

1 

Total  Lengh. 

■3 

E 

36162 

Port  Austin 

25-23-21-19 

8 

9-10 

12 

37746 

Sand  region 

25-23-21-19 

8 

10-11 

12 

42 

135 

898 

150 
59 

9 

37954 

Sand  region 

27-25-23-21-20 

8 

10 

10-11 

36 

131 

455 

^ 

37744 

Sand  region 

25-23-21-19 

8 

10 

10-11 

33 

130 

479 

64 

2 

37741 

Sand  region 

25-23-21-19 

8 

10 

9-11 

42 

137 

442 

62 

? 

37737 

Sand  region 

25-23-21-19 

8 

10 

9-10 

38 

134 

466 

64 

9 

37739 

Sand  region 

25-23-21-19 

8 

10 

9-10 

40 

120 

658 

123 

5" 

37738 

Huron  Co. 

27-25-23-21-19 

8 

10-11 

10 

49 

119 

403 

72 
60 

c- 

37735 

Sand  region 

25-23-21-19 

7-8 

9-10 

11 

49 

126 

342 

I 

37736 

.  and  region 

25-23-21-19 

8 

9 

9-10 

49 

127 

207 

35 

' 

37740 

Sand  region 

25-23-21-19 

8 

10-11 

10-11 

42 

>34 

510 

75 

■^ 

266 


AMPHIBIANS  AND  REPTILES. 


15.  Elaphe  vulpinus  (Baird  and  Girard).  Fox  snake. — As  else- 
where stated  (Ruthven  1909  and  1910),  the  southern  Michigan  lo- 
cahties  in  which  this  species  has  been  found  are:  Grosse  Isle,  Pearl 
Beach,  St.  Clair  County,  Hensens  Island,  Lake  St.  Clair,  and  vicinity 
of  Saginaw  Bay.  It  was  found  to  be  comparatively  common  in  the 
sand  region.  Specimens  were  secured  on  Sand  Point  and  Stony 
Island,  and  the  residents  reported  that  it  was  often  found  in  the 
region  northeast  of  Caseville. 

In  most  of  the  individuals  from  the  sand  region  the  upper  surface 
of  the  head  is  dark  reddish  brown  (color  of  those  examined  in  life 
CC.  112-113).  For  this  reason  it  is  called  the  copper-head  by  the 
residents,  and  thus  confused  with  the  true  copper-head,  and  conse- 
quently dreaded  for  its  supposed  venomosity.  This  is  rather  re- 
markable for  most  individuals  are  exceedingly  docile,  only  occasional 
ones  attempting  to  bite  when  handled.  A  specimen  taken  among 
the  drift  logs  on  the  fossil  beach  at  the  extremity  of  Sand  Point  had 
recently  eaten  four  young  rabbits.     (PI.  XVIIa.) 


.  a; 

E-2 

3  = 
0)  3 

Locality. 

Dorsals. 

.2 
2 

2 

3 
02 

Infralabials. 

o 
O 

"3 
o 
ft 
S 

to 

1 

Gastrosteges. 

Total  Length. 

Tail  Length. 

e 

37628 

Sand  Point 

27-25-23-21 

8 

9-10 

1-2 

2-4 
2-3 

63 

201 

1220 

180 

d* 

37745 

Sand  Point 

25-27-25-23-21 

8-9 

10 

1-2 

2-3 

58 

211 

1370 

160 

9 

37630 

Sand  Point 

7 

9-11 

3-5 
2-4 

1-2 

50 

207 

1070 

147 

9 

37627 

Sand  Point 

25-23-21 

8 

11 

1-2 

2-3 

2-4 

54 

209 

310 

45 

9 

37629 

Stony  Isl. 

23-21 

8 

10-11 

1-2 

2-4 

65 

200 

936 

155 

37625 

Sand  Point 

25-23-21 

8 

10-11 

1-3 
1-2 

2-4 

57 

212 

1242 

158 

9 

37626 

Sand  Point 

27-25-23-21 

9-8 

11 

1-2 

2-3 

64 

203 

1024 

159 

d^ 

16.  Storeria  dekayi  (Holbrook).  Little  brown  snake. — This  little 
snake  was  found  on  Stony  Island  and  Sand  Point  and  at  Caseville 
and  Rush  Lake,  but  not  in  numbers.  It  was  found  in  two  hab- 
itats— grassy  swamps  and  pine  woods  on  the  sand  ridges. 


AMPHIBIANS  AND  REPTILES. 


267 


Museum 
Number. 

Locality. 

Dorsals. 

2 

a 

s 

3 

C 

Oculars. 

Temporals. 

s 

o 

1 
"3 

■3 

E 

37732 

Rush  Lake 

17 

7 

7 

1-2 
1-1 

1-2 
1-3 

57 

125 

281 

70 

c? 

37952 

Case%1ile 

37742 

Sand  Point 

37730 

Sand  Point 

17 

7 

7 

1-2 

1-2 

55 

126 

276 

70 

c? 

37729 

Stony  Isl. 

17 

7 

7 

1-2 

1-3 
1-2 

46 

133 

330 

66 

9 

37731 

Sand  Point 

17 

7 

7 

1-2 

1-3 
1-2 

47 

127 

,341 

72 

? 

17.  Storeria  occipitomaculata  (Storer).  Red-bellied  snake. — Only 
two  specimens  of  the  red-bellied  snake  were  taken — both  on  the  pine 
ridges  of  Sand  Point.  One  of  these,  taken  on  August  1,  had  large 
eggs  in  the  oviducts.  The  number  of  specimens  taken  does  not 
necessarily  indicate  the  abundance  in  view  of  the  small  size  and 
secretive  habits  of  the  species. 


11 

Locality. 

Dorsals. 

■3 

— 
3 

3 

3 

c 

h-l 

0 
0 

1 
0 

0. 

E 

M 
0 

Total  LenKth. 

.3 

M 

C 
OJ 

ij 

3 
H 

Remarks. 

37728 

Sand  Point 

15 

6 

7 

2-2 

1-2 

44 

121 

272 

54 

9 

37727 

Sand  Point 

15 

6 

7 

2-2 

1-2 

41 

122 

215 

44 

9 

18.  Liopeltis  vernalis  (De  Kay).  Green  snake. — The  green  snake 
was  only  observed  on  Sand  Point,  where  several  specimens  were  seen 
but  only  one  secured.  This  specimen,  an  adult  female,  was  taken 
in  the  woods  on  a  low  sandy  ridge  on  the  south  side  of  the  Point. 
The  scutellation  is  as  follows:  dorsals  15,  supralabials  7.  infralabials 
8,  oculars  2-2,  temporals  1-2,  urosteges  71,  ventrals  129.  Total 
length  387,  tail  115. 

19.  Lampropeltis  doliatus  triangulus  (Boie).  Milk  snake. ^ — The 
milk   snake   was   a   common   form   throughout   the   region    studied. 


268 


AMPHIBIANS  AND  REPTILES. 


Specimens  were  taken  on  Stony  Island  and  Sand  Point,  and  at  Rush 
Lake.  They  were  mostly  found  in  the  decaying  logs  on  the  fossil 
beaches  and  pine  ridges,  where  they  fed,  in  part  at  least,  on  the 
Michigan  mouse  (Peromyscus  maniculatus  hairdii)  and  blue-tailed 
skink  (Eumeces  quinquilineatus) ,  as  remains  of  these  animals  were 
found  in  the  stomachs  examined. 


"3 

m 

m 
Hi 

M 

Locality. 

Dorsals. 

3 

■3 

3 
i2 

C4 

g 

0 

bO 

J 

CO 

S^; 

a 

3 

S 

0 

5S 

'72 

S 

0 

c3 

0 

cd 

"^ 

S 

OQ 

*-" 

0 

H 

P 

0 

H 

H 

« 

37663 

Sand  region 

21-19-17 

7 

9 

1-2 

1-3 

46 

202 

235 

31 

9 

37660 

Sand  Point 

21-19-17 

. 

7-8 

1-2 

1-3 
2-3 

42 

204 

789 

97 

9 

37662 

Stony  Isl. 

21-19-17 

7 

9 

1-2 

2-3 

48 

195 

837 

120 

c? 

37661 

Sand  Point. 

21-19-17 

7 

8-7 

1-2 

2-3 

51 

202 

777 

115 

<? 

37653 

Sand  Point. 

21-19-17 

7 

9 

1-2 

2-3 

42 

202 

459 

57 

9 

20.  Thamnophis  sirtalis  (Linnaeus).  Garter-snake. — It  is  hardly 
necessary  to  state  that  T.  sirtalis  occurred  everywhere  in  the  region 
studied,  being  more  abundant  in  open  swamp}'  situations  than  else- 
where. Specimens  were  taken  on  North  Island,  Stony  Island,  and 
at  various  places  in  the  sand  region,  between  Sand  Point  and  Hat 
Point. 

21.  Thamnophis  butleri  (Cope).  Butler's  garter-snake. — In  his 
monograph  of  the  genus  (1908,  92)  the  writer  stated  that,  owing  to 
the  abundance  of  this  species  in  the  localities  representing  the  known 
northern  Umit  in  the  state  (Oakland  County),  this  snake  would  prob- 
ably be  found  to  extend  considerably  farther  north.  This  was  con- 
firmed by  its  discovery  in  Huron  County.  Three  specimens  were 
secured  by  the  expedition,  two  on  Stony  Island  and  one  in  the  clay 
country  south  of  Rush  Lake,  none  being  found  in  the  sand  region. 
It  is  evidently  very  rare,  if  present  at  all,  in  the  sand  region.  Whether 
or  not  it  is  abundant  in  the  clay  country  remains  to  be  discovered, 
as  we  co\ild  not  investigate  this  region  in  detail. 

This  species  seems  to  feed  less  upon  frogs  than  do  its  relatives  T. 
sirtalis  and  T.  sauritus,  which  is  not  surprising  in  view  of  its  small 
mouth.  One  specimen  taken  in  a  marsh  on  Stony  Island  had  re- 
cently eaten  an  earthworm,  and  another  taken  under  a  stone  on  the 
shore  of  Stons'  Island  had  eaten  a  number  of  leeches. 


AMPHIBIANS  AND  REPTILES. 


269 


iZ 

03 

"3 

to 

m 

m 

s> 

"3 

c 

.c 

II 

Locality. 

"3 

"3 

1 

03 

o 

01 

£ 

^ 

c 

Remarks. 

iZ 

i-» 

a 

S 

E 

o 

!e 

;    ' 

c 

O 

o 

s 

Q 

GQ 

O 

H 

p 

o 

H 

H 

37725 

Stony  Island 

19-17 

6 

8 

1-3 

1-1 

62 

140 

518 

122 

9 

37724 

Stony  Island 

19-17 

6 

8 

1-2 
1-3 

1-2 
1-1 

51 

139 

444 

95 

9 

37723 

Rush  Lake 

19-17 

7 

8 

1-3 

1-1 

59 

141 

426 

96 

9 

22.  Thamnophis  sauritus  (Linnaeus).  Ribbon  snake. — It  has 
been  the  experience  of  the  writer  that  this  snake  is  generally  much 
less  common  in  Michigan  than  its  relative  T.  sirtalis.  We  found  that 
this  was  decidedly  not  the  case  in  the  sand  region  and  the  neighbor- 
ing islands  of  Huron  County,  where  it  is  apparently  quite  as  abundant 
as  T.  sirtalis.  It  was  found  everywhere,  both  in  the  swamps  and 
on  the  ridges,  in  the  sand  region  and  on  Stony  Island. 

23.  Natrix  gipedon  (Linnaeus).  Water-snake.— This  water  snake 
was  found  throughout  the  region  investigated — Stony  Island,  North 
Island,  Sand  Point  and  Rush  Lake.  It  was  not  numerous  in  the 
sand  region,  but  was  found  at  almost  every  permanent  pond.  It  was 
more  abundant  at  Rush  Lake,  and  very  numerous  on  Stony  Island. 

Nearlv  all  of  the  smaller  specimens  (450  mm.  and  less)  were  found 
under  loose  stones,  driftwood  etc.,  on  the  shores,  only  the  larger 
individuals  roaming  about.  Two  specimens  (taken  on  August  17 
and  21)  were  about  to  give  birth  to  young;  indeed,  three  young 
emerged  and  escaped  when  one  of  these  snakes  was  picked  up. 


270 


AMPHIBIANS  AND  REPTILES. 


Museum 
Number. 

Locality. 

Dorsals. 

3 

.2 

1 
"3 

8 

i 

O 

n 
E 

1 
1 

o 

O 

"3 

37646 

Stony  Island 

23-21-19-17 

8 

10 

1-3 

1-3 

60 

144 

700 

150 

9 

37651 

Stony  Island 

23-21-19  17 

8 

10 

1-4 
1-3 

1-3 
1-2 

61 

1.38 

.  662 

154 

9 

37644 

Sand  Point 

23-21-19-17 

8 

10 

1-3 

1-2 
1-3 

59 

144 

577 

124 

2 

37640 

Rush  Lake .  ... 

21-23-21-19-17 

8 

10 

1-3 

1-3 

67 

145 

606 

144 

9 

37654 

Stony  Island. . 

23-21-19-17 

8 

10 

1-3 

1-3 

63 

144 

282 

65 

9 

37641 

Rush  LalvB 

23-21-19 

8 

10 

1-3 

1-3 

60 

143 

417 

91 

9 

37642 

Sand  Point .  .  . 

23-21-19-17 

8 

10 

1-3 

1-3 

65 

137 

731 
266 

177 
60 

163 

9 

37659 

Hat  Point 

21-23-21-19-17 

9 

10 

1-3 

1-2 
1-3 

65 

147 

0 

37653 

North  Island.. 

23-21-19-17 

8 

10 

1-2 
1-3- 

1-3 

62 

142 

718 

9 

37648 

North  Island.. 

23-21-19-17 

8 

10 

1-3 

1-2 

59 

143 

357 

78 

9 

37647 

Stony  Island. . 

23-21-19-17 

8 

10 

1-3 

1-3 

56 

144 

327 

67 

9 

37655 

Stony  Island. . 

2.3-21-19-17 

8 

10 

1-3 

1-3 

56 

144 

9 

37650 

Steny  Lsland.. 

23-21-19-17 

8 

10 

1-3 

1-2 
1-3 

70 

141 

410 

99 

d^ 

37652 

Stony  Island.. 

23-21-19-17 

8 

10 

1-3 

1-3 

59 

140 

458 

100 

9 

37649 

North  Lsland.. 

21-23-21-19-17 

8 

10 

1-3 

1-3 

59 

139 

447 

96 

9 

37645 

Rush  Lake.. .  . 

2.3-21-19-17 

7? 

8 

10 

11 

1-3 

1-3 

145 

? 

37643 

Rush  Lake .... 

23-21-19-17 

8 

10 

1-3 

1-3 

61 

144 

V 

24.  Sistrurus  catenatus  (Rafine^que).  Mas.sauger;  rattlesnake.— 
The  rattlesnake  was  found  on  Sand  Point  but  nowhere  else  in  the 
sand  region,  although  we  have  records  from  the  residents  that  cover 
the  area  from  Bay  Port  to  Hat  Point.  It  was  doubtless  formerly 
common  throughout  the  sand  region,  the  numerous  swaiiips  afTording 
very  favorable  conditions.  Stony  Island  is  locally  notorious  for  its 
abundance  of  rattlesnakes,  and  it  merits  its  reputation.  About  the 
swamps  on  the  island  we  found  the  rattlers  almost  as  abundant  as 
the  garter-snakes,  although  more  difficult  to  capture  as  they  fre- 
quented the  tall  marsh  grass,  and  were  often  able  to  elude  capture 
even  after  we  had  seen  them.  A  single  specimen  was  taken  on  North 
Island  where  they  are  also  said  to  be  abundant. 

Frogs  were  found  in  the  stomachs  of  some  of  the  individuals  taken, 
and  these  probably  form  the  bulk  of  the  food.  The  remains  of 
snakes  were  found  in  two  specimens;  one  of  these  was  a  rattlesnake, 
the  other  could  not  be  identified.  The  condition  of  the  devoured 
snakes  leaves  little  doubt  that  they  were  eaten  after  having  been 
dead  for  a  consideral^le  time. 


AMPHIBIANS  AND  REPTILES. 


4 

Locality. 

Dorsals. 

o 

i 

1 

1 

a 

O 

1 

Remarks. 

37633 

Stony  Island 

25-23-21-19 

22 

144 

566 

40 

9 

37631 

Stony  Island 

25-23-21-19 

27 

141 

710 

70 

? 

37639 

North  Island 

25-2.3-21-19 

23 

147 

676 

58 

9 

37638 

Stony  Island 

25-23-21-19 

29 

143 

694 

75 

cf 

37637 

Stony  Island 

25-23-21-19 

27 

142 

718 

78 

o^ 

37636 

Sand  Point 

25-23-21-19 

28 

137 

694 

74 

d" 

37635 

Stony  Island 

25-23-21-19 

28 

141 

413 

42 

& 

37634 

Stony  Island 

25-2.3-21-19 

28 

134 

360 

42 

d 

37632 

Stony  Island 

25-23-21-19 

30 

139 

577 

67 

d 

Testudinata. 

25.  Chelydra  serpentina  (Linnaeus).  Snapping  turtle. — A  con- 
siderable number  of  snapping  turtles  were  taken  in  Turtle  Bay  (on 
the  south  side  of  Sand  Point)  and  in  the  lower  part  of  the  Pigeon 
River  at  Caseville,  by  means  of  the  fyke-net.  Several  specimens 
were  also  taken  in  the  woods  on  Sand  Point. 

26.  Emydoidea  blandingi  (Holbrook).  Blanding's  turtle.— We 
did  not  find  this  turtle  abundant  anywhere  in  the  region  explored. 
Three  specimens  were  found  wandering  about  on  the  pine  ridges  on 
Sand  Point,  one  was  taken  in  a  fyke-net  set  in  Turtle  Ba}',  and  a 
small  specimen  was  taken  on  the  margin  of  a  pond  on  Stony  Island. 
The  writer  observed  a  few  others  in  Long  Lake.  Sand  Point,  and  in 
the  ponds  on  Stony  Island. 

27.  Chrysemys  cinerea  (Bonn.).  Painted  turtle. — A  large  series 
of  specimens  of  the  painted  turtle  was  secured,  as  the  species  was 
very  common  throughout  the  region.  It  was  taken  or  observed  on 
Stony  and  North  Islands,  on  Sand  Point,  in  the  Pigeon  River  at 
Caseville,  and  at  Rush  Lake.  Most  of  the  specimens  from  Sand 
Point,  particularh'  those  taken  in  Long  Lake,  have  red  plastrons  and 
more  or  less  red  on  the  carapace  due  to  a  deposit  of  some  chemical 
substance  from  the  water.  The  coloring  is  so  regular  that  it  appears 
at  first  sight  to  be  due  to  pigment. 

LITERATURE  CITED. 


1861.  Miles,  M.  A.  A  Catalogue  of  the  Birds,  Reptiles  and  Mollusks 
of  Michigan.  1st.  Biennial  Rept.  Geol.  Surv.  Mich.,  pp.  210- 
241. 


272  AMPHIBIANS  AND  REPTILES. 

1898.  Cope.  E.  D.  The  Crocodilians.  Lizards  and  Snakes  of  North 
America.     Kept.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1898,  pp.  153-1270. 

1907.  Ditmars,  R.     The  Reptile  Book.     New  York. 

1908.  Strecker,  John  K.  Notes  on  the  Breeding  Habits  of  Phry- 
nosma  Cornutum  and  other  Texas  Lizards.  Proc.  Biol.  Soc. 
Wash.,  XXI,  pp.  165-170. 

1908.  Ruthven,  Alexander  G.  Variations  and  Genetic  Relation- 
ships of  the  Garter  Snakes.     Bull  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  61. 

1909.  Ruthven,  Alexander  G.  Notes  on  Michigan  Reptiles  and 
Amphibians.     11th  Ann.  Rept.  Mich.  Acad.  Sci.,  pp.  116-117. 

1910.  Ruthven,  Alexander  G.  Notes  on  Michigan  Reptiles  and 
Amphibians,  II.  12th.  Ann.  Rept.  Mich.  Acad.  Sci.,  p.  59. 


Michigan    (Jeolojiical    antl 
Biological  Survey. 


rul)li(;it  1(111    4  :    r.iniojry 
riatc   I. 


(A)      UKACII    ON    THE    NORTH     SIDK    OF    SAND     I'olNT. 


^: 


m 


-^  ^ 


(B)       FACE    OF    OITKU    DINK    AT    <!AK    IMIXT.       NOTE    SAND-BINDING    GRASSES. 


Miihi.mm    (Jpolnnicnl    mikI 
r.i(>l(i.i;-ic;il    Survey. 


riibliciUioii    4  :    I'.ii 
Plate   II. 


(Al      XUKTII    SIDE    OF    SAXl)    TUIXT    'l'(tWAUI»    TIIK    ICXI).       XOTI',    SI'AKSF    VIOdKTA- 
TIOX    OX    WINDWAUI)    SIDK    AXI)    (iKKATKl;    (UioWTlI     ON     Li:!:\\Al;i)    SIDK 
OF    BFACIi    DUXFS. 


IMWLM.??<m>cii»ji,^«r!aaK 


(B.(      LOOKIXC;     XOKTIIFAST     Al'      Till:     WKST     SIltK     OF     OAK     I'ulNI.        I '.MIUMOXIC 

13ARRIFK   1!i:a(II.    SAXl isfii's    .vxn    i;x(i.osi:ii    i.A(;ooxs.      riii^si:    saxd 

AREAS    ARi:    SooX    FFOTIIFD    W  ITI 1     TIIi:    FSFAI.    lUXi:    SFi:cii:s. 


Michigan    (ieoiogical    and 
Biological   Survey. 


I'lildication    4  :    IJinlogy 
Plate  III. 


■  •  •"'C^^ 


•«•{•■»>? 


(Ai       SAM)    FLAT    WKST   OF    LITTLi:    OAK    I'olXT.      NOTE    EMBIUOXIC    DTNKS. 


(1!)      BLOWOUT    i.\    oLTi;U    DISK   KUtGi;.   SlioWlNO   r.lA>   B1;A(  II    lI'oN    WlUill     fill 

DUNE    IS    SUl'ERIMl'OSED. 


Mieliisiin    (Jeolntcical    and 
Biological   i^urvey. 


I'ublication    4  .    Hiolocv   i'. 
I'late  IV. 


(Al      FOSSIL   BI:ACII    XKAI:    TIIK    KXD    of    SAXI>    IMIXT. 


•      1      ■-'':l  iV^t' 


{M)  JACK  PIXK  FOItFST  (>X  TIIK  MoKK  KKt'KXT  DIXKS.  RIDGES  CLOTIIKD 
WITH  rSAMMOI'HYTKS.  VALLEYS  MOSTLY  XEAKLY  RAISED  TO  BASE 
LKVKL.    IXDERfJROWTII    BEGIXXIXc;    TO    BE    MES(  »I'IIYTK\ 


Michisan    Goolosical    aud 
Biological   Survey. 


I'liblicai  ion    4  :    ItioloK.v 
riate   V. 


•-"^i 


I  A)      GRASSY     MAUSH     ON     STONY    ISLAND. 


r,  I      (JKASSV     .MAKSIl     ON     STONY     ISLAND. 


Michigan    (Jeoloyical    anil 
Kiolngical   Survey. 


I'liblicatiiin    4  :    I'.IoIokv    2. 
I'late   VI. 


(Ai       rUAIKIE   AT    TIIK    BASK    OF    SAXI)    I'OIXT.      I'll  KAC.M  ITi:S    ASSOCIATION    WITH 
••WOODY     ISLANDS."     TIIIC    LATTKK    TKItKACi:D. 


^mygl^yi^i 


(B)  MAK(;iX  OF  TDK  ritAIKIK  AT  TIIK  BASK  OF  SAND  I'olNT.  I'll  KAci.MlTKS 
ASSOCIATION  IN  Till:  Foi;i:(  ;U(  UND.  AI.NIS  ASSOCIATION  IN  BACK- 
GROUND. 


Michigan    (JeoloRical    and 
P.iological   Survey. 


I'iil)lirMtii)ii    4  :    Iti.ilii^y 


(Al      (>Pi:X    MAR8II    AT    TIIK    EAST    END    ( »E    rtlSII    LAKE. 


(i!)      olK.X    MAKSII    AUOIT    TlKlEi:    I'.AY    <>N    SAM>    TdlNT. 


Michigan    (ioolciiicnl    and 
r>ii)l().irical   Survey. 


I'lililicaiiciii    4  :    I'.iulu-v 
riaic    VIII. 


(Ai     (iKAssi    swALK   i;i; T\\  1  ;i;.\    sam>   lawus   m:ai;   kisii    i.aki: 


r,  1     ri:u.MAM:N'r  imnd  «'N  stunv  islam • 


Michigan    Geological   and 
Biological   Survey. 


rnliliiation    -1  ;    Biology    2. 
I'late  IX. 


^■■■■■iMiiMaw 


I  liiiiiMiii^iiiiiify^aiifrtiiii^ii, 


(A)      GENERAL    VIEW     (»E     lUSII     LAKi:. 


(B>      RAYlIUXIiS    I'OINT    ON    Till:    NuKTII    SIldKE    ( >E    ItlSIl     LAKi:. 


Micliigan    (;('()liifri<;il    niul 
Biological   Survey. 


I'lihlicaliDii    4:    r'.iology   2. 
I'late  X. 


(A)      DT'NE     I'OINT    OX    THE    XORTH     SIIOUE     OF    lilSII     LAK! 


-if;  '  \    ^^.   ' 


(V,)      I'IGEitX    KIVEl;    AI'.DVE    CASEVILLE. 


^lichigan    (Jeologioal    and 
Biological   Survey. 


I'ublication    4  :    Biology   2. 
Plate  XI. 


(Al      LOOKING    INTO   THE   OX-BOW    POND    OFF   THE    PIGEON    RIVER   AT    CASEVILLE. 


*#«*■■■■•;• 


(Bl      DEAD-WATERS     OF     THE     PKJEON     RIVER     AB(»VE     CASEVILLE. 


Alichiiian    Coolouiciil    and 
Biolosical   Siirvi'.v. 


I'ublication   4  :    Biologry 
Plate  XII. 


•"    •  '  -'-^' 


Ji^ 


■ka^tab^^^ta 


(A)  GEXERAL  VIEW  OF  LONG  LAKE,  SAXD  I'OINT.  SHOWING  SCIRPUS  AND 
JFXCrS  ASSOCIATIOXS  IX  THE  WATER  AXD  CAREX  ASSOCIATIOX  OX 
THE    AYATER-SOAKEIi    EKGE. 


(B)      EXD    OF    LOXG    LAKE,    SAXD    I'olXT.      ASS(  ICLVTU  iNS    AM>    PKi  MJRESSIOXS    AS 

IX    TURTLE    BAY. 


Michigan   Oeologioal    niul 
liiological   Siirvcv. 


riililii  Ml  inn    4  :    I'.iohjtrv    1.'. 
I'lati'     xiri. 


(A)       MAU(;i.\"    ol'    LOXO    LAKi:.    SAM)    I'dlXT. 


(B)     TfirrLi-:  bay.  saxd  i'oixt.    (junvr  \vati:i;  axi>  i;i:sii/i-ax  r  iiviik<>i'iivti:s. 

LARGK  AKIOAS  OF  LILY  PADS  IXTIUJSI'KUSi:!)  ^VITI1  ALISMA.  .SA(iITTAKL\ 
AXD  POTAMOGICTOXS:  SICDlil-:  AXD  I'lIUACiMITlCS  ASSOCLVTIOXS  OX  TIIK 
BORDKR. 


Michii;;iii    (Jt^oldjiical    and 
r.iolojiical    Survey. 


I'lihlical  iim    4  :    RioloKy 
Plate   XIV. 


(Al       noCK    P.KACII    OX    STOXY    ISLAND. 


(I!  1      Udl'K    BKACII    OX    STOXV    ISI.AXH. 


Michigan    (yeological    and 
Biological   Survey. 


riiblication   4:    Biology   2. 
riate  XVI. 


^•^--i-" 


(A)      XEST   AND    EGGS    OF   EUMECE.'^    QUIXQUILIXEArUS    IX   DECAYIXG   LOG.      PAR- 
EXT   SKIXK    TARTLY   COILED  ABOT-r   EGGS. 


rB)      XEST    AXD    E(;(;S    (tE   EUMEVES    QUIXQri LI \EATU!<    IX    DECAYIXG    LOG.      I'AR- 
EXT    SKIXK    PARTLY   COILED    ABOUT    EGGS. 


Michigan    Ceological    and 
Biological    Survey. 


I'ul)lication    4  ;    Biology    12. 
riate  XVII. 


(A)      ELIPHE    rULPIXUS. 


(B)      111:TI:H()D0S   PLATYinilMti. 


Mii'higan    (jeological    and 
Biological   Survey. 


rublioation   4 :    Hiology    2. 
IMate     XVIII. 


(A)      IMMATURE    AMEKICAX    BITTEKX. 


(B)      NEST   AND    EGGS   OF   OVENBIUD. 


BIRDS.  273 


BIRDS. 

BY  NORMAN  A.  WOOD  AND  FREDERICK  GAIGE. 
GENERAL  DISCUSSION. 

The  following  observations  on  the  birds  of  the  sand  region  of  Huron 
County,  Michigan,  were  made  by  the  "v\Titers  while  attached  to  the 
biological  survey  in  the  summer  of  1908.  The  senior  writer  reached 
Sand  Point,  which  was  the  first  locality  studied,  June  13,  and  from 
that  date  remained  upon  the  Point,  making  daily  observations  upon 
the  birds,  until  August  27,  when  the  party  left  the  field.  The  junior 
writer  joined  the  party  on  Sand  Point  on  June  21  and  remained  there 
until  July  12.  On  the  latter  date  he  went  with  three  other  members 
of  the  expedition  to  Stony  Island,  remaining  there  until  July  19.  The 
time  between  July  19  and  29  was  again  spent  on  Sand  Point,  and  the 
rest  of  the  time  (until  August  27)  in  the  vicinity  of  Rush  Lake.  (See 
map.) 

It  may  be  seen  from  this  itinerary  that  three  distinct  localities  were 
studied:  the  sand  region  between  Sand  Point  and  Hat  Point,  Stony 
Island,  and  the  clay  country  at  Rush  Lake.  In  the  sand  region  the 
habitat  conditions  are  dominated  by  the  sandy  soil.  The  ridges  are 
covered  with  open  growths  of  jack  pine  and  the  swamps  with  dense 
growths  of  maple,  cedar  etc.,  or  with  grasses  and  sedges.  The  clay 
country  at  Rush  Lake,  on  the  other  hand,  is  largely  taken  up  with 
open  fields.     (See  plates.) 

We  hoped  to  be  able  to  make  a  comparison  between  the  avifaunas 
of  the  three  regions,  but  enough  time  could  not  be  given  to  the  ornis 
of  the  clay  country.  For  this  reason,  in  the  following  list  of  the  birds 
that  occur  in  the  clav  country  but  not  in  the  sand  region,  as  far  as  our 
observations  go,  we  have  excluded  all  species  that  we  believe  may  con- 
fidently be  expected  to  occur  in  the  sand  region:  Killdeer  (as  a  breed- 
er), bob-white,  phoebe,  horned  lark,  bartramian  sandpiper,  bobolink, 
meadow  lark,  bronzed  grackle,  vesper  sparrow,  grasshopper  sparrow 
and  migrant  shi-ike. 

The  conditions  on  Stony  Island  differ  from  those  of  the  other  two 

regions  in  that  the  soil  is  not  sandy  nor  the  A'egetation  cleared  away, 

the  highland  being  largely  covered  by  a  dense  growth  of  deciduous 

trees  and  the  lowland  principally  by  large  wooded  and  grassy  swamps. 

3.5 


274  BIRDS. 

The  conditions  on  the  island  may  thus  be  considered  similar  to  those 
of  the  clay  country  before  the  latter  was  cleared.  We  give  a  list  of 
the  species  observed  on  the  island  between  July  12  and  19:  Herring 
gull,  common  tern,  black  duck,  American  bittern,  great  blue  heron, 
American  woodcock,  spotted  sandpiper,  killdeer,  mourning  dove,  bald 
eagle,  great  horned  owl,  yellow-billed  cuckoo,  black-billed  cuckoo, 
belted  kingfisher,  northern  downy  woodpecker,  flicker,  whip-poor--svill, 
chimney  swift,  ruby-throated  hummingbird,  kingbird,  crested  flycatcher, 
phoebe,  wood  pewee,  least  flycatcher,  American  crow,  bobolink,  cow- 
bird,  red-Annged  blackbird,  meadow  lark,  Baltimore  oriole,  bronzed 
grackle,  American  goldfinch,  vesper  sparrow,  chipping  sparrow,  field 
sparrow,  song  sparrow,  swamp  sparrow,  towhee,  indigo  bird,  eave 
swallow,  barn  swallow,  tree  swallow,  bank  swallow,  cedar  waxwing, 
red-eyed  vireo,  northern  yellow-throat,  American  redstart,  catbird, 
house  ^^Ten,  long-billed  marsh  wren,  white-breasted  nuthatch,  black- 
capped  chickadee,  American  robin,  bluebird. 

It  will  be  seen  from  this  list  that  the  ornis  of  the  island  is  in  no  way 
peculiar  except  for  the  presence  of  certain  species  that  frequent  it  as 
a  secluded  locality. 

To  summarize  the  results  of  our  work  in  the  sand  region,  we  have 
divided  the  birds  into  two  groups — the  residents  and  migrants — in  the 
following  list.  Birds  are  classed  as  breeding  if  found  nesting  (species 
starred)  or  if  very  young  birds  incapable  of  prolonged  flight  were  noted; 
as  residents,  when  not  found  breeding,  if  the  species  was  observed  before 
the  beginning  of  the  migration.  Probabl,v  a  large  percentage  of  the 
latter  were  in  reality  breeders.  These  lists  may  be  considered  exhaus- 
tive onh"  as  regards  the  summer  and  fall  birds.  As  it  was  summer  when 
the  observations  were  made  nothing  of  the  spring,  late  fall,  and  "udnter 
migrants  could  be  noted.  Even  a  few  resident  species  have  probably 
been  overlooked,  for  birds  are  frequently  shifting  and  may  remain  but 
a  brief  time  in  one  locality. 

Summer  Residents:  Loon,  Herring  Gull,  Common  Tern,  Hooded 
Merganser,  Mallard,  Black  Duck,  Wood  Duck,  American  Bittern,  Great 
Blue  Heron,  Green  Heron.  Black-crowned  Xight  Heron,  Virginia  Rail, 
Florida  Gallinule,  Coot,  American  Woodcock,  Spotted  Sandpiper.  Kill- 
deer,  Ruffed  Grouse,  Mourning  Dove,  Cooper's  Hawk,  Bald  Eagle, 
Osprey,  Great  Horned  Owl,  Yellow-billed  Cuckoo*,  Black-billed  Cuckoo, 
Kingfisher,  Hairy  Woodpecker,  Northern  Downy  Woodpecker,  Red- 
headed Woodpecker*,  Flicker*,  Whip-poor-mll,  Night  Hawk*,  Chim- 
ney Swift*,  Ruby-throated  Hummingbird*,  Kingbird*,  Crested  Fly- 
catcher*, Phoebe*,  Wood  Pewee*,  Blue  Jay,  Crow*,  Cowbird,  Red- 
winged  Blackbird*,  Baltimore  Oriole*.  Bronzed  Grackle  (?),  Purple 
Finch,    American    Goldfinch*,    ^>sper    Sparrow.    Chipping    Sparrow*, 


BIRDS,  27.5 

Field  Sparrow*,  Song  Sparrow*,  Swamp  Sparrow,  Towhee*,  Indigo 
Bunting*,  Scarlet  Tanager,  Purple  ^lartin,  Cliff  Swallow,  Barn  Swal- 
low*, Tree  Swallow*,  Bank  Swallow*,  Rough-winged  Swallow*,  Cedar 
Bird*,  Red-eyed  Vireo*,  Black  and  White  Warbler,  Yellow  Warbler, 
Chestnut-sided  Warbler,  Blackburnian  Warbler,  Black-throated  Green 
Warbler,  Pine  Warbler*,  Oven-bird*,  Northern  Yellow-throat*,  Ameri- 
can Redstart*,  Catbird*,  Brown  Thrasher,  House  Wren*,  Winter 
Wren,  Carolina  Wren,  Long-billed  Marsh  Wren,  AYhite-breasted  Nut- 
hatch, Black-capped  Chickadee*,  Blue-gray  Gnatcatcher*,  Wilson's 
Thrush*,  Robin,  Bluebird*.   . 

Doubtful  Summer  Residents:  Yellow-bellied  Sapsucker,  Prairie  Warb- 
ler, Canadian  Warbler,  Rose-breasted  Grosbeak. 

Migrants:  Pied-billed  Grebe,  Ring-billed  Gull,  Knot,  Pectoral  Sand- 
piper, Least  Sandpiper,  Red-backed  Sandpiper,  Semipalmated  Sand- 
piper, Sanderling,  Greater  Yellow-legs,  Yellow-legs,  Semipalmated 
Plover,  Turnstone,  Sharp-shinned  Hawk,  Sparrow  Hawk,  Yellow- 
bellied  Flycatcher,  Alder  Flycatcher,  Least  Flycatcher,  Savanna  Spar- 
row, Golden-wdnged  Warbler,  Nash\'ille  Warbler,  Cape  May  Warbler, 
Black-throated  Blue  Warl^ler,  Yellow-rumped  Warbler,  Magnolia 
Warbler,  Baybreasted  Warbler,  Grinnell's  Water  Thrush,  Mom-ning 
Warbler,  Wilson's  Warbler,  Brown  Creeper,  Red-breasted  Nuthatch, 
Red-Tailed  Hawk,  Red-Shouldered  Hawk. 

]\Iigrants  began  to  appear  in  the  sand  region  about  August  1.  The 
exact  observations  will  be  found  in  the  list  of  species.  In  regard  to 
the  migration  one  thing  that  was  very  striking  was  the  apparent  differ- 
ence in  the  routes  of  the  warblers  and  sandpipers.  At  Sand  Point  the' 
warblers  were  ver^'  abundant  during  the  migration,  while  sandpipers, 
particularly  three  or  four  species,  were  rather  scarce.  Between  Oak 
and  Hat  Points  this  condition  was  reversed;  only  a  few  warblers  were 
noted,  while  the  beach  from  Oak  Point  northward  fairly  teemed  "uith 
sandpipers.  One  could  stand  there  and  see  the  latter  coming  in  flocks 
from  across  the  Bay,  lighting  on  the  beach  to  feed  and  working  con- 
tinually northw'ard  along  the  shore.  They  were  first  seen  in  large 
numbers  on  August  20,  and  did  not  seem  to  diminish  up  to  August  27, 
on  which  date  the  party  left  the  region.  In  fact  some  species,  as  the 
turnstone,  seemed  to  be  increasing  in  numbers.  The  first  of  these 
migrants  were  seen  farther  north  along  the  beach  than  Oak  Point 
(where  the  largest  flocks  seemed  to  alight),  between  Hat  Point  and 
Port  Crescent.  Here  a  small  flock  of  sanderling  was  seen  August  18, 
and  two  semipalmated  sandpipers  were  noted  the  same  day.  Later 
the\^  struck  the  beach  farther  down,  mostly  about  Oak  Point,  a  few 
even  as  far  west  as  Sand  Point.  Few  prol)ably  cross  farther  west  than 
Sand  Point,  as  there  are  no  suitable  beaches. 


276  BIRDS.  * 

The  facts  seemed  to  show  that  the  warblers  cross  the  Bay  nearer  its 
head,  and  that  the  sandpipers  strike  across  nearer  the  mouth,  probably 
not  only  because  they  are  stronger  fliers  but  also  because  the  best  beaches 
are  nearer  Lake  Huron.  The  sandpipers  seemed  without  exception 
to  follow  the  beach  north  and  east  and  probably  continue  round  the 
end  of  the  thumb,  and  from  some  point  on  the  east  coast  fly  down  to 
southern  Ontario. 

The  follo'^ing  list  gives  the  results  of  our  work  upon  the  ornis  of  the 
region.  Besides  the  collecting  of  specimens  and  the  recording  of  ob- 
servations, however,  stomachs  and  parasites  were  saved  in  every  case. 
The  former  are  reserved  for  future  study,  the  latter  have  been  reported 
upon  elsewhere  in  this  volume  by  Prof.  Shull. 

LIST  OF  SPECIES. 

1.  Podilymbus  podiceps.  Pied-billed  grebe. — Michigan:  Common 
as  a  migrant  and  locally  common  as  a  breeder  throughout  the  state. 

On  August  15,  two  were  seen  at  Rush  Lake  a,nd  three  at  Turtle  Bay 
on  the  south  side  of  Sand  Point,  August  24.  It  was  not  found 
breeding,  although  at  Rush  Lake  and  also  on  the  Point  the  conditions 
seemed  favorable.  "We  were  told  by  residents  that  it  is  very 
abundant  in  the  spring. 

2.  Gavia  immer.  Loon. — Michigan:  Common  as  a  migrant  and 
locally  common  as  a  breeder  throughout  the  state. 

One  specimen  was  seen  flying  over  Sand  Point  early  in  the  morning 
of  June  16.  This  bird  no  doubt  had  a  nest  along  the  marshy  shore 
of  Wild  Fowl  Bay.  Mr.  Frank  Brackenbury,  a  fisherman,  told  us 
that  in  the  spring  of  1908  more  than  twenty-five  loons  were  found 
in  the  pounds  and  entangled  in  the  nets  on  one  line  of  fish  stakes. 
It  is  well  known  that  this  species  lives  on  fish  which  it  pursues  to  a 
great  depth  and  is  often  caught  on  set  lines  as  well  as  in  gill  and 
pound  nets. 

3.  Larus  argentatus  smithsonianus.  American  herring  gull. — 
Michigan:  Common  as  a  migrant  and  locall}'  common  as  a  breeder 
north  of  latitude  44°. 

The  herring  gull  was  first  seen  June  17,  when  about  twentv-five 
lit  on  the  top  of  the  fish  stakes  on  the  north  side  of  Sand  Point. 
After  this  date  it  was  seen  here  only  occasionally  until  August  17, 
after  which  it  was  common  every  day.  On  July  15,  it  was  seen  at 
Stony  Island,  and  at  Oak  Point  four  were  seen  on  August  2,  and 
afterward  occasionally  during  our  stay  near  there.  The  fishermen 
said  that  a  few  of  this  species  breed  each  year  on  Little  Charity  Is- 
land, a  small  rocky  island  about  twelve  miles  to  the  north  of  Sand 
Point.     They  also  reported  the  species  as  very  abundant  both  in 


BIRDS.  277 

spring  and  fall.  After  August  17  we  saw  large  flocks  flying  over  the 
bay  often  alighting  on  the  fish  stakes  that  extend  for  a  mile  or  more 
out  from  shore.  They  generally  kept  well  out  from  the  shore  and 
did  not  often  alight  on  the  beach,  although  one  was  observed  on  the 
beach  at  Hat  Point,  August  18,  and  another  feeding  near  the  fish 
house  on  Sand  Point  on  August  23.  Near  the  end  of  Sand  Point 
the  low  sand  bar  about  thirty  rods  from  the  beach  was  a  favorite 
resort  of  the  gulls.  Thes'  lit  and  rested  there  even  when  the  waves 
were  so  high  as  to  sweep  entirely  over  them  at  intervals.  Several 
times  a  number  of  ring-billed  gulls  were  seen  with  these  flocks. 

4.  Larus  delawarensis.  Ring-billed  gull. — Michigan:  This  species 
is  given  as  a  scarce  migrant  throughout  the  state,  but  our 
observations  seem  to  show  that  it  is  not  an  uncommon  one  along 
the  Great  Lakes.  Major  Bois*  says  it  breeds  near  the  Neebish  Is- 
lands. Upper  Peninsula. 

Only  observed  at  Sand  Point.  It  was  first  seen  August  12.  with 
a  flock  of  herring  gulls,  and  after  this  nearly  every  day  during  our 
stay.  Early  in  the  morning  of  August  22,  flocks  of  two,  three  or 
more  were  seen  flying  along  the  beach  west  of  the  fish  house.  These 
were  mostly  out  of  range  of  the  gun  but  wdth  the  field  glass  could  be 
easily  identified,  not  only  by  the  smaller  size  but  also  by  the  black 
band  at  the  end  of  the  tail.  The  tail  band  is  very  conspicuous,  es- 
pecially in  the  juvenile  and  immature  birds,  and  the  flight  also  is 
lighter  than  that  of  the  herring  gull.  Individuals  were  seen  to  fly 
and  pick  up  food  from  the  surface  of  the  water.  In  the  throat  of  one 
examined,  we  found  a  large  cicada,  and  there  w^ere  others  in  the 
stomach.  On  August  12,  we  saw  numbers  of  them  in  company  with 
herring  gulls  and  the  common  tern  on  a  sand  bar  near  the  end  of  the 
Point,  where  they  seemed  to  be  resting  and  at  times  feeding. 

5.  Sterna  hirundo.  Common  tern. — Michigan:  Common  sum- 
mer resident,  breeding  north  of  latitude  44°. 

Observed  all  along  the  shore  of  Saginaw  Bay.  The  first  one  was 
seen  on  July  15,  on'  Stony  Island.  The  first  record  for  Sand  Point 
was  on  August  12,  when  they  were  observed  along  the  north  beach. 
After  this  date  they  were  frequentl}^  seen  in  the  latter  place.  The 
birds  observed  flew  over  the  water  and  seldom  came  very  near  the 
shore.  When  they  did,  they  flew  quite  high.  The  only  exception 
was  one  morning  when  a  wounded  bird  fell  into  the  water  a  few  rods 
from  shore.  In  response  to  its  calls  over  fifty  of  this  species  were  in 
a  few  minutes  swooping  down  to  the  injured  one,  calling  and  seeming 
to  lose  all  timidity.  A  fisherman  told  us  that  they  breed  on  some 
islands  near  Thunder  Bay,  Alpena  Countv,  and  also  that  they  were 
verv  abundant  near  Sand  Point  in  the  spring  and  fall. 

*BiiUetin  of  the  Mich.  Ornith.  Club,  Vol.  I.  i>.  18. 


278  BIRDS. 

6.  Mergus  americanus.  American  merganser. — Michigan:  This 
is  a  common  migrant  and  summer  resident,  breeding  north  of  latitude 
44°. 

One  was  seen  near  the  end  of  Sand  Point  in  the  water  of  the  bay 
July  11.  and  another  was  in  Turtle  Bay  on  the  south  side  of  the 
Point  on  July  18.  The  nest  of  this  species  was  not  found  by  our 
party,  but  Mr.  Edward  Arnold*  found  it  nesting  on  North  and  Stony 
Islands. 

7.  Lophodytes  cucullatus.  Hooded  merganser. — Michigan: 
Common  migrant  and  summer  resident,  breeding  north  of  latitude 
44°. 

A  small  flock  was  seen  in  the  rushes  at  the  extreme  end  of  Sand 
Point  on  August  12,  and  a  female  was  seen  on  Long  Lake  near  the 
end  of  the  Point  on  June  24.  The  fisherman  told  us  that  the  species 
was  very  common  at  the  Point  both  in  the  spring  and  fall,  and  that 
it  breeds  on  Charity  Island. 

8.  Anas  platyrhynchos.  Mallard.— Michigan:  Common  migrant 
and  summer  resident:  breeds  throughout  the  state  in  suitable  lo- 
cahties.     (On  North  Island,  May  12,  1903.  Arnold,  loc.  cit.) 

A  flock  of  eight  was  seen  flying  near  the  end  of  Sand  Point  on  June 
14,  and  no  doubt  bred  in  the  wet  marshes  somewhere  in  the  vicinity. 
The  fishermen  told  us  that  it  is  abundant  at  Sand  Point  and  Rush 
Lake  in  spring  and  fall. 

9.  Anas  rubripes.  Black  duck. — Michigan:  Common  migrant 
and  summer  resident,  breeding  in  suitable  marshes  inland,  as  well  as 
along  the  Great  Lakes. 

A  flock  of  ten  was  seen  June  14  near  the  end  of  Sand  Point,  and 
single  birds  were  seen  after  this  in  the  grass}^  swamp  that  bordered 
the  bay.  At  Rush  Lake  they  were  common  after  August  10,  and 
one  was  seen  on  Stony  Island  on  July  12.  On  June  15,  two  females 
were  seen  to  fly  up  from  a  wet  grassy  marsh  near  the  end  of  the  Point. 
These  birds  circled  about  the  marsh  several  times  and  then  lit  near 
the  spot  where  they  were  flushed.  Later  other  birds  were  seen  with 
broods  of  young  that  were  unable  to  fly,  and  these  seemed  to  feed 
among  the  islands  of  rushes  and  tall  grass  near  the  end  of  the  Point. 
After  the  young  became  large  enough  to  fly  we  often  saw  them  flying 
across  the  Point  to  Turtle  Bay  on  the  south  side,  where  they  seemed 
to  feed  on  the  wild  rice,  generally  returning  to  spend  the  day  in  the 
shelter  of  the  rush  islands.  At  Rush  Lake  the  crop  and  stomach  of 
the  single  bird  taken  was  found  to  be  full  of  the  roots  of  the  wild 
celery,  and  the  shallow  water  where  the  ducks  fed  was  covered  with 
the  plants  which  had  been  pulled  up,  only  the  roots  being  eaten. 

*Bull.  Mxh.  Ornith.  Club,  Vol.  IV,  p.  71. 


BIRDS.  279 

10.  Aix  sponsa.  Wood  cluck. — Michigan:  Common  summer  resi- 
dent, breeding  in  suitable  localities  throughout  the  state. 

This  species  was  seen  in  flocks  at  Rush  Lake  on  August  10.  Three 
were  also  seen  on  Turtle  Bay  on  Sand  Point  on  August  22,  and  on  the 
same  date  we  saw  one  on  Long  Lake.  The  birds  seen  at  Rush  Lake 
were  no  doubt  raised  in  the  vicinity  as  the  young  were  not  fully 
feathered.  The  crop  and  stomach  of  one  was  full  of  the  tubers  of 
Potamogetan,  and  one  taken  in  Turtle  Bay  on  Sand  Point  had  eaten 
many  flowers  of  wild  rice.  One  of  the  residents  near  Rush  Lake 
said  that  he  had  found  the  nest  of  this  species  in  that  vicinity. 

11.  Botaurus  lentiginosus.  American  bittern. — Michigan:  Com- 
mon summer  resident ;  breeds  throughout  the  state. 

This  species  was  seen  on  Sand  Point,  at  Rush  Lake  and  on  Stony 
Island.  The  species  was  common 'throughout  the  region.  We  found 
an  adult  female  and  one  young  bird  nearly  feathered  on  the  grassy 
prairie  near  the  base  of  the  Point,  on  July  8.  It  also  bred  on  Stony 
Island,  where  an  adult  was  seen  on  July  13,  and  two  voung  on  Julv 
14.     (PL  XVIII  a.) 

12.  Ardea  herodias.  Great  blue  heron. — Michigan:  Common 
summer  resident ;  breeds  all  over  the  state  in  colonies. 

This  bird  is  a  rather  common  one  in  the  sand  region,  and  specimens 
were  seen  at  various  times  between  Sand  Point  and  Rush  Lake,  and 
on  Stony  Island.  We  frequently  saw  them  fly  out  to  the  fish  pounds 
and  alight  on  the  stakes  where  they  watched  for  fish.  When  the  latter 
came  near  the  surface,  a  ciuick  stroke  with  the  herons  bill  either  killed 
or  disabled  it,  so  that  it  could  be  eaten  or  carried  to  the  young  in  the 
nest.  They  often  killed  fish  of  a  pound  weight,  and  we  saw  them 
make  regular  excursions  to  these  pounds  for  fish.  We  also  saw  them 
wading  in  the  grassy  marshes  near  the  west  end  of  the  Point,  and  they 
must  have  lired  somewhere  in  the  vicinity. 

13.  Butorides  virescens.  Green  heron. — Michigan:  Common 
summer  resident:  breeds  in  all  suitable  localities  throughout  the 
state. 

One  was  seen  on  Sand  Point  (July  10)  and  one  at  Rush  lake  (Au- 
gust 10).  No  nests  were  found,  as  the  swamps  where  they  breed 
were  inaccessable  in  early  summer  on  account  of  high  water  and 
myriads  of  mosciuitoes.  The  one  seen  at  Sand  Point  was  flying  along 
the  south  shore. 

14.  Nycticorax  nycticorax  naevius.  Black-crowned  night  heron. — 
Michigan:     Rare  summer  resident:  doubtless  breeds. 

This  bird  was  seen  as  follows:  one  on  Sand  Point  on  June  22  and 


♦Arnold,  Edward,  Bull.  Mich.  Ornith.  Club,  Vol.  IV,  y.  71. 


280  BIRDS. 

one  on  July  25,  one  at  the  end  of  the  line  of  fish  stakes  about  one  mile 
north  of  Sand  Point  on  June  27,  and  one  on  Stony  Island,  July  12. 

Early  in  the  morning  of  June  22  we  heard  a  strange  squawk  from  a 
heron  perched  in  a  tree  at  the  edge  of  a  grassy  inland  swamp,  and 
when  the  bird  was  flushed  it  proved  to  belong  to  this  species.  Again 
on  July  25  we  saw  three  flying  over  to  the  south  near  the  same  spot. 
At  an  old  camp  site  on  the  south  shore  of  the  point  we  found  a  pair 
of  legs  of  this  species  nailed  to  a  tree.  Mr.  Brackenbury  told  us  that 
a  short-legged,  short-necked,  spotted  or  striped  heron  with  a  thick 
heavy  bill  was  caught  in  a  net  about  one  of  the  fish  pounds  early  last 
spring,  and  this  was  no  doubt  an  immature  bird  of  this  species. 

15.  Rallus  virginianus.  Virginia  rail. — Michigan:  Common  sum- 
mer resident,  breeding  throughout  the  state. 

One  was  seen  on  Sand  Point  on  August  17,  and  another  at  Rush  Lake 
on  August  6.  The  only  bird  seen  on  Sand  Point  was  flushed  from  the 
rushes  bordering  the  east  side  of  Wild  Fowl  Bay;  the  one  at  Rush  lake 
was  seen  in  a  grassy  marsh  at  the  edge  of  the  lake. 

16.  Gallinula  galeata.  Florida  gallinule. — Michigan:  Abundant 
summer  resident  throughout  the  southern  peninsula,  breeding  in 
grassy  swamps.  ,  (We  know  of  no  records  for  this  species  from  the 
Upper  Peninsula.) 

A  single  bird  was  heard  calling  in  the  marsh  which  surrounded  the 
small  lake  near  the  base  of  Sand  Point,  but  none  w^ere  seen. 

17.  Fulica  americana.  American  coot. — Michigan:  Abundant 
summer  resident,  breeds  locally  in  wet  marshes  throughout  the  state. 

One  individual  was  seen  in  Saginaw  Bay,  off  the  north  side  of  Sand 
Point,  and  another  was  seen  near  Rush  Lake  (August  6),  where  it  was 
reported  by  the  residents  as  common  in  spring  and  fall. 

18.  Philohela  minor.  American  woodcock. — Michigan:  A  com- 
mon summer  resident  and  breeder  throughout  the  state. 

Two  were  seen  at  the  edge  of  a  thicket  near  the  base  of  Sand  Point 
on  July  10,  three  in  a  damp  wooded  swamp  at  Stony  Island  on  July 
13,  a  dead  bird  was  found  in  the  road  near  Rush  Lake  on  August  4, 
and  one  was  flushed  in  a  low  Avet  thicket  near  Rush  Lake  on  August 
13. 

Mr.  Wallace  of  Bayport  told  us  that  in  October  this  species  is 
usually  very  abundant  on  Stony  Island,  Sand  Point,  and  in  the  upper 
part  of  Huron  County  generally,  where  they  stop  on  their  southern 
migration  to  feed  in  the  low  woods  and  thickets. 

19.  Tringa  canutus.  Knot. — Michigan:  A  rather  rare  migrant 
not  known  to  breed  in  the  state. 

On  August  20,  wdiile  observing  the  incoming  flocks  of  sanderling, 
turnstones   and  other  inigrating  sandpipers  on  the  sand  flat  west  of 


BIRDS.  281 

Oak  Point,  Ruthven  observed  three  of  these  birds  flying  toward  the 
beach.  Two  of  these  were  taken,  and  the  following  day  he  took 
another  (probably  the  third  one  of  the  three  seen  the  day  before)  from 
a  flock  of  spotted  sandpipers  on  the  beach  just  northeast  of  Little 
Oak  Point.     These  were  the  only  ones  observed. 

20.  Pisobia  macula  ta.  Pectoral  sandpiper. — Michigan:  This 
species  is  a  common  migrant,  but  not  a  breeder,  in  the  state. 

One  was  seen  on  the  beach  near  Oak  Point  on  August  24.  This 
specimen  was  feeding  with  a  flock  of  sanderling  and  was  the  onh^  one 
seen. 

21.  Pisobia  minutilla.  Least  sandpiper. — Michigan:  A  common 
migrant  but  does  not  breed  in  the  state. 

First  seen  at  Sand  Point  on  August  18,  and  at  Oak  Point  on  August 
14.  These  birds  were  rather  common  after  these  dates,  and  were  found 
in  company  with  semipalmated  sandpipers  which  greatly  outnum- 
bered them. 

22.  Pelidna  alpina  sakhalina.  Red-backed  sandpiper. — Michigan: 
A  common  migrant,  not  breeding  in  the  state. 

A  flock  of  about  twenty  were  seen  flying  along  the  beach  near  Oak 
Point  on  August  20.  These  birds  still  retained  the  black  patch  on 
the  belly  which  served  in  part  to  identify  them. 

23.  Ereunetes  pusillus.  Semipalmated  sandpiper. — Michigan:  A 
common  migrant,  not  breeding  in  the  state. 

This  species  was  first  seen  at  Sand  Point  and  also  at  Oak  Point  on 
August  18.  Small  flocks  were  seen  feeding  all  along  the  beach,  but 
it  was  more  common  on  the  sand  flat  at  Oak  Point. 

24.  Calidris  leucophaea.  Sanderling. — Michigan:  An  abundant 
migrant  along  the  shores  of  the  Great  Lakes,  not  known  to  breed  in 
the  state. 

It  was  first  seen  at  Sand  Point  on  August  8,  and  east  of  that  place 
at  Hat  Point  on  August  18.  After  August  20,  it  became  very  com- 
mon all  along  the  beach  from  Sand  Point  eastward.  It  was,  how- 
ever, most  abundant  along  the  beach  from  the  sand  flat  at  Oak  Point 
eastward,  flocks  of  from  twenty  to  sixty  being  commonly  observed. 

Nearly  all  of  the  birds  were  in  the  fall  plumage.  The  first  one 
seen,  August  8,  was  an  adult  female  and  still  partly  retained  its 
spring  plumage,  and  a  male,  August  20,  was  also  in  changing  plumage. 
In  common  with  most  species  of  waders  the  adult  birds  migrated 
first,  and  the  later  ones  were  juvenile  and  immature.  They  were 
very  fearless  and  ran  along  the  beach  at  the  waters  edge  within  a  few 
feet  of  us.  The\'  apparently  fed  principally  on  insects,  but  they 
were  often  seen  to  pick  up  small  fish,  swallowing  them  whole  if 
small,  or  picking  them  to  pieces  if  too  large. 


282  BIRDS. 

25.  Totanus  melanoleucus.  Greater  yelloAv  legs. — Michigan: 
Rather  common  migrant;  does  not  breed  in  the  state. 

This  species  was  only  seen  at  Oak  Point,  where  it  was  first  observed 
on  August  20,  on  the  sand  flat.  It  was  afterwards  observed  several 
times  in  small  numbers  on  the  expanse  of  mud  left  by  the  drying-up 
of  a  large  pond  just  south  of  Oak  Point. 

26.  Bartramia  longicauda.  Bartramian  sandpiper. — Michigan: 
Not  uncommon  summer  resident;  breeds  in  low  grassy  fields.  It 
seems  to  be  gradually  becoming  less  common  in  all  parts  of  the  state. 

Observed  several -times  (first  on  August  3)  in  the  fields  about  Rush 
Lake. 

27.  Actitis  macularia.  Spotted  sandpiper. — Michigan:  Abun- 
dant summer  resident,  breeding  all  over  the  state  in  suitable  situa- 
tions. 

Common  along  the  beach  of  Saginaw  Bay  and  on  the  shores  of 
Stony  Island.  A  nest  found  at  the  end  of  Sand  Point  (June  16)  was 
built  in  a  slight  depression  in  the  ground,  very  poorly  lined  with  dead 
weeds  and  grasses,  and  contained  two  eggs.  Another  nest  was 
found,  June  29,  which  contained  four  eggs.  This  nest  (PL  XIX) 
M^as  built  several  yards  from  the  water  on  the  beach  side  of  the  first 
sloping  sand  dune,  and  its  only  shelter  was  the  short  thin  dune  grass. 
It  was  not  disturbed,  and  on  July  17  the  eggs  were  hatched  and 
near  the  nest  Ave  found  the  old  bird.  This  bird  was  very  anxious 
and  fearless  and  alternately  tumbled  about  our  feet  and  fluttered 
off,  trying  to  lead  us  away.  Looking  carefully  over  the  ground  Ave 
saw  a  downy  young  in  plain  sight,  but  sciuatting  flat  on  the  sand,  and 
within  a  small  area  the  other  three.  The  old  bird  was  a  male  bird, 
the  female  (?)  being  down  on  the  beach  at  some  distance  from  the 
nest. 

28.  Oxyechus  vociferus.  Killdeer. — Michigan:  Common  migrant 
and  summer  resident;  breeds  throughout  the  state  in  open  fields. 

Rare  in  the  sand  region  and  on  Stony  Island,  during  the  breeding 
season,  but  common  afterwards.  PreA'ious  to  August  10  it  was 
seldom  seen  in  the  sand  country  and  then  only  along  the  beach.  On 
July  9,  four  Avere  seen  on  the  beach  at  Sand  Point,  and,  on  August  4, 
scA-eral  Avere  seen  at  Oak  Point.  After  August  10  they  Avere  seen  in 
numbers  all  along  the  beach,  particularly  at  Oak  Point.  It  was  not 
found  breeding  in  the  sand  country,  due  no  doubt  to  lack  of  suitable 
conditions,  but  it  was  a  not  uncommon  breeder  in  the  clay  country 
about  Rush  Lake. 

29.  Aegialitis  semipalmata.  Semipalmated  plover. — Michigan: 
Common  migrant  along  the  Great  Lakes,  breeding  rarely  (Charity 
Island,  :\Lay  20.  1903.     Arnold.*) 


*Bull.  Mich.  Ornith.  CI  ih,  A'ol.  lA',  pp.  74-75. 


BIRDS.  283 

First  seen  on  August  3  and  again  on  August  17  at  Sand  Point.  Ob- 
served several  times  between  Oak  Point  and  Hat  Point  after  August 
22.  The  species  was  the  first  migrant  wader  seen.  The  bird  seen 
on  August  3  was  a  fine  adult  female  in  breeding  plumage;  an  old  male 
in  the  same  plumage  was  seen  on  August  17,  but  the  birds  that  came 
later  all  seemed  to  be  immature.  A  flock  of  about  fifteen  was  seen 
feeding  on  the  mud  in  a  recently  dry  pond  on  Oak  Point,  August  28, 
the  last  day  of  our  stay. 

30.  Arenaria  interpres  morinella.  Ruddy  turnstone. — Michigan: 
Rather  common  migrant  along  the  shores  of  the  Great  Lakes. 

After  August  20  (first  record)  this  species  was  observed  commonly 
along  the  beach,  although  usually  in  small  numbers  and  in  company 
with  sanderling.  semipalmated  plovers  or  spotted  sandpipers.  The 
only  flock  seen  was  on  August  27,  when  five  were  seen  at  Oak  Point. 

31.  Colinus  virginianus.  Bob-white. — Michigan:  Common  resi- 
dent; breeds  throughout  the  state  but  not  so  commonly  in  the  Upper 
Peninsula. 

One  was  heard  calling  at  the  base  of  Sand  Point  on  July  16,  and 
another  in  the  clay  country  near  Rush  lake  on  July  19.  This  species 
preferred  the  vicinity  of  cultivated  fields  and  occurred  in  the  sand 
region  only  as  a  straggler.  It  was  not  uncommon  on  the  farms  about 
Rush  Lake. 

32.  Bonasa  umbellus.  Ruffed  grouse. — Michigan:  Common  resi- 
dent and  breeder  as  far  north  as  latitude  44°.  In  northern  Michigan 
B.  u.  togata  is  the  common  form. 

The  species  was  quite  common  in  the  wooded  swamps  and  was  often 
seen  in  patches  of  blueberries  in  the  burnings.  In  July  and  August, 
berries  with  grasshoppers  picked  up  in  the  same  locahties  formed  a 
good  share  of  their  food.  The  juneberry  seemed  to  be  a  favorite 
food,  and  a  juvenile  bird  on  July  10  had  its  crop  full  of  these  fruits. 
We  often  saw^  bevies  of  old  and  young  in  the  roads  that  crossed  the 
Point  in  all  directions.  An  adult  female  and  ten  young  were  seen 
at  Sand  Point  on  July  10,  and  a  good  sized  covey  near  Oak  Point  on 
August  25. 

33.  Zenaidura  macroura  carolinensis.  Mourning  dove. — Michi- 
gan: Common  summer  resident  and  an  occasional  winter  resident, 
especially  in  southern  Michigan;  breeds  all  over  the  state. 

This  bird  was  only  seen  a  few  times  in  the  sand  country  and  once 
on  Stony  Island,  but  was  more  common  in  the  clay  country.  Only 
one  nest  was  found  and  that  was  in  the  hardwoods  at  the  base  of 
Sand  Point. 

34.  Circus  hudsonius.  Marsh  hawk. — Michigan:  A  common  sum- 
mer resident  throughout  the  state,  breeding  locally  on  the  ground  in 
marshes. 


284  BIRDS. 

Occasionally  observed  in  the  sand  country,  but  no  nests  were 
found.  It  undoubtedly  breeds  in  the  clay  country,  as  it  was  quite 
common  on  the  farm  land  south  of  Rush  Lake. 

35.  Accipiter  velox.  Sharp-shinned  hawk. — Michigan:  Common 
migrant  but  rare  summer  resident;  breeds  in  northern  Michigan. 

The  only  bird  seen  was  observed  at  the  end  of  Sand  Point  on  Au- 
gust 18,  where  it  was  circling  over  the  tops  of  the  trees.  It  was  a 
female  and  no  doubt  a  migrant  from  across  the  bay. 

36.  Accipiter  cooperii.  Cooper's  hawk. — Michigan:  A  common 
summer  resident,  and  an  occasional  winter  resident  in  southern  Michi- 
gan, breeding  throughout  the  state  in  heavy  woods. 

On  June  17,  an  old  male  was  taken  at  the  end  of  Sand  Point,  and 
the  female  was  seen  a  few  days  later.  This  pair  no  doubt  bred  on  or 
near  the  Point.  On  August  11,  two  birds  were  seen  near  Rush  Lake. 
These  are  the  only  records  secured. 

37.  Buteo  borealis.  Red-tailed  hawk. — Michigan:  A  common 
summer  resident  and  an  occasional  winter  resident  in  southern  Michi- 
gan, breeding  all  over  the  state  in  heavy  woods. 

The  only  bird  of  this  species  seen  was  observed  by  Wood  on  August 
10.  We  could  see  no  reason  why  this  hawk  was  not  common  in  the 
sand  country,  unless  the  numerous  eagles  kept  it  away. 

38.  Buteo  lineatus.  Red-shouldered  hawk. — Michigan:  Common 
summer  resident,  breeding  throughout  the  state  in  the  more  open 
woods. 

Two  individuals  of  this  species  were  observed,  both  at  Rush  Lake, 
on  July  29  and  August  5. 

39.  Haliaeetus  leucocephalus.  Bald  eagle. — Michigan:  Not 
uncommon  summer  resident  and  an  occasional  winter  resident;  breeds 
in  tall  trees  along  the  Great  Lakes. 

Eagles  were  common  all  along  the  shore  of  the  bay  and  on  Stony 
and  North  Islands,  being  seen  almost  every  day.  Often  as  many  as 
three  or  four  different  birds  could  be  distinguished  in  a  day.  It 
breeds  in  several  places  in  this  region  and  old  or  immature  birds  were 
seen  every  day  by  some  of  our  party.  A  nest  was  found  on  North 
Island  (Arnold*),  one  was  reported  on  Charity  Island,  and  another 
was  found  in  the  woods  near  the  base  of  Sand  Point. 

The  birds  observed  by  us  fed  largely,  if  not  entirely,  on  fish  that 
were  cast  upon  the  beach,  especially  on  the  north  side  of  Sand  Point. 
The  writers  observed  only  two  adult  birds  to  pick  up  fish  from  the 
water,  and  these  may  have  been  dead.  On  the  steep  sand  dunes 
west  of  the  fish  camp  were  several  tall  Norway  pines  that  were  used 
as  perches  for  observation  and  rest.     The  birds  may  have  roosted  in 

..   *Bull.  of  the  Mich.  Ornith.  CI  ib,  Vol.  IV,  p.  7l". 


BIRDS.  285 

them,  as  they  were  seen  there  many  times  very  early  in  the  morning, 
sometimes  two  in  one  tree.  We  often  saw  the  tracks  in  the  beach 
sand,  where  the  birds  had  picked  up  fish  which  were  always  carried 
away  to  trees  (generally  dead  ones)  and  eaten.  Under  these  trees 
(of  which  w^e  found  several  on  the  Point)  the  bones  of  fish  were  found 
in  large  cjuantities.  These  eagles  were  very  tame  and  cjuite  often 
allowed  us  to  approach  within  a  few  rods.  This  was  probably  due 
both  to  the  fact  that  no  one  troubled  them  and  because  a  number  of 
them  w^ere  young  of  the  year.  We  did  not  notice  eagles  hunting  any 
of  the  ducks  or  other  birds,  nor  did  we  see  them  mobbed  by  the  jays 
or  crows,  although  the  latter  species  was  very  common.  On  several 
occasions  we  saw  eagles  coming  across  the  bay  from  the  direction  of 
Charity  Island,  where  Arnold*  found  them  breeding  in  1902  and  1903. 

40.  Falco  sparverius.  American  sparrow  hawk. — Michigan: 
Abundant  summer  resident,  and  also  an  occasional  winter  resident 
in  southern  Michigan,  breeding  in  holes  in  trees  throughout  the  state. 

Observed  at  Sand  Point  on  August  15  and  18,  and  three  times  in 
the  sand  country  at  Rush  Lake  after  August  7.  The  species  did  not 
breed  on  the  Point,  although  there  were  many  trees  with  suitable 
cavities,  and  plenty  of  food  in  the  way  of  small  birds,  grasshoppers 
and  mice.  Three  were  seen  on  August  18  that  were  no  doubt  mi- 
grants from  across  the  bay,  as  they  were  near  the  end  of  the  Point, 
where  most  of  the  migrants  were  first  seen. 

41.  Pandion  haliaetus  carolinensis.  American  osprey. — Michi- 
gan: Scarce  summer  resident:  breeds  about  lakes  throughout  the 
state. 

One  was  seen  near  the  end  of  Sand  Point  on  June  14,  and  one  at 
Rush  Lake.  August  5.     These  were  the  only  ones  observed. 

42.  Otus  asio.  Screech  owl. — Michigan:  Common  resident, 
breeding  in  hollow  trees  throughout  the  state. 

Not  observed  in  the  sand  country.  Two  were  seen  on  August  8, 
and  others  were  heard  several  times  afterward  in  the  clay  country  near 
Rush  Lake. 

43.  Bubo  virginianus.  Great  horned  owl. — Michigan:  A  com- 
mon resident  and  breeds  all  over  the  state. 

Observed  several  times  in  the  sand  country  and  on  Stony  Island. 
This  species  was  not  a  rare  breeder  in  the  sand  country,  and  was  often 
mobbed  by  the  crows.  A  family  of  three  young  birds  and  one  adult 
was  observed  on  July  17  and  18  on  Stony  Island,  and  a  breeding 
record  for  North  Island  is  given  by  Arnold. t 

44.  Coccyzus      americanus.     Yellow-billed      cuckoo. — Michigan: 

*Bull.  of  the  Mich.  Ornith.  Chib,  Vol.  IV.  p.  74. 
tBuil.  Mich.  Ornith.  Ckib,  Bull.  Vol.  IV.  p.  71. 


286  BIRDS. 

Common  summer  resident;  breeds  throughout  the  southern  peninsula. 
This  bird  was  common  on  Stony  Island  and  throughout  the  sand 
country,  being  observed  many  times  at  various  points  between  Sand 
Point  and  Hat  Point.  It  was  a  common  breeder  in  the  region,  and 
nests  were  found  as  late  as  August  27  (at  Rush  Lake).  A  nest  found 
by  Wood  on  August  8  contained  three  eggs  of  this  species  and  one  of 
the  black-billed  cuckoo.  This  nest  was  built  in  a  tall  willow  bush  at 
the  edge  of  an  open  swamp  near  the  south  side  of  the  Point  and  was 
flat  and  frail.  On  Stony  Island  it  was  observed  most  frequently  in 
low  dense  woods. 

45.  Coccyzus  erythrophthalmus.  Black-billed  cuckoo. — Michi- 
gan:    Common  summer  resident,  breeding  throughout  the  state. 

This  species  occurred  on  the  Point  as  often  as  the  preceding  species, 
and  was  seen  or  heard  nearly  every  day.  In  the  sand  country  at 
Rush  Lake  it  was  not  as  common  as  the  yellow-billed  but  still  was 
seen  quite  frequently.  It  was  also  common  on  Stony  Island,  being 
somewhat  more  abundant  than  the  preceding.  Both  species  were 
partial  to  the  edges  of  the  wooded  swamps  and  were  also  seen  in  the 
poplar  zone  just  outside  the  willows,  and  occasionally  on  the  ridges 
near  the  swamps.  This  species  was  a  common  breeder  on  Stony 
Island  and  was  often  seen  and  heard  there. 

46.  Ceryle  alcyon.  Belted  kingfisher. — Michigan:  Common 
summer  resident  all  over  the  state,  breeding  in  holes  dug  in  banks  of 
earth  generally  near  the  water. 

Observed  along  the  shore  of  the  sand  country,  on  Stony  Island  and 
at  Rush  Lake.  The  species  was  a  rare  breeder  on  Sand  Point,  and 
few  were  seen  until  the  young  made  their  appearance,  about  July  18. 
After  this  date  a  family  ranged  along  the  beach  on  the  south  side,  and 
another  on  the  north  side  of  the  Point.  A  family  was  seen  on  Stony 
Island  that  had  evidently  bred  there.  We  often  saw  them  perched 
on  dead  stubs  and  on  bushes  near  the  waters  edge,  watching  for  the 
schools  of  small  minnows  that  on  still  days  came  to  the  very  edge  of 
the  beach,  where  they  were  easily  caught  by  the  kingfishers.  We 
also  saw  them  frequently  on  the  fish  stakes  about  the  pounds.  At 
Rush  Lake  they  were  more  abundant  than  along  the  bay,  and  were 
seen  along  the  open  ditches  and  small  ponds  as  well  as  on  the  lake 
itself. 

47.  Dryobates  villosus.  Hairy  woodpecker.— Michigan:  Com- 
mon resident  throughout  the  state,  except  on  Isle  Royale  where  it  is 
replaced  by  D.  v.  leucomelas.  Breeds  in  holes  which  it  excavates  in 
dead  trees. 

Occasionally  observed  in  the  sand  country  between  Sand  Point  and 
Rush  Lake.     It  was  rather  rare,  and  nests  were  not  found,  although 


BIRDS.  287 

it  no  doubt  bred  in  the  region.     It  was  usually  seen  in  the  dead  trees 
on  the  rid'ges. 

48.  Dryobates  pubescens  medianus.  Northern  downy  wood- 
pecker.— Michigan:  Common  resident  throughout  the  state,  breed- 
ing in  holes  which  it  excavates  in  dead  trees. 

Common  in  the  sand  countr^^  and  on  Stony  Island.  It  was  a  com- 
mon breeder,  and  after  July  30  families  of  young  were  seen  through- 
out the  sand  region,  searching  for  food  on  the  oaks  and  pines. 

49.  Sphyrapicus  varius.  Yellow-l^ellied  sapsucker. — Michigan: 
Common  summer  resident  north  of  latitude  42°,  breeding  in  holes 
which  it  generally  excavates  in  living  trees. 

A  single  specimen  was  observed  in  the  sand  country  at  Rush  Lake 
on  August  24. 

50.  Melanerpes  erythrocephalus.  Red-headed  woodpecker. — 
Michigan:  An  abundant  summer  and  an  occasional  winter  resident, 
breeding  in  holes  in  trees  throughout  the  state. 

This  species  was  rare  on  the  Point,  as  only  two  pair  were  found.  It 
was  also  rather  rare  in  the  clay  country,  and  was  not  seen  in  the  sand 
region  about  Rush  Lake.  A  nest  was  located  in  a  large  dead  white 
pine  stub,  and  the  young  were  first  seen  July  23.  On  bright  days 
the  young  w^ere  seen  chmbing  about  on  the  home  stub,  and  caUing 
to  the  parents  for  food  which  was  bought  to  them  quite  regularly. 

5L  Colaptes  auratus  luteus.  Northern  flicker. — ^Michigan:  An 
abundant  summer  and  an  occasional  winter  resident,  breeding  through- 
out the  state,  mostly  in  holes  in  dead  trees. 

Occasionally  observed  throughout  the  sand  country,  but  abundant 
only  on  Stony  Island,  and  in  the  sand  region  during  migration — 
after  August  14.  After  migration  had  begun,  we  often  saw  flocks 
of  eight  or  ten  birds  feeding  on  the  blueberries  and  juneberries,  or 
dusting  in  the  sand. 

52.  Antrostomus  vociferus.  Whip-poor-will.— Michigan:  Com- 
mon summer  resident;  breeds  all  over  the  state  in  low  wet  woods. 

Rather  common  in  the  sand  region  and  heard  at  Stony  Island. 
As  was  to  be  expected,  this  bird  was  heard  much  oftener  than  seen, 
but  one  pair  frequently  came  about  the  camp  and  was  seen  several 
times.  Individuals  were  seldom  flushed  in  the  da\-time.  but  on  Au- 
gust 20  one  was  raised  at  the  edge  of  a  thicket  near  a  wooded  swamp. 
On  August  19,  two  were  flushed  on  the  sand  dunes  near  Saginaw  Bay 
near  Rush  Lake.  Only  two  breeding  pairs  were  located,  both  on 
Sand  Point. 

53.  Chordeiles  virginianus.  Nighthawk. — ^Michigan:  Common 
summer  resident;  breeds  all  over  the  state. 

This  species  was  more  common  than  the  preceding  one  and  oc- 


288  BIRDS. 

curred  throughout  the  sand  region.  Nests  were  onl^'  found  in  the 
burned  clearings  on  Sand  Point.  On  June  16,  the  writer  flushed  two 
birds  from  the  ground  on  the  top  of  one  of  the  burned  over  ridges 
near  camp  on  Sand  Point,  that  evidently  had  a  nest  nearb}'.  On 
August  3,  a  female  was  flushed  in  a  burning,  which  immediately  fell 
to  the  ground,  fluttering  along  as  though  wounded.  On  searching 
closely  a  very  j^oung  bird  in  the  down  was  found.  Ten  of  these  birds 
were  seen  flying  over  the  camp  at  Rush  Lake,  on  August  9. 

54.  Chaetura  pelagica.  Chimney  swift. — Michigan:  Common 
summer  resident,  breeding  throughout  the  state. 

The  swift  was  not  commonly  observed  in  the  sand  country-,  but 
was  more  abundant  about  Rush  Lake  and  on  Stony  Island.  Only 
one  nest  was  found  at  Sand  Point.  This  was  built  on  the  inside  of 
the  north  gable  of  the  fish  house  and  was  firmly  glued  to  the  rough 
boards.  At  Rush  Lake  the  species  was  not  uncommon  and  was  seen 
nearly  every  day.  On  Stony  Island.  July  15,  a  nest  which  contained 
four  young  birds  was  found  in  an  old  chimney,  and  on  July  16  another 
nest  with  four  eggs  was  found  on  the  inside  of-  an  old  ice  house.  On 
July  14,  at  Stony  Island,  a  flock  of  about  thirty  was  seen  flying  over 
the  woods. 

55.  Trochilus  colubris.  Ruby-throated  hummingbird. — Michi- 
gan:    Common  summer  resident,  breeding  throughout  the  state. 

Observed  occasionally  throughout  the  sand  country  and  on  Stony 
Island,  but  less  commonly  on  Sand  Point.  No  nests  were  found  on 
Sand  Point,  although  the  species  no  doubt  bred  there.  At  Rush 
Lake  two  nests  were  found.  One  of  these  (found  on  August  14)  was 
not  completed,  and  the  female  was  at  w^ork  covering  it  with  lichens. 
But  two  birds  were  seen  on  Stony  Island. 

56.  Tyrannus  tyrannus.  Kingbird. — Michigan:  Common  sum- 
mer resident,  breeding  throughout  the  state. 

Commonly  observed  in  the  sand  country  and  on  Stony  Island. 
The  kingbird  was  a  common  breeder  both  in  the  sand  and  clay 
regions;  in  the  former  nesting  in  the  scrub  oaks  as  well  as  in  the  jack 
pines.  On  Sand  Point,  two  nests  were  found  on  July  1,  one  contain- 
ing three  eggs  and  the  other  two  young,  and,  on  July  4,  a  set  of  three 
fresh  eggs  was  found.  Another  found  on  Jul\'  10  had  two  \^oung 
that  were  nearly  fledged.  At  Rush  Lake,  on  July  29,  a  nest  was 
found  on  a  low  swampy  island  about  five  hundred  yards  from  the 
shore.  The  three  birds  in  this  nest  were  nearly  fledged.  On  Stony 
Island,  the  birds  were  most  common  about  the  clearings.  It  is  re- 
markable that  all  of  the  nests  found  by  our  party  contained  only  two 
or  three  eggs  with  one  exception,  a  set  of  four,  'for  at  Ann  Arbor  the 
usual  complement  seems  to  be  four  or  five. 


BIRDS.  289 

-57.  Myiarchus  crinitus.  Crested  flycatcher. — Michigan:  Com- 
mon summer  resident,  breeding  all  over  the  state  \nth  the  possible 
exception  of  the  extreme  northern  part  of  the  upper  peninsula. 

Common  at  Sand  Point,  but  apparently  not  so  abundant  in  the 
sand  region  to  the  east  or  on  Stony  Island.  It  was  a  common 
breeder  on  Sand  Point  and  nested  in  the  cavities  of  the  oak  trees 
which  bordered  the  low  thickets.  A  pair  was  seen  on  Stony  Island 
on  July  14. 

58.  Sayomisphoebe.  Phoebe. — Michigan:  Common  summer  resi- 
dent, breeding  all  over  the  state. 

Very  common  about  the  clearings  on  Stony  Island,  but  only  oc- 
casionally observed  in  the  sand  country  at  Sand  Point  and  at  Rush 
Lake  before  August  1.  In  August  they  become  more  abundant  as 
migrants  in  the  sand  region.  A  few  probabh'  nest  in  the  sand  region, 
but  no  nests  were  found.  A  pair  nested  in  the  fish  house  on  Stony 
Island,  and  the  nest  contained  fom'  eggs  on  July  17. 

59.  Myiochanes  virens.  Wood  pewee. — Michigan:  Common 
summer  resident,  breeding  throughout  the  state. 

Abundant  throughout  the  sand  region  and  on  Stony  Island.  It 
was  one  of  the  most  common  breeders  on  Sand  Point,  and  its  nests 
were  often  found  in  jack  pine  as  well  as  scrub  oak  trees.  On  July 
4  a  nest  containing  three  eggs  was  found,  and  on  July  1  another  with 
three  young.  All  but  one  had  only  three  eggs.  Several  nests  were 
found  at  Rush  Lake,  the  first  on  August  7. 

60.  Empidonax  flaviventris.  Yellow-bellied  flycatcher. — Michi- 
gan: Scarce  migrant  and  summer  resident,  breeding  in  extreme 
northern  portion.     Summer  resident  in  latitude  45°  20'.   (Gibbs*.) 

Two  individuals  (probably  migrants)  were  seen  in  small  oak  trees 
at  the  end  of  Sand  Point  on  August  18.  These  were  the  only  ones 
seen. 

61.  Empidonax  traillii  alnorum.  Alder  flycatcher. — Michigan: 
Common  summer  resident,  breeding  throughout  the  state. 

Two  were  seen  in  a  willow  swamp  near  Turtle  Bay  on  the  south 
side  of  Sand  Point  on  August  26.     These  may  have  been  migrants. 

62.  Empidonax  minimus.  Least  flycatcher. — Michigan:  Com- 
mon summer  resident,  breeding  throughout  the  state. 

This  species  was  apparently  a  rare  breeder  in  this  region  as  only 
tw^o  indi^^duals  were  seen — one  on  Stony  Island,  July  15,  and  one  on 
Sand  Point.  August  18. 

63.  Otocoris  alpestris  praticola.  Prairie  horned  lark. — Michi- 
gan: Common  summer  resident,  breeding  throughout  the  state  ex- 
cept in  extreme  northern  portion. 

*Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  and  Geo?r.  Survey  of  the  Terrltorle-.  Vol.  V,  p.  488. 
37 


290"  BIRDS. 

^  It  was  not  observed  in  the  sand  country.  A  large  flock  was  seen 
on  July  29,  and  five  more  on  August  4,  in  cultivated  fields  near  Rush 
Lake. 

64.  Cyanocitta  cristata.  Blue  jay. — Michigan:  Abundant  resi- 
dent, breeding  throughout  the  state. 

This  species  was  a  rare  breeder  in  this  region,  and  was  very  rarely 
seen  or  heard.     It  was  reported  to  be  more  common  in  winter. 

65.  Corvus  brachyrhynchos.  American  crow. — Michigan:  Abun- 
dant migrant  and  summer  resident,  also  an  occasional  winter  resident 
in  southern  portion;  breeds  throughout  the  state. 

Abundant  throughout  the  sand  region  and  on  Stony  Island.  It 
was  an  abundant  breeder,  and  many  nests  were  found  in  the  jack 
pine  trees.  They  were  very  tame  and  daily  patrolled  the  beaches 
for  the  dead  fish  that  drifted  up  in  varying  numbers,  and  apparently 
made  up  a  large  portion  of  their  food.  The  residents  told  us  that  a 
few  crows  often  wintered  in  the  region. 

66.  Dolichonyx  oryzivorus.  Bobolink. — Michigan:  Abundant 
summer  resident,  breeding  throughout  the  state  except  in  the  ex- 
treme northern  portion. 

Five  were  seen  at  Stony  Island  during  the  week  of  July  13,  and 
others  in  the  fields  near  Rush  Lake.  Not  seen  at  Sand  Point  until 
August  8.  It  no  doubt  bred  on  Stony  Island  and  in  the  cultivated 
fields  near  Rush  Lake.  On  Sand  Point  there  was  no  favorable  lo- 
cation for  nests,  and  no  birds  were  seen  until  August  8,  when  large 
flocks  came  to  the  large  grassy  swamp  at  the  base  of  the  Point.  The 
latter  were  all  in  fall  plumage,  and  may  have  wandered  from  the  clay 
country  to  the  east  or  have  migrated  across  the  bay  from  the  north- 
west. 

67.  Molothrus  ater.  Cowbird.- — Michigan:  Abundant  summer 
resident  and  breeds  all  over  the  state  except  in  extreme  northern 
portion. 

This  species  was  a  common  one  on  the  Point  but  was  only  seen  in 
small  numbers  until  August,  when  flocks  of  twent}^  or  -thirty  were 
seen.  It  was  also  common  on  Stony  Island.  On  August  6,  a  female 
red-eyed  vireo  was  seen  feeding  a  young  cowbird  larger  than  her- 
self. Eggs  were  found  in  nests  of  the  ovenbird,  cedar-bird  and  wood 
pewee. 

68.  Agelaius  phoeniceus.  Red-winged  blackbird. — Michigan: 
Abundant  summer  resident;  breeds  all  over  the  state. 

This  species  was  found  in  marshy  places  throughout  the  sand 
region  and  on  Stony  Island.  On  June  24,  a  nest  was  found  in  the 
open  wet  marsh  near  the  end  of  Sand  Point.  It  was  built  in  a  low 
willow  bush  and  contained  two  fresh  eggs.     On  July  8,  several  pairs 


BIRDS.  291 

were  found  nesting  in  the  large  grassy  marsh  at  the  base  of  Sand 
Point,  and  nearly  all  of  the  nests  contained  young  too  small  to  leave 
them.  On  Stony  Island  it  was  probably  the  most  common  bird 
and  by  July  15  had  commenced  to  flock.  Large  flocks  were  seen 
daily  in  August  at  Sand  Point  and  Rush  Lake. 

69.  Stumella  magna.  Meadow  lark. — Michigan:  Abundant 
summer  and  an  occasional  winter  resident,  breeding  throughout  the 
state  except  in  extreme  northern  portion. 

Several  individuals  were  seen  in  the  marsh  on  Stony  Island,  and  the 
species  was  common  in  the  fields  at  Rush  Lake.  It  was  not  seen  in 
the  sand  region.  On  August  15  a  nest  with  two  young  birds  was 
found  at  Rush  Lake.     It  probably  bred  also  on  Stony  Island. 

70.  Icterus  galbula.  Baltimore  oriole. — Michigan:  Common 
summer  resident,  breeding  throughout  the  state  except  in  extreme 
northern  portion. 

Observed  in  the  sand  country  only  at  Sand  Point,  where  a  single 
bird  was  seen  on  June  25  and  three  more  on  August  3.  One  speci- 
men was  seen  on  Stony  Island.  Not  uncommon  in  the  clay  country 
near  Rush  Lake.  We  secured  no  breeding  records  for  the  sand 
region.  A  family  with  several  young  w^as  seen  at  Stony  Island  on 
July  13. 

71.  Quiscalus  quiscula  aeneus.  Bronzed  grackle. — Michigan: 
Abundant  summer  resident,  breeding  throughout  the  state. 

Observed  but  once  in  the  sand  region  (at  Sand  Point  on  June  22), 
but  common  on  Stony  Island  and  in  the  clay  country  at  Rush  Lake. 
It  was  observed  in  flocks  on  Stony  Island  on  July  15  and  July  17. 
At  Rush  Lake  it  was  common  until  August  10,  when  all  apparently 
left  the  region. 

72.  Carpodacus  purpureus.  Purple  finch. — Michigan:  Com- 
mon migrant  and  not  uncommon  summer  resident,  breeding  north 
of  latitude  43°  30'. 

Only  observed  on  Sand  Point,  where  it  was  a  rare  breeder.  No 
nests  were  found,  but  the  adult  birds  w^ere  seen  from  June  16  until 
August  27,  when  we  left  the  Point.  On  July  27,  the  writer  saw  two 
males  fluttering  their  wings  and  singing  before  a  female  as  though 
courting  her.     She  finally  flew  away  and  both  males  followed. 

73.  Astragalinus  tristis.  American  goldfinch. — Michigan:  Abun- 
dant summer  and  common  winter  resident  in  southern  portion. 

Common  throughout  the  sand  region,  on  Stony  Island,  and  in  the 
clay  country  near  Rush  Lake.  After  July  1,  a  favorite  food  of  the 
goldfinch  in  this  region  was  the  seed  of  the  thistle,  which  was  com- 
mon on  the  sand  dunes  along  the  beaches. 


292  BIRDS. 

74.  Pooecetes  gramineus.  Vesper  .sparrow. — Michigan:  Abun- 
dant summer  resident,  breeding  throughout  the  state. 

Single  birds  were  seen  on  Sand  Point  on  June  15,  August  20,  and 
August  22  and  on  Stony  Island  on  July  12.  Not  observed  else- 
where in  the  sand  region  except  once  at  Rush  Lake.  Common  in  the 
fields  at  Rush  Lake. 

75.  Passerculus     sandwichensis     savanna.     Savanna     sparrow. — 
Michigan:     Abundant  migrant  and  scarce  summer  resident;  breeds- 
locallj^  north  of  latitude  42°. 

A  single  bird  w^as  found  on  a  sand  dune  on  Sand  Point,  June  14, 
and  another  in  a  field  near  Rush  Lake  on  July  30.  These  were  the 
only  specimens  seen. 

76.  Cotumiculus  savannarum  australis.  Grasshopper  sparrow. 
— Michigan:  Rather  common  summer  resident  south  of  latitude 
43°,  breeding  in  grassy  fields. 

A  single  bird  of  this  species  was  seen  in  a  hay  field  near  Caseville, 
on  July  29. 

77.  Spizella  passerina.  Chipping  sparrow\ — Michigan:  Abun- 
dant summer  resident,  breeding  throughout  the  state. 

Abundant  throughout  the  sand  region  and  in  the  clay  country  at 
Rush  Lake.  Only  two  birds  seen  on  Stony  Island.  It  was  a  very 
common  breeder  in  the  sand  country  and  nested  in  jack  pine  growths 
as  well  as  in  the  more  open  oak  openings.  The  first  young  were  ob- 
served on  July  3,  and  they  soon  became  very  abundant. 

78.  Spizella  pusilla.  Field  sparrow. — Michigan:  Abundant 
summer  resident,  breeding  throughout  the  state. 

Rather  common  throughout  the  sand  region,  and  a  nest  and  one 
family  observed  on  Stony  Island  on  July  18.  It  was  a  very  common 
breeder  on  Sand  Point,  nesting  in  low  bushes  in  the  burnings  and 
clearings  generally,  but  it  was  not  as  common  elsewhere  in  the  sand 
region.  On  July  2,  the  young  birds  were  ready  to  fly.  The  family 
observed  on  Stony  Island  consisted  of  five  birds. 

79.  Melospiza  melodia.  Song  sparrow.— Michigan :  An  abundant 
summer  and  an  occasional  winter  resident  in  the  southern  portion, 
breeding  throughout  the  state. 

Common  throughout  the  sand  region  and  on  Stony  Island.  The 
species  was  a  common  breeder  in  the  sand  region,  seemingly  prefer- 
ing  the  edges  of  sw^amps  and  thickets.  It  was  the  most  abundant 
bird  along  the  beach,  being  characteristic  of  the  shrub  zone  along  the 
top  of  the  dunes.  Young  birds  were  seen  first  July  2.  Wood  saw 
large  flocks  of  this  species  on  August  22  at  the  extreftie  end  of  Sand 
Point,  in  the  low  willows  which  cover  an  extensive  area  there.  Many 
of  these  (if  not  all)  were  no  doubt  migrants.     At  Rush  Lake  it  was 


BIRDS.  293 

also   very  common,   and   many   nests  were   found,   each  containing 
three  young. 

80.  Melospiza  georgiana.  Swamp  sparrow. — Michigan:  Com- 
mon summer  resident,  breeding  throughout  the  state. 

Found  in  grassy  marshes  in  the  sand  region,  but  not  common. 
Two  birds  seen  in  the  large  marsh  on  Stony  Island.  With  the  ex- 
ception of  those  seen  on  Stony  Island,  the  species  was  found  during 
the  breeding  season  only  in  the  large  grassy  swamp  at  the  base  of 
Sand  Point.  Several  male  birds  were  observed  singing  on  July  8 
and  9,  in  the  tall  grass  and  clumps  of  wild  rose  and  willow  that  are 
scattered  through  the  marsh  and  margin  the  surrounding  forest, 
but  it  was  impossible  to  locate  a  nest.  This  species  was  again  seen 
at  the  edge  of  Turtle  Bay  on  the  south  shore  of  Sand  Point,  on  Aug- 
ust 22,  in  some  bushes  at  the  edge  of  Long  Lake,  and  in  a  wet  marsh 
at  Rush  Lake  on  August  1  and  13. 

81.  Pipilo  erythrophthalmus.  Towhee. — ^Michigan:  Abundant 
summer  resident,  breeding  throughout  the  state. 

Very  abundant  in  the  sand  region.  One  pair  observed  on  Stony 
Island.  The  towhee  was  a  very  abundant  breeder  on  Sand  Point, 
nesting  in  the  fallen  tree  tops  and  at  the  edge  of  the  swamps  and 
thickets  that  were  not  too  wet.  The  young  birds  began  to  leave  the 
nests  on  July  1,  and  after  that  date  were  very  common.  We  saw 
them  feeding  on  the  juneberries  and  blueberries,  which  were  very 
plentiful  and  furnished  food  for  many  species.  A  nest  containing 
three  young  was  found  in  the  sand  dunes  at  Rush  Lake  on  August 
8.     The  pair  at  Stony  Island  was  observed  on  July  16. 

82.  Zamelodia  ludoviciana.  Rose-breasted  grosbeak. — Michi- 
gan: Common  summer  resident,  breeding  all  over  the  state  with  the 
exception  of  Isle  Royale. 

This  species  was  very  rare  in  the  sand  region  and  was  seen  onh- 
twice — on  July  12  at  Sand  Point  and  on  July  30  at  Rush  Lake. 

83.  Passerina  cyanea.  Indigo  bunting. — Michigan:  Common 
summer  resident,  breeding  all  over  the  state  with  the  exception  of 
Isle  Royale. 

Very  common  on  Stony  Island  and  Sand  Point,  but  apparenth' 
not  as  common  elsewhere  in  the  sand  region.  Common  in  the  claj- 
country  at  Rush  Lake.  It  was  a  very  common  breeder  on  Sand 
Point  and  was  seen  practically  every  day,  until  August  17,  in  the 
open  woods  and  burnings  near  the  edges  of  swamps  and  thickets.  A 
nest  with  three  eggs  was  found,  July  1,  in  a  low  oak  on  a  dune.  The 
first  young  were  seen  on  June  29.  Migration  probably  took  place 
about  the  middle  of  August,  for  it  was  not  observed  after  the  17th. 

84.  Pirango     erythromelas.     Scarlet     tanager. — Michigan:     Com- 


294  BIRDS. 

mon  summer  resident,  breeding  all" over  the  state  with  the  exception 
of  Isle  Roy  ale. 

Observed  four  times  on  Sand  Point  and  once  in  the  clay  country  at 
Rush  Lake.  It  is  probably  to  be  considered  as  a  rare  breeder  in  this 
region,  for  during  the  breeding  season  it  was  observed  only  twice,  on 
June  26  and  June  30  (Sand  Point).  An  immature  male  in  fall  plumage 
was  seen  on  August  24  and  another  on  August  25.  These  were 
with  flocks  of  warblers  and  were  probably  migrants. 

85.  Progne  subis.  Purple  martin. — Michigan:  Common  sum- 
mer resident,  breeding  throughout  the  state  with  the  exception  of 
Isle  Roy  ale. 

Common  about  the  towns  in  the  sand  region  (Bayport  and  Case- 
ville),  but  only  occasionally  elsewhere.  It  apparently  did  not  breed 
on  Sand  Point,  but  several  breeding  pairs  and  nests  were  observed 
at  Bayport,  on  June  13.  The  nests  were  built  on  cornices  of  the 
hotel  and  stores.  We  saw  single  pairs  on  August  2  and  5  flying  over 
the  water  along  the  north  beach  of  Sand  Point.  There  was  a  small 
colony  at  Caseville,  where  we  saw^  them  several  times,  and  they  were 
also  occasionally  seen  about  Rush  Lake. 

86.  Petrochelidon  lunifrons.  Cliff  swallow. — Michigan:  Com- 
mon summer  resident,  breeding  throughout  the  state. 

Several  flocks  observed  on  Sand  Point,  August  12,  and  a  single 
bird  on  Stony  Island,  July  16.  The  species  occurred  in  the  sand 
region  only  as  a  migrant.  The  only  record  was  secured  on  August 
12,  when  early  in  the  morning  several  flocks  were  seen  near  the  end 
of  Sand  Point.  In  company  with  barn  and  bank  swallows,  these 
birds  were  slowly  flying  down  the  Point,  feeding  on  the  way.  The 
single  bird  seen  on  Stony  Island  was  also  with  a  flock  of  barn  swal- 
lows. 

87.  Hirundo  erythrogaster.  Barn  swallow. — Michigan:  Abun- 
dant summer  resident,  breeding  throughout  the  state. 

A  rare  breeder,  except  about  the  towns,  but  a  common  migrant  in 
the  sand  region,  and  a  common  breeder  in  the  clay  countr}^  at  Rush 
Lake  and  on  Stony  Island.  The  only  pair  that  nested  on  the  Point 
had  a  nest  on  top  of  a  door  on  the  west  side  of  a  fish  house,  and  on 
June  15  the  five  eggs  w^ere  nearly  ready  to  hatch.  A  severe  storm 
washed  this  nest  away  on  July  17,  and  for  five  days  the  old  birds 
flew  about  in  distress.  On  July  22  we  saw  them  carrying  nesting 
material  into  a  large  house  on  the  shore  nearby,  and  here  they  built 
a  second  nest  on  a  high  rafter  in  the  peak,  where  they  raised  a  brood 
of  young  which  were  still  in  the  nest  on  August  4.  On  the  latter 
date,  flock  after  flock  of  this  species  were  coming  from  the  west  and 
northwest  across  the  bay  from  the  direction  of  Point  Lookout.     These 


BIRDS.  295 

birds  were  in  company  with  bank  and  tree  swallows.  On  August 
10,  another  migration  took  place,  but  these  birds  did  not  stop  to  feed 
on  the  way,  flying  on  down  the  north  beach  in  loose  straggling  flocks, 
accompanied  by  a  few  flocks  of  chimney  swifts.  At  Rush  Lake  this 
bird  was  a  common  breeder,  nesting  in  the  farm  buildings  in  the  clay 
country,  and  was  seen  daily  during  August.  They  bred  in  numbers 
in  the  fish  house  on  Stony  Island,  and  many  nests  were  found,  each 
containing  eggs  and  young,  during  our  stay  there. 

88.  Iridoprocne  bicolor.  Tree  swallow. — Michigan:  Common 
summer  resident,  breeding  throughout  the  state. 

Uncommon  as  a  resident  on  Stony  Island  and  Sand  Point  but 
common  as  a  migrant  in  the  latter  place.  Not  observed  elsewhere. 
The  species  was  first  seen  on  Stony  Island,  July  12,  in  compan\-  with 
barn  swallows,  and  a  single  nest  containing  young  birds  was  found 
two  da3's  later.  On  Sand  Point,  it  was  first  seen  on  July  15,  and  on 
the  following  day  about  fifty  were  seen  near  Turtle  Bay.  These 
acted  like  visitors,  and  were  not  seen  again.  On  August  4,  at  the 
end  of  Sand  Point,  we  saw  several  small  flocks  migrating  in  company 
with  barn  and  bank  swallows,  and  again  on  August  10,  a  few  were 
seen  under  the  same  conditions.  The  bulk  of  the  migrants  were 
seen  after  August  13. 

89.  Riparia  riparia.  Bank  swallow. — Michigan:  Abundant 
summer  resident,  breeding  all  over  the  state. 

Xot  common  in  the  sand  region  during  the  breeding  season;  more 
abundant  after  August  18.  Observed  on  Sand  Point,  at  Rush  Lake 
and  on  Stony  Island.  Only  two  colonies  were  found.  On  Sand 
Point  a  small  colons'  (six  pairs)  nested  in  the  steep  sand  dune  west 
of  the  fish  house,  where  the  waves  had  washed  away  the  beach  and 
left  a  vertical  face  exposed.  On  June  18  we  found  the  birds  about 
this  spot  and  the  next  day  one  of  the  nests  was  dug  out.  It  was 
about  20  inches  from  the  entrance  and  about  ten  inches  below  the 
surface.  The  nest  was  made  of  grass  and  grass  roots,  and  beautifully 
lined  with  white  gull  feathers  arranged  so  that  they  stood  on  end, 
thus  forming  a  cup  nearly  closed  at  the  top.  It  contained  five 
eggs  slightly  incubated.  This  colony  had  left  before  the  migration 
of  this  species  on  August  4  and  10,  but  a  few  birds  were  seen  on  the 
Point  as  late  as  August  24.  The  other  colony  was  found  on  August 
3  in  a  sand  bank  between  Oak  and  Little  Oak  Points,  and  the  young 
were  nearly  full  grown.  The  few  birds  seen  on  Stony  Island  were  in 
flocks  of  barn  swallows. 

90.  Stelgidopteryx  serripennis.  Rough-winged  swallow. — Michi- 
gan: Common  summer  resident,  breeding  throughout  the  state 
with  the  exception  of  Isle  Royale. 


296  BIRDS. 

Apparently  rare  both  as  a  breeder  and  migrant  in  the  sand  region. 
Only  observed  on  Sand  Point.  Only  two  pair  of  rough-winged 
swallows  were  found  breeding.  The  nests  were  in  the  bank  on 
Sand  Point  near  those  of  the  bank  swallow  described  above.  The 
nests  of  the  rough-winged  could  be  identified  by  the  more  elliptical 
shape  of  the  entrance.  We  found  the  nest  about  twenty-four  inches 
from  the  entrance,  and  back  of  it,  in  a  small  pocket,  the  female. 
The  nest  was  made  of  small  twigs  and  stems  of  grass  and  was  lined 
principally  with  fine  blades  of  grass  and  pieces  of  birch  bark,  but 
two  pieces  of  fish  bones,  a  wing  of  a  maple  seed  and  small  pieces  of 
dried  water  plants  were  also  found  in  the  structure.  It  contained 
seven  fresh  eggs.  These  w^ere  a  little  larger  than  those  of  the  bank 
swallow  and  more  obtuse.  During  July  a  few  birds  were  seen  among 
the  colony  of  bank  swalloTVS  but  apparently  left  with  them  about 
August  1,  as  none  were  seen  later  in  the  swallow  migrations  of  Aug- 
ust 4  and  10. 

91.  Bombycilla  cedrorum.  Cedar  waxwing. — Michigan:  Abun- 
dant summer  and  occasional  winter  resident  in  southern  portion. 

Common  throughout  the  sand  country,  on  Stony  Island,  and  in 
the  clay  country  at  Rush  Lake.  The  cedar-bird  was  one  of  the 
characteristic  breeders  in  the  sand  country,  nesting  almost  exclusive- 
ly in  the  jack  pine  trees.  The  first  nest  found  was  just  commenced 
on  June  19;  one  on  June  29  contained  four  fresh  eggs;  another  June 
30  was  just  commenced.  Others  were  found  in  different  stages 
throughout  July,  and  as  late  as  August  6  one  found  near  Rush  Lake 
was  just  commenced.  They  w^ere  placed  from  twelve  to  thirty  feet 
from  the  ground  and  were  strongly  built  of  fibres  and  roots.  One 
nest  near  camp  on  Sand  Point  was  composed  almost  entirely  of  cotton 
which  the  birds  had  picked  from  an  old  mattress  on  the  ground. 
Throughout  the  month  of  August  small  flocks  of  this  species  were 
seen  flying  about  Sand  Point,  often  feeding  on  the  wild  red  cherry 
trees  near  Long  Lake. 

92.  Lanius  ludovicianus  migrans.  Migrant  shrike. — Michigan: 
Common  summer  resident,  breeding  throughout  the  state  except 
the  extreme  northern  portion. 

This  species  was  not  seen  in  the  sand  region  even  during  the  migra- 
tion, but  was  not  uncommon  in  the  fields  about  Rush  Lake. 

93.  Vireosylva  olivaceus.  Red-eyed  vireo.— Michigan:  Abun- 
dant summer  resident,  breeding  all  over  the  state. 

Very  common  throughout  the  sand  region  and  on  Stony  Island. 
This  bird  was  one  of  the  most  abundant  breeders  in  the  sand  region, 
nesting  generally  in  the  oak  trees.  Nests  were  found  as  early  as 
June  25  (Sand  Point)  and  as  late  as  July  25  (Sand  Point).     On  the 


BIRDS.  297 

latter  date,  young  birds  began  to  appear.  When  we  called  birds  by 
sucking  the  back  of  our  hands,  this  species  was  nearly  always  the 
first  to  appear.  It  was  still  on  Sand  Point  when  we  left  the  field, 
August  27. 

94.  Mniotilta  varia.  Black  and  white  warbler. — Michigan:  Com- 
mon migrant  and  summer  resident:  breeds  throughout  the  state. 

Not  observed  commonls'  in  the  sand  region  during  the  breeding 
season,  but  abundant  after  August  1.  It  was  a  rare  breeder  on  Sand 
Point.  A  female  that  acted  like  a  nesting  bird  was  seen  near  the 
edge  of  a  thicket  on  June  22.  Others  were  seen  on  Jul}'  3  and  4.  We 
first  saw  the  young  on  July  18,  when  a  family  was  seen  at  the  edge 
of  a  thicket,  where  they  no  doubt  were  raised.  It  was  seen  in  small 
flocks  during  the  rest  of  July.  From  August  1  to  4  a  migration  wave 
of  warblers  reached  Sand  Point,  and  this  species  became  very  com- 
mon, a  few  being  observed  in  every  flock.  At  Rush  Lake  they  were 
not  observed  so  commonly  until  August  10.  They  were  still  ver\' 
common  all  over  the  sand  region  w'hen  the  party  left  the  field,  August 
27.  They  were  the  most  curious  of  the  warblers,  often  coming  with- 
in a  few  feet  of  one  when  called  by  chirping.  When  feeding  they 
seemed  to  prefer  the  larger  limbs  and  trunks  of  the  trees  and  were 
often  found  feeding  on  the  trunks  of  the  willow  bushes  at  the  edge  of 
the  thickets,  going  over  them  like  a  nuthatch  or  chickadee,  in  whose 
company  they  often  fed.  They  w^re  also  often  seen  on  the  low  jack 
pines  and  in  the  oaks. 

95.  Helminthophila  chrysoptera.  Golden-winged  warbler. — 
Michigan:  Not  uncommon  summer  resident,  breeding  throughout 
the  state  with  the  exception  of  Isle  Roy  ale. 

Apparently  a  rare  migrant  in  the  sand  region.  The  species  was 
only  observed  on  Sand  Point.  The  first  one  seen  was  on  August  5, 
when  the  water  thrush  was  also  first  noted.  Another  was  seen  Aug- 
ust 6.  All  of  these  were  in  the  thick  willow-poplar  thickets  at  the 
end  of  the  Point.  Four  more  were  seen  on  August  7,  in  thick  willows 
at  the  edge  of  an  open  swamp.  They  were  very  shy  and  wild  and 
could  be  seen  only  by  hiding  and  chirping  softly.  If  this  was  done, 
and  one  of  these  birds  was  within  hearing,  it  would  cautiously  work 
its  way  toward  us  but  would  disappear  at  the  slightest  movement. 
The  last  one  w^as  seen  August  14,  and,  although  these  habitats  were 
worked  daily  during  our  stay,  no  more  were  seen. 

96.  Helminthophila  nibricapilla.  Nashville  warbler. — Michigan: 
Common  migrant  and  summer  resident,  breeding  north  of  latitude 
44°. 

Apparently  to  be  considered  only  as  a  migrant  in  the  sand  region: 
seen  at  Sand  Point  and  Rush  Lake.     It  was  first  found  on  July  24 


298  BIRDS. 

at  the  edge  of  a  small  thicket  near  the  end  of  Sand  Point.  It  seems 
safe  to  conclude  that  the  two  birds  seen  on  this  date  were  not  resi- 
dents, as  we  had  worked  that  locality  for  more  than  a  month  and 
had  not  seen  or  heard  one.  The  species  was  found  breeding  in  Iosco 
County,  in  June  1907,  by  Miss  Harriet  Wright,  of  Saginaw,  so  it  had 
only  to  migrate  across  Saginaw  Bay  to  get  to  the  Point.  The  first 
ones  seen  w^ere  juvenile  and  immature  birds,  but  after  the  migration 
wave  of  August  5  and  6,  it  became  very  common  at  Sand  Point  and 
adults  were  seen.  It  was  seen  but  once  at  Rush  Lake — a  male  on 
August  27.  The  species  was  very  tame  and  when  called  would  come 
from  the  thick  willow  and  poplar  swamps  and  feed  within  a  few  feet 
of  us,  especially  the  young  ones.  It  seemed  to  prefer  to  feed  low 
down  in  such  thickets,  but  was  also  seen  in  low  oak  and  pine  trees. 
It  was  still  common  when  we  left  Sand  Point,  August  27. 

97.  Dendroica  tigrina.  Cape  May  warbler. — Michigan:  Rather 
rare  migrant,  breeding  to  the  north  of  Michigan;  no  breeding  records 
for  the  state. 

This  species  was  a  common  migrant  on  Sand  Point  but  was  only 
observed  once  elsewhere — a  single  bird  at  Little  Oak  Point  on  Aug- 
ust 2L 

The  first  bird  seen  was  in  a  small  jack  pine  at  the  end  of  the  Point, 
on  August  14.  The  night  preceding  August  18  was  clear  and  cool 
with  a  strong  northwest  wind  and  several  warblers  appeared.  The 
Cape  May  came  in  small  flocks  of  ten  to  twenty  birds  and  the  next 
day  was  found  all  over  the  Point.  All  stages  of  plumage  were  seen 
from  ±he  plainly  colored  juveniles  to  the  highly  colored  and  striped 
adults.  It  was  one  of  the  most  common  warblers  when  we  broke 
camp  on  August  27.  Its  food  seemed  to  be  found  only  on  the  jack  pine 
trees,  and  none  were  observed  feeding  on  other  trees.  The  young 
birds  of  this  species  may  be  known  by  the  peculiar  dark  streaks  on 
the  sides  and  breast,  and  by  the  golden  color  of  the  feathers  about 
the  ear  coverts,  also  by  the  actions,  for  while  feeding  this  species 
has  a  slow  creeping  movement  and  was  often  seen  clinging  to  the 
under  side  of  the  pine  cones  hke  the  red-breasted  nuthatch,  which 
was  nearly  always  in  their  company  and  fed  largely  on  the  same  food. 
When  the  small  flock  of  warblers  passed  on  to  other  trees,  the  nut- 
hatches usually  followed  and  again  fed  with  them.  The  flocks  seen 
first  were  composed  of  juvenile  and  immature  birds  while  the  last 
ones  seen.  August  25  and  27,  were  nearly  all  adults. 

98.  Dendroica  aestiva.  Yellow  warbler.— Michigan :  Abundant 
summer  resident,  breeding  all  over  the  state. 

A  rare  breeder  but  common  migrant  in  the  sand  region.  Observed 
at  Sand  Point  and  Rush  Lake.     Common  breeder  in  the  clay  country 


BIRDS.  299 

at  the  latter  place.  It  was  first  observed  on  July  3,  when  a  single 
pair  was  seen  in  the  willows  at  the  margin  of  the  large  meadow  at 
the  base  of  Sand  Point.  This  pair  acted  like  nesting  birds  and  must 
have  had  a  nest  nearby.  The  species  did  not  become  common  until 
August  1,  when  it  was  seen  in  company  with  other  migrating  warb- 
lers.    It  was  not  seen  after  August  13. 

99.  Dendroica  caerulescens.  Black-throated  blue  warbler. — 
Michigan:  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident,  breeding  north 
of  latitude  44°. 

This  species  was  observed  but  once,  on  August  25,  when  two  males 
were  seen  on  a  low  jack  pine  on  Sand  Point.  These  birds  were  with 
a  small  flock  of  Cape  ^lay  warblers.  It  was  found  breeding  in  Iosco 
County,  in  June,  1907,  by  Miss  Harriet  Wright,  of  Saginaw,  and  in 
Ogemaw  County,  June  19,  1903,  by  E.  H.  Frothingham.  Later  in 
the  season  it  probably  crosses  Saginaw  Bay  to  the  Point  in  numbers. 

100.  Dendroica  coronata.  Myrtle  warbler.— Michigan:  AVjun- 
dant  migrant  and  summer  resident,  breeding  north  of  latitude  44°;  a 
common  breeder  on  Isle  Royale. 

Only  observed  on  Sand  Point,  where  it  was  a  common  migrant 
after  August  18.  The  first  ones  seen — near  the  end  of  the  Point — 
were  all  young  birds  and  looked  like  sparrows  with  their  dull  streaked 
coloration,  but  a  close  examination  would  reveal  the  yellow  rump 
patch.  The  first  adult  birds  were  seen  on  August  24.  After  this  date 
they  were  common  and  were  generally  seen  in  the  taller  jack  pines, 
sometimes  in  company  with  the  Cape  May  and  bay-breasted  warblers. 
Each  flock  of  warblers  was  often  accompanied  by  a  family  of  chicka- 
dees and  red-breasted  nuthatches.  They  were  still  common  when 
we  left  the  Point.  August  27.* 

101.  Dendroica  magnolia.  Magnolia  warbler. — Michigan:  Abun- 
dant migrant  and  summer  resident,  breeding  north  of  latitude  44°:  a 
common  breeder  on  Isle  Royale. 

Only  observed  on  Sand  Point,  where  it  was  a  common  migrant. 
The  first  one,  a  young  male,  was  seen,  on  August  19,  in  a  dense  willow 
thicket  near  the  end  of  the  Point.  On  August  24,  the  species  be- 
came common  in  the  thickets  all  over  the  Point,  and  many  were  still 
there  when  we  broke  camp  on  August  27.  It  was  not  observed  out- 
side of  the  swamps,  and  could  only  be  seen  by  calling. 

102.  Dendroica   pennsylvanica.     Chestnut-sided   warbler. — Michi 
gan:     Abundant  summer  resitlent,  breeding  locally  throughout  the 
state  with  the  exception  of  Isle  Royale. 

Evidently  a  rare  breeder  in  the  sand  region;  not  observed  on  Stony 
Island.  On  Sand  Point,  July  29,  an  adult  male  was  heard  singing 
in  a  bushy  clearing,  where  no  doubt  it  had  a  nest.     On  July  22,  an 


300  BIRDS. 

immature  male  was  seen,  after  which  no  more  were  seen  until  Aug- 
ust 7,  when  a  few  were  observed  in  company  with  a  flock  of  migrating 
bay-breasted  warblers  at  the  end  of  the  Point.  These  had  probably 
crossed  the  bay  during  the  night,  as  the  spot  had  been  most  thorough- 
ly worked  the  day  before,  and  none  of  either  species  were  seen.  On 
August  10,  a  male  was  seen  in  the  jack  pines  on  a  sand  dune  north  of 
Rush  Lake.     It  was  not  observed  after  August  14. 

103.  Dendroica  castanea.  Bay-breasted  warbler. — Michigan: 
Common  migrant  especially  in  the  fall;  breeds  in  extreme  north  por- 
tion'(Isle  Royale,  July  7,  1905). 

Common  migrant  on  Sand  Point.  Not  observed  elsewhere  in  the 
sand  region  except  a  single  individual  near  Rush  Lake,  on  August 
10.  The  first  bird  was  seen  on  August  6.  After  August  14,  it  was 
seen  in  flocks,  often  in  company  with  blackburnian  warblers.  On 
August  25,  we  observed  several  flocks  near  camp  on  Sand  Point, 
feeding  in  the  large  oak  trees  but  seldom  in  the  pine  or  other  trees. 
They  were  common  when  w^e  left  camp  on  August  27. 

104.  Dendroica  blackbumiae.  Blackburnian  warbler. — Michigan: 
Common  migrant  and  summer  resident,  breeding  north  of  latitude 
43°, 

Common  on  Sand  Point.  A  single  bird  observed  at  Rush  Lake. 
This  species  was  a  common  breeder  on  the  Point  and  was  seen  or 
heard  singing  nearly  every  day.  It  frequented  the  tops  of  the  tallest 
jack  pines,  where  it  no  doubt  nested,  but  no  nests  were  found  al- 
though many  pairs  were  watched  carefully.  Our  inability  to  locate 
nests  was  due  to  the  height  of  the  trees  and  the  multitude  of  mos- 
quitoes that  bred  and  lived  near  the  haunts  of  this  species,  and  made 
it  almost  impossible  to  continue  long  observations.  On  July  24,  a 
brood  of  nearly  fledged  young  was  found  and  watched  while  the 
parents  fed  them.  When  we  left  the  Point,  on  August  27,  the  species 
was  abundant. 

105.  Dendroica  virens.  Black-throated  green  warbler. — Michi- 
gan: Abundant  migrant  and  common  summer  resident,  breeding 
north  of  latitude  43°. 

A  rather  rare  breeder  but  common  migrant  in  the  sand  region. 
This  species  was  found  in  the  jack  pines  on  the  dunes  southwest  of 
Caseville,  on  July  7.  No  nests  w^ere  found,  as  this  locality  was  not 
worked  in  detail,  but  the  birds  were  singing,  and,  on  July  24,  a 
juvenile  bird  was  taken  there  as  it  was  being  fed  by  the  female. 
This  bird  was  very  young  and  the  nest  must  have  been  close  by. 
Other  young  birds  were  seen  on  the  Point  at  the  same  time.  About 
August  1  it  became  very  common  in  flocks,  no  doubt  from  across  the 
bay,  as  it  was  found  breeding  in  Iosco  County  in  June,  1907,  by  Miss 


BIRDS.  301 

Harriet  Wright.  On  August  20,  the  last  one  was  seen  on  the  Point. 
In  the  sand  region  about  Rush  Lake  a  few  birds  were  seen  between 
August  10  and  20. 

106.  Dendroica  vigorsii.  Pine  warbler. — Michigan:  Not  un- 
common migrant  and  summer  resident,  breeding  localh'  throughout 
the  state  except  on  Isle  Royale. 

This  species  was  the  most  common  warbler  that  bred  in  the  sand 
region,  and  it  was  also  a  common  migrant.  Nests  were  found  in 
the  tops  of  small  jack  pine  trees.  The  following  observations  are 
from  notes  of  the  senior  writer:  "On  June  16,  while  tramping 
through  the  sand  dunes  near  the  end  of  the  Point,  I  saw  a  female  on 
the  ground  collecting  material  for  a  nest.  With  her  bill  full,  she 
flew  into  the  top  of  a  jack  pine  about  thirty  feet  high.  Here  she 
disappeared,  and  I  next  saw  her  on  the  ground  with  more  material 
which  she  carried  to  the  same  place  in  the  jack  pine.  With  the 
glass  the  foundation  of  a  nest  was  found,  and  the  bird  was  watched 
for  a  long  time  as  she  flew  back  and  forth.  The  male  came  and 
chased  her  away  among  the  tree  tops,  but  soon  I  heard  his  song  and 
found  him  perched  on  a  dead  hmb  of  a  w^hite  pine  nearby,  while  the 
female  worked  steadily  on.  The  male  was  not  seen  to  help  with  the 
nest  building,  but  stayed  near  by  and  kept  singing  his  sweet  clear 
trill.  Both  birds  were  very  tame  and  often  came  within  a  few  feet 
of  me.  About  thirty  hours  later  the  nest  seemed  nearly  complete. 
It  was  a  beautiful  cup-shaped  affair,  quite  deep  and  round,  and  was 
placed  in  a  thick  bunch  of  short  stems  and  small  cones  that  were 
woven  into  it.  The  outside  was  made  of  pieces  of  bark  fibre  and 
grass  or  weed  stems,  and  the  walls  seemed  ready  for  the  lining,  which 
was  not  seen  as  the  nest  was  blown  away  a  day  or  two  afterward. 

On  July  7,  a  female  was  observed  about  a  pile  of  chips  near  camp 
where  she  seemed  to  be  picking  up  food  and  carrying  it  to  a  thick 
bunch  of  jack  pines  not  far  away.  On  July  13  the  first  young  were 
seen,  as  they  were  being  fed  by  the  female,  and  they  became  common 
about  July  25.  These  local  birds  were  all  gone  by  August  3,  and 
none  were  seen  on  the  Point  until  August  18,  when  small  flocks  were 
again  common  all  over  the  Point,  with  other  migrating  warblers  that 
no  doubt  came  from  across  Saginaw  Bay.  (The  species  was  found 
breeding  in  Iosco  County  in  June,  1907,  by  Miss  Harriet  Wright.) 

At  Rush  Lake  the  species  was  also  not  uncommon  and  became 
numerous  on  August  10  and  11,  but  was  seen  but  once  after  the  latter 
date. 

107.  Dendroica  discolor.  Prairie  warbler.— Michigan:  Scarce 
summer  resident,  breeding  locally  north  of  latitude  42°. 

This  species  was  a  rare  migrant  in  the  sand  region.     It  Avas  ob- 


302  BIRDS. 

served  first  on  August  10,  when  a  male  was  seen  in  the  jack  pines 
on  the  sand  dunes  between  Rush  Lake  and  Saginaw  Bay,  and  four 
more  were  noted  between  this  date  and  August  18.  Four  of  these 
were  immature  birds  and  had  evidently  been  bred  nearby.  On 
Sand  Point  it  was  seen  first  (at  the  west  end)  on  the  morning  of 
August  15.  This  bird  (an  adult  male)  was  feeding  in  a  small  jack 
pine.  On  August  17,  at  the  same  place,  a  large  flock  of  warblers 
that  included  several  of  this  species  was  seen.  Still  another  (the 
last  one  observed)  was  seen  in  a  thicket  near  the  same  place  on  Aug- 
ust 24. 

108.  Seiurus  aurocapillus.  Oven-bird.— Michigan:  Abundant 
summer  resident,  breeding  throughout  the  state. 

Rather  a  common  breeder  in  the  sand  region,  and  observed  in  the 
clay  country  near  Rush  Lake.  Not  seen  on  Stony  Island.  A  nest 
with  three  eggs  was  found  on  Sand  Point,  at  the  edge  of  an  old  fallen 
tree  top  on  the  edge  of  a  wooded  swamp.  (PI.  XVIII  b.)  This  nest 
was  built  in,  and  partly  covered  by,  dry  oak  leaves.  Xo  more  eggs 
were  laid  in  this  nest,  and  the  young  were  soon  hatched  and  gone. 
The  young  birds  were  often  seen  in  the  thickets,  between  July  15  and 
25,  and  the  species  was  still  common  on  the  Point  when  we  left,  on 
August  27. 

109.  Seiurus  noveboracensis  notabilis.  Grinnell's  water  thrush. — 
Michigan :     Not  uncommon  as  a  migrant ;  may  breed  on  Isle  Royale. 

This  species  was  not  an  uncommon  migrant  in  the  sand  region, 
and  was  found  in  dry  willow  thickets  and  at  the  edge  of  wet  swamps 
on  Sand  Point  and  in  the  region  of  Rush  Lake.  It  was  observed  as 
early  as  July  30,  at  Rush  Lake,  but  the  first  records  for  Sand  Point 
were  on  August  5,  6  and  7,  when  several  were  seen.  The  same  habi- 
tat was  thoroughly  worked  again  on  August  8,  but  not  a  bird  could 
be  found,  and  no  more  were  seen  until  August  24,  when  a  single  bird 
was  observed  in  a  clamp  willow-poplar  thicket.     Nearly  all  of  the 

'  individuals  found  were  on  the  ground  not  far  from  the  water.  Only 
three  were  seen  at  Rush  Lake,  between  July  30  and  August  13,  and 
all  in  low  wet  thickets. 

The   Michigan  water-thrushes  have   usually  been  referred  to   the 

■  typical  form,  'and  Ridgway*  gives  the  breeding  ground  of  Grinneirs 
as  'X'orth  and  west  of  Lake  Superior."  If  this  is  the  true  breeding 
range  these  records  show  a  migration  to  the  southeast.  The  whole 
subject  of  Michigan  water-thrushes  is  in  need  of  careful  examination 
to  determine  the  status  of  the  two  forms  in  the  state.  The  probabili- 
ties seem  to  be  that  the  typical  form  (noveboracensis)  does  not  enter 
our  limits,  although  one  of  the  Isle  Royale  specimens  has  been  so 

*Birds  of  North  and  Middle  America.  Vol.  II,  p.  640. 


BIRDS.  303 

identified  by  Mr.  Dett  Miller.  He  also  says  of  a  single  specimen 
taken  at  Rush  Lake  on  August  5,  "it  is  not  a  typical  specimen  but  is 
nearer  noveboracensis,  especially  in  measurements.  If  it  were  not 
for  its  smaller  size  it  might  equally  be  refered  to  either  form." 

110.  Oporornis  Philadelphia.  Mourning  warbler. — Michigan: 
Common  migrant  and  summer  resident,  lireeding  north  of  latitude 
43°  but  not  found  on  Isle  Royale. 

This  species  was  a  rare  migrant  on  the  Point,  and  was  first  seen  on 
August  17,  when  the  writer  called  one  out  of  a  tangle  of  fallen  tree 
tops.  The  next  and  last  one  seen  was  at  the  edge  of  a  poplar  thicket 
near  camp.  At  Rush  Lake  the  only  one  seen  was  on  August  22,  in 
a  brush  pile  in  low  woods  in  the  clay  country. 

111.  Geothlypis  trichas  brachidactyla.     Northern  yellow-throat. — 
Michigan:     Common   summer   resident,   breeding   throughout   the 

state  with  the  exception  of  Isle  Royale. 

Common  throughout  the  sand  regior  in  July  and  August  and  on 
Story  Island  in  July.  This  species  was  one  of  the  common  breeders 
on  Sand  Point,  and  was  found  in  the  usual  habitat,  i.  e.,  in  grassy 
swamps  and  adjacent  thickets  and  on  the  edges  of  ponds.  No  nests 
were  found,  but  the  young  made  their  appearance  about  July  1,  and 
females  were  seen  as  late  as  July  20.  At  Rush  Lake  it  was  common 
in  the  clay  country  as  well  as  in  the  sand  region. 

112.  Wilsonia  pusilla.  Wilson's  warbler. — Michigan:  Scarce 
migrant,  not  known  to  breed  in  the  state. 

This  species  was  a  rare  migrant  in  the  sand  region.  It  was  fii'st 
seen  on  August  20,  when  an  adult  male  was  noted  in  a  willow  thicket 
near  the  end  of  Sand  Point.  This  was  the  only  adult  bird  seen,  but 
on  August  22  several  immature  birds  were  observed  in  the  tops  of 
the  thick  willow  bushes  near  the  edge  of  Long  Lake,  and  on  August 
24  one  was  called  out  of  a  thicket  at  the  edge  of  a  wooded  swamp 
near  camp.  This  was  the  last  one  seen.  At  Rush  Lake,  only  one 
bird  was  seen  (August  2  )  in  low.  wet  woods. 

113.  Wilsonia  canadensis.  Canadian  warbler. — Michigan:  Com- 
mon migrant  but  scarce  summer  resident,  breeding  north  of  latitude 
44°. 

An  uncommon  migrant  in  the  sand  region.  This  warbler  was  one 
of  the  earliest  migrants,  as  an  adult  male  was  seen  by  Wood  on  July 
30.  This  bird  was  in  low  heavy  woods  near  the  center  of  Sand  Point, 
and  was  called  out  of  a  big  pile  of  white  pine  tree  tops  left  by  the 
lumbermen  the  winter  before.  It  was  in  fine  plumage,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  the  first  three  primaries  of  each  wing  and  the  outside  tail 
feathers  which  were  only  half-grown.  This  was  the  only  bird  seen 
until  August  10,  when  a  juvenile  male  was  seen;  and  a  very  few  more 


304  BIRDS. 

were  observed  between  this  date  and  August  24,  when  the  last  one 
was  seen.  At  Rush  Lake,  one  was  seen  on  August  4  and  several 
small  flocks  on  August  13,  all  in  the  clay  country.  Those  seen  on 
the  latter  date  were  the  last  ones  noted. 

114.  Setophaga  ruticilla.  Redstart. — Michigan:  Abundant  sum- 
mer resident,  breeding  all  over  the  state. 

This  species  was  the  most  common  warbler  breeding  in  the  sand 
region  and  on  Stony  Island.  It  was  found  in  all  sorts  of  habitats 
throughout  the  region,  but  more  especially  in  the  timbered  swamps. 
It  was  still  to  be  seen  when  we  broke  camp  on  August  27. 

115.  Dumatella  carolinensis.  Catbird. — Michigan:  Abundant 
summer  resident,  breeding  all  over  the  state. 

Found  throughout  the  sand  region  but  not  commonly.  A  single 
bird  seen  on  Stony  Island.  The  catbird  was  a  rare  breeder  on  Sand 
Point,  and  but  two  pairs  were  seen.  On  June  30  a  nest  with  three 
eggs  was  found  near  the  shore  of  Long  Lake,  and  at  Rush  Lake  a 
nest  with  one  egg  was  found  near  Oak  Point  on  August  20.  During 
the  migration  in  August,  one  or  two  birds  were  seen  almost  daily 
near  the  latter  place,  but  it  never  became  common. 

116.  Taxostoma  rufum.  Brown  thrasher. — Michigan:  Abun- 
dant summer  resident,  breeding  all  over  the  state  except  in  the  ex- 
treme northern  portion  and  Isle  Roy  ale. 

Very  rare  in  the  sand  region,  and  observed  only  on  Sand  Point. 
One  was  found  dead  on  the  south  shore  of  Sand  Point  on  June  27 
(this  may  have  drifted  in  from  another  place),  and  a  single  bird  was 
seen  on  the  Point,  July  9.  At  Rush  Lake  one  was  seen  in  the  culti- 
vated land  east  of  the  lake,  on  July  30.  These  were  the  only  birds 
seen  in  the  ten  weeks  work. 

117.  Thryothorus  ludovicianus.  Carolina  wren. — Michigan: 
Rare  summer  resident  in  extreme  southern  portion;  breeds  rarely 
as  far  north  as  latitude  44°. 

Five  individuals  were  observed  by  Wood  on  Sand  Point.  On 
August  13,  the  senior  writer  was  caUing  near  the  end  of  Sand  Point, 
and  out  of  a  tangle  of  fallen  tree  tops  a  female  juvenile  wren  of  this 
species  appeared.  On  August  18  and  19  two  others  were  seen  near 
the  same  spot,  one  of  which  was  an  adult  female,  and  on  August  24 
a  juvenile  male  was  found  in  our  camp  shack.  On  August  26,  the 
fifth  and  last  one  was  seen,  near  the  road  not  far  from  camp.  These 
birds  apparently  represented  a  brood  that  had -been  reared  on  the 
Point. 

The  finding  "of  a  brood  of  this  species  in  the  sand  region  is  very 
interesting,  as  it  is  supposed  to  be  characteristic  of  the  Carolinian 
zone  and  the  most  northern  records  for  the  state  are,  a  bird  taken  at 


BIRDS.  305 

Ann  Arbor,  on  December  14,  1890,  one  taken  near  Detroit,  August 
11,  1906,  by  P.  A.  Taverner*  and  the  nest  with  young  found  near  Ann 
Arbor  by  Mr.  A.  D.  Tinker.f  June  20,  1909.  The  presence  of  this 
brood  so  far  north  of  the  usual  range  seems  to  indicate  that  the  warm- 
er (than  the  interior)  climate  of  this  coast  may  serve  to  introduce 
this  southern  form  farther  northward  than  in  the  interior. 

118.  Troglodytes  aedon.  House  wren. — Michigan:  Abundant 
summer  resident,  breeding  all  over  the  state  with  the  exception  of 
Isle  Roy  ale. 

Common  throughout  the  sand  region  and  in  the  clay  country  at 
Rush  Lake;  apparently  rather  common  on  Stony  Island.  The  species 
was  a  common  breeder  in  the  sand  region  and  was  found  nesting  in 
cavities  in  trees  and  about  the  old  shacks.  On  June  27,  Wood  found 
a  nest  in  a  low  dead  poplar  stub  at  the  edge  of  a  poplar  thicket  on 
Sand  Point.  It  contained  seven  3'oung  about  half  fledged.  During 
July  many  broods  of  young  were  seen  in  the  tops  of  the  fallen  trees 
all  over  the  Point,  and  on  July  31  a  nest  with  two  well  fledged  young 
was  found.  When  we  left  camp,  on  August  27,  a  few  of  this  species 
were  still  to  be  seen. 

119.  Nannus  hiemalis.  Winter  wren. — Michigan:  Common 
summer  resident,  breeding  all  over  the  state  north  of  latitude  44°. 

This  species  was  a  rare  migrant  in  the  sand  region.  It  was  first 
seen  at  Rush  Lake  on  August  4  and  again  on  August  13.  On  Sand 
Point  it  was  only  seen  on  August  24.  It  may  easily  have  been  more 
common  than  our  records  indicate,  for  it  is  a  very  difficult  bird  to  see, 
as  it  rarely  leaves  the  fallen  tree  tops  and  brush  piles. 

120.  Telmatodytes  palustris.  Long-billed  marsh  wren. — Michi- 
gan: Abundant  summer  resident,  breeding  locally  throughout  the 
state  with  the  exception  of  Isle  Royale. 

Apparently  a  rare  breeder  in  the  sand  region  and  on  Stony  Island. 
The  long-billed  marsh  wren  was  seen  on  Sand  Point  only  at  Turtle 
Bay  on  the  south  side,  where  thick  tall  grass  and  rushes  with  some 
blue  flags  afforded  cover  and  nesting  sites.  A  male  was  taken  here 
on  July  22  and  others  seen.  There  was  a  colony  of  this  species  in 
the  grass-covered  area  at  the  east  end  of  Rush  Lake,  on  August  10, 
and  a  single  bird  was  found  in  the  marsh  on  Stony  Island. 

121.  Certhia  familiaris  americana.  Brown  creeper. — Michigan: 
Common  migrant  and  rare  summer  resident,  breeding  in  extreme 
northern  portion. 

A  rare  migrant  in  the  sand  region.  An  adult  male  was  seen  at 
Rush  Lake  on  July  30,  and  a  juvenile  male  on  Sand  Point,  August 


*The  Auk,  Vol.  XXIV.  p.  147. 
tThe  Auk,  Vol.  XXIV.  p.  434. 

39 


306  BIRDS. 

6.     After  the  latter  date  it  was  observed  occasionally  at  different 
places  in  the  sand  region. 

122.  Sitta  carolinensis.  "White-breasted  nuthatch. ^ — Michigan: 
Common  resident,  breeding  all  over  the  state. 

A  rare  breeder  in  the  region.  Observed  at  several  places  between 
Sand  Point  and  Hat  Point,  and  a  single  bird  on  Stony  Island.  Not- 
withstanding the  fact  that  there  were  many  apparently  suitable 
cavities  for  them  to  nest  in,  onl^^  a  very  few  of  these  birds  were  seen 
during  July.  It  was  seen  more  often  after  the  young  made  their 
appearance,  about  August  1,  but  never  became  common  anywhere 
in  the  region.  The  single  bird  seen  on  Ston}^  Island  was  taken  on 
July  14. 

123.  Sitta  canadensis.  Red-breasted  nuthatch. — Michigan: 
Common  migrant  and  summer  resident,  breeding  north  of  latitude 
44°. 

A  rather  common  migrant  in  the  sand  region,  at  least  on  Sand 
Point.  The  species  became  common  alx)ut  August  15,  after  which 
date  it  was  seen  almost  daily  with  flocks  of  warblers  and  chickadees. 
It  seemed  to  prefer  to  feed  in  the  jack  pines,  where  the}"  were  seen 
climbing  up  and  down  over  the  branches  and  cones,  and  even  hang- 
ing, back  down,  like  the  chickadees.  A  number  could  be  seen  with 
nearly  ever}*  flock  of  Cape  ]\Iay  warblers,  feeding  with  them  and  fol- 
lowing them  from  tree  to  tree.  Only  two  were  seen  at  Rush  Lake, 
August  25,  and  these  were  with  a  flock  of  chickadees. 

124.  Penthestes  atricapillus.  Black-capped  chickadee.- — Michi- 
gan:    Common  resident,  breeding  all  over  the  state. 

Common  throughout  the  sand  region  and  on  Ston}'  Island.  The 
chickadee  was  not  rare  as  a  breeder  in  the  sand  region  and  was  quite 
common  during  migration.  It  nested  in  ca\'ities  in  dead  trees, 
generall\'  near  the  edge  of  the  wooded  swamps.  On  July  3,  the  first 
juvenile  birds  were  seen  (on  Sand  Point),  and  from  about  August 
5  it  was  seen  daily  in  company  with  the  flocks  of  warblers  that  fed 
all  over  the  Point;  no  large  flock  of  any  species  of  the  latter  being 
without  a  few  chickadees.  During  August  it  was  very  common  in 
both  the  sand  region  and  clay  country  about  Rush  Lake. 

125.  Polioptila  caerulea.  Blue-gray  gnatcatcher. — Michigan: 
Common  summer  resident,  breeding  all  over  the  state  except  in  ex- 
treme northern  portion  and  Isle  Royale. 

This  species  was  a  rare  breeder  and  only  observed  on  Sand  Point. 
A  pair  was  seen  on  Jul}'  1,  and  the  next  day  a  juvenile  bird  was  noted. 
It  was  also  seen  on  July  24  and  30,  but  not  after  the  latter  date. 
This  species  is  said  to  be  characteristic  of  the  Carolinian  zone,  but  in 


BIRDS.  307 

Michigan  it  breeds  well  north  of  northern  boundary  of  this  zone  as 
defined  by  Merriam.* 

126.  Hylocichla  fuscescens.  Wilson's  thrush. — Michigan:  Com- 
mon summer  resident,  breeding  all  over  the  state. 

Apparently  rather  rare  on  Sand  Point  but  very  common  in  the 
sand  region  northeast  of  Caseville.  It  was  a  rare  breeder  on  Sand 
Point.  Its  habitat  was  the  thick  bushes  between  the  swamps  and 
burnings.  It  was  seen  on  June  15,  23,  and  30,  but  rarely  after  the 
latter  date.  Near  Rush  Lake  it  was  a  common  breeder  in  the  sand 
country,  and  severaj  could  often  be  heard  singing  at  one  time  all 
during  August.  A  nest  containing  two  eggs  was  found,  on  August 
17,  on  a  sand  dune  near  Hat  Point. 

127.  Planesticus  migratorius.  Robin.— Michigan:  Abundant 
summer  resident,  breeding  all  over  the  state. 

Apparently  a  rather  rare  breeder  in  the  sand  region  and  on  Stony 
Island,  but  common  as  a  migrant.  No  nests  were  found,  but  it  was 
observed  as^arly  as  June  27  on  Sand  Point,  July  12  on  Stony  Island 
and  July  29  at  Rush  Lake.  Only  two  birds  were  seen  on  Stony  Is- 
land. It  became  very  common  in  the  sand  region  in  August.  Large 
flocks  were  seen  on  August  14  near  the  camp  on  Sand  Point,  feeding 
on  the*juneberry  and  blueberry  bushes,  and  a  few  were  seen  feeding 
on  the  wild  red  cherry  near  Long  Lake  on  August  22.  At  Rush  Lake 
it  became  very  common  after  August  10,  when  large  flocks  were  seen 
in  both  the  sand  region  and  clay  country.  Many  in  the  former 
habitat  fed  among  the  blueberries. 

128.  Sialia  sialis.  Bluebird. — Michigan:  Common  summer  resi- 
dent throughout  except  on  Isle  Royale. 

A  rather  uncommon  breeder  in  the  sand  region  but  more  common 
as  a  migrant.  A  single  bird  observed  on  Stony  Island,  July  12.  Onh- 
a  pair  or  two  of  bluebirds  were  noticed  on  Sand  Point,  between  June 
17  and  August  1.  On  June  27,  a  brood  of  young  still  being  fed  by 
the  parents  were  seen  flying  about  a  burning  on  the  sand  ridges. 
After  August  1,  they  became  common  on  Sand  Point,  and  they  were 
also  common  at  this  time  at  Rush  Lake,  both  in  the  sand  region  and 
clay  country  but  particularly  in  the  latter.  After  August  15,  there 
was  a  decided  decrease  in  numbers. 


♦Life  Zones  and  Crop  Zones  of  the  U.  S.,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agr.,  Div.  of  Biol.  Surv.,  Bull.  No  10. 


MAMMALS.  309 


MAMMALS. 

BY  N.  A.   WOOD. 
INTRODUCTION. 

The  mammals  were  not  given  particular  attention  on  this  survey, 
and  the  following  notes  mostly  concern  the  species  that  were  en- 
countered in  the  course  of  the  work  on  the  other  groups.  The  list 
therefore  purports  to  be  neither  a  complete  synopsis  of  the  mam- 
malian fauna  of  the  region  nor  a  discussion  of  the  local  records  se- 
cured. The  specimens  and  notes  were  mosth^  secured  by  the  writer 
on  Sand  Point  and  by  Dr.  Ruthven  at  Rush  Lake  and  on  Stony 
Island,  but  a  few  skins  were  purchased,  and  notes  were  secured  from 
various  residents  in  the  vicinity.  We  are  particularly  under  obliga- 
tion to  Messrs.  L.  H.  Fittenger  and  Austin  Yax  for  records  of  species 
now  rare  or  extinct  in  the  region.  We  are  indebted  to  the  U.  S. 
Biological  Survey  for  the  identification  of  the  mice  in  the  collection. 

LIST  OF  SPECIES. 

1.  Cervus  canadensis  (Erxleben).  Wapiti;  American  elk.— Mr. 
Fittenger  informed  us  that  in  1856  the  elk  was  not  uncommonly 
found  on  Sand  Point,  and  that  he  shot  a  specimen  on  the  shore  of 
Mud  Lake  (at  the  base  of  the  Point)  in  September  of  that  year. 

2.  Odocoileus  americanus  (Erxleben).  Virginia  white-tailed  deer. 
— Mr.  Fittenger  informed  us  that  while  camping  on  Sand  Point  in 
1857-8  he  saw  numbers  of  this  species  and  shot  -several.  They  have 
long  been  extinct  in  this  region,  but,  on  July  5,  a  buck  and  two  does 
swam  over  from  Stony  Island,  where  they  had  been  placed  by  Mr. 
Wallace,  and  remained  here  all  summer.  They  apparently  found 
plenty  of  food  on  the  Point,  and  on  the  first  of  September  were  in 
fine  condition.     This  region  should  make  a  fine  preserve  for  deer. 

3.  Sciurus  rufiventer  E.  Geoffrey.  Fox  squirrel. — This  species 
occurs  throughout  the  sand  region,  but  was  seldom  seen.  It  was 
only  observed  on  Sand  Point.  Mr.  Yax  informed  us  that  ii  was  often 
found  on  the  sand  ridges  north  of  Rush  Lake. 

4.  Sciurus  hudsonicus  loquax  Bangs.  Xoisy  chickaree;  red  squir- 
rel.— The  red  scjuirrel  was  of  general  occurrence  but  not  abundant 
in  the  sand  region  and  on  Ston\^  Island. 


310  MAMMALS. 

5.  Tamais  striatus  lysteri  (Richardson).  Lyster's  chipmunk. — 
This  species  was  rather  rare  on  Sand  Point,  but  quite  common  in  the 
sand  region  east  of  Caseville.     It  was  not  observed  on  Ston\'  Island. 

6.  Marmota  monax  (Linnaeus).  "Woodchuck.— The  woodchuck 
was  common  throughout  the  sand  region,  and  burrows  were  rather 
numerous  on  the  ridges. 

7.  Mus  musculus  (Linnaeus).  House  mouse. ^ — It  is  hardh'  neces- 
sary to  state  that  this  species  was  found  about  the  fisherman's  shacks 
throughout  the  sand  region. 

8.  Peromyscus  leucopus  noveboracensis   (Fischer).     Deer  mouse. 

Although  not  as  plentiful  as  the  Baird's  field  mouse,  this  species 

was  found  rather  commonly  on  Sand  Point.  It  was  taken  in  traps 
set  both  in  the  woods  and  along  the  beach,  but  was  most  common 
under  log  piles  and  old  boats  along  thfe  shore.  The  only  other  place 
that  it  was  taken  was  in  a  cedar  swamp  at  the  east  end  of  Push  Lake, 
but  it  probably  occurs  throughout  the  sand  region. 

9.  Peromyscus  maniculatus  bairdi  (Hoy  and  Kennicott).  Baird's 
field  mouse. — This  mouse  is  probably  common  in  suitable  habitats 
throughout  the  sand  region.  It  was  abundant  in  the  cb-ift  Avood 
along  the  beach  on  the  north  side  of  Sand  Point  (Pis.  la,  IVa),  parti- 
cularly on  the  fossil  beaches,  and  a  single  specimen  was  taken  from 
a  milk  snake  found  on  the  north  shore  of  Stony  Island.  It  was  not 
found  elsewhere,  but  was  not  looked  for  east  of  Caseville.  The  sandy 
beach  is  the  principal  habitat  in  which  we  have  seen  JMichigan  and 
Ontario  specimens  of  this  species. 

10.  Microtus  pennsylvanicus  (Ord).  Pennsylvania  meadow  vole. 
—This  species  was  not  seen  anywhere  in  the  sand  region,  although 
looked  for  in  the  more  favorable  places.  It  was,  however,  taken  in 
the  clay  country  just  southeast  of  Rush  Lake. 

11.  Fiber  zibethicus  (Linnaeus).  Musk  rat. — This  was  not  an 
uncommon  species  about  the  edges  of  the  inland  lakes  and  ponds. 
It  was  found  both  on  Sand  Point  and  at  Rush  Lake. 

12.  Zapus  hudsonius  (Zimmerman).     Woodland  jumping  mouse. 

The  onh'  specimens  of  this  species  seen  were  a  female  and  seven 

v^oung  that  were  taken  from  a  burrow  in  a  low  sand  ridge  at  the  east 
end  of  Rush. Lake,  on  August  12. 

13.  Sylvilagus  floridanus  mearnsi  Allen.  Mearns'  cottontail.^ 
The  cottontail  was  not  very  common  in  the  sand  region,  but  was  of 
general  distribution.  The  scarcity  is  probably  to  be  attributed  to 
the  abundance  of  great  horned  owls,  eagles  and  foxes.  It  was  also 
found  on  Stony  Island  and  in  the  clay  country  at  Rush  Lake. 

14.  Lepus  americanus  Erxleben.  American  hare. — The  writer 
thought  he  observed  this  hare  two  or  three  times  on  Sand  Point,  but 


MAMMALS.  311 

no  specimens  were  secured.  The  residents  informed  us  that  in  the 
winter  the\'  were  common  in  the  swamps  on  Sand  Point  and  to  the 
east  of  Caseville,  and  that  a  great  number  are  killed  each  season.  We 
are  indebted  to  Mr.  Yax  for  a  specimen  taken  January  24,  1909,  in 
the  sand  region  near  Rush  Lake. 

15.  Lynx  canadensis  (Kerr).  Canada  lynx. — While  trapping  on 
Sand  Point  in  1855-6,  Mr.  Fittenger  took  fifteen  individuals  of  this 
species.  He  was  apparently  very  sure  of  the  identity  of  the  form, 
distinguishing  it  from  the  wild  cat  by  the  long  ear  tufts. 

16.  Lynx  ruffus  (Guldenstaedt).  Wild  cat;  red  lynx. — Mr.  Fitt- 
enger claimed  to  have  trapped  many  individuals  of  this  species  on 
Sand  Point,  in  1856-7,  and  there  seems  good  reason  to  believe  that 
it  is  still  to  be  found  in  the  sand  region.  We  saw  many  tracks  that 
we  believe  were  made  by  wild  cats,  and  Mr.  Kelly,  a  resident  living 
east  of  Caseville,  informed  us  that  individuals  are  still  occasionally 
shot  in  that  vicinity. 

17.  Canis  occidentalis  (Richardson).  Timber  Wolf. — Mr.  Fitt- 
enger told  us  that  this  species  was  common  on  Sand  Point  in  1855-6. 
At  the  present  time  it  is  without  doubt  entirely  extinct. 

18.  Vulpes  fulvus  (Desmarest).  Red  fox. — Although  hunted 
with  dogs  in  the  winter  and  now  mostly  driven  out  of  the  neighbor- 
ing I'egion,  the  red  fox  is  very  common  in  the  sand  region  and  on 
Stony  Island.  In  July  it  was  a  very  common  occurrence  to  find 
turtle  nests  that  had  been  dug  out,  and  the  contents  destroyed  by 
these  animals.  Both  on  Sand  Point  and  east  of  Caseville  we  could 
also  almost  any  morning  find  many  tracks  on  the  sand  beach,  where 
the  animals  were  probably  looking  for  fish.  Individuals  were  seen 
several  times.  Ruthven  saw  one  on  a  moonlight  night  on  the  beach 
near  the  west  end  of  Sand  Point,  and  another  in  a  marsh  on  the  north 
side  of  Rush  Lake.  Mr.  Fittenger  informed  us  that  he  captured  one 
of  the  silver  variety  on  the  Point,  in  the  winter  of  1855-6. 

19.  Ursus  americanus  Pallas.  Black  bear. — Black  bears  were 
shot  on  Sand  Point  as  late  as  1855-6  and  on  North  Island. in  1863  by 
Mr.  Fittenger  and  his  brother. 

20.  Procyon  lotor  (Linnaeus).  Raccoon. — The  raccoon  probably 
occurs  throughout  the  sand  region  at  the  present  time.  A  single 
track  was  seen  on  Sand  Point,  and  a  specimen  was  secured  from'  Mr. 
Austin  Yax  that  was  taken  by  him  at  the  east  end  of  Rush  Lake,  in 
August  1908.  Mr.  Yax  stated  that  it  was  not  uncommon  about  Rush 
Lake. 

21.  Mephitis  olida  Boitard.  Eastern  skunk. — This  skunk  was 
common  in  the  adjacent  clay  country,  but,  with  the  exception  of  a 


312  MAMMALS. 

track  seen  by  Wood  near  Turtle  Bay  on  Sand  Point,  it  was  not  noted 
in  the  sand  region. 

22.  Mustela  americana  Turton.  American  martin. — Mr.  Fittenger 
trapped  one  of  this  species  on  Sand  Point  in  the  winter  of  1855-6. 
This  was  the  only  one  that  he  had  ever  seen  in  the  region. 

23.  Putorius  vison  (Schreber).  Mink. — The  mink  was  not  found 
on  Sand  Point,  but  was  observed  at  Caseville  and  on  Stony  Island, 
being  quite  common  in  the  latter  place. 

24.  Putorius  noveboracensis  Emmons.  Northern  weasel. — The 
only  weasel  seen  during  the  summer  was  on  the  south  shore  of  Rush 
Lake.  On  August  4,  while  standing  on  the  bank  of  the  county  ditch 
which  empties  into  the  lake  at  the  southeast  end,  Ruthven  saw  a 
specimen  of  this  species  run  down  a  log  on  the  opposite  side  of  the 
water,  jump  in,  swim  across,  and  disappear  in  the  underbrush.  After 
leaving  the  field  Mr.  Austin  Yax  sent  us  a  specimen  which  he  trapped 
at  Rush  Lake. 

25.  Sorex  personatus  Geoffroy.  Common  shrew.- — A  single  speci- 
men was  taken  in  a  cedar  swamp  at  the  east  end  of  Rush  Lake,  on 
August  19. 

26.  Lasionycteris  noctivagans  (Le  Conte).  Silver  black  bat.— A 
single  specimen  of  this  species  was  found  under  the  bark  of  a  Norway 
pine  stump  (July  1)  on  Sand  Point. 


APPENDIX  A. 


313 


APPENDIX   A. 
Temperature  Records  for  June,  July  and  AugUrSt  on  Sand  Point. 


Max. 

Min. 

Max. 

Min. 

Max. 

Min. 

e 

3 
1-5 

o 
o 

■a 
o 
o 

"3 

1-9 

§ 

X! 
o 

a> 

■6 
o 
o 

< 

•3 
§ 

o 

■a 
o 
o 

o 

C3 

P3 

15 

68 

84 

1 

81 

62 

1 

88 

98 

16 

45 

2 

72 

80 

58.5 

2 

82 

82 

65 

62 

17 

80 

53 

3 

72 

76 

64 

3 

95 

103 

70 

62 

18 

93 

62 

4 

87 

100 

65 

60 

4 

93 

103 

64 

54 

19 

92 

75 

5 

89 

100 

68 

64 

5 

86 

96 

74 

62 

20 

93 

71 

6 

96 

110 

74 

69 

6 

86 

104 

71 

65 

21 

93.5 

65 

7 

77 

78 

71 

67 

7 

78 

85 

66  1   56 

22 

92 

69 

8 

91 

98 

57 

56 

8 

81 

81 

66  1   57 

23 

96 

68 

9 

94 

102 

63 

59 

9 

81 

95 

68 

58 

"Is 

24 

89 

76 

10 

95 

100.5 

62 

56 

10 

81 

95 

56 

25 

83 

65 

11 

103 

113 

76 

72 

11 

86 

90 

62 

52 

48 

26 

93 

54.4 

12 

96 

102.5 

70 

66 

12 

82 

89 

60 

27 

97.6 

59 

13 

91 

103 

67 

62 

13 

86 

96 

67 

57 

28 

91 

66.4 

14 

88.5 

96.5 

62 

57 

14 
15 

83 

86 

66 

57 

29 

81 

69.3 

15 

82 

90 

64 

60 

84 

94 

68 

68 

30 

83.6 

61 

16 

83 

86 

53 

48 

16 

88 

92 

67 

56 

1 

17 

86 

88 

67 

62.5     17 

86 

94 

65 

56 

1 

1.... 

18 

74 

70 

68 

62       18 

84 

88 

74 

6} 

1 

1 

19 

83 

82 

62.5 

59.5     19 

74 

74 

66 

60 

20 

81.5 

92 

56 

50      20 

67 

82 

64 

55 

21 

92 

101 

62 

56 

21 

81 

88 

59 

51 

22 

86 

90 

72 

t6 

22 

75 

88 

56 

45 

_. 

23 

90 

94 

58 

54 

23 

76 

92 

65 

54 

1. 

24 

84 

86 

53 

60 

24 

72 

72 

55 

42 

, 

...  1   

! 1.. 

25 

84.5 

85.5 

53 

58 

25 

72 

72 

62 

62 

1 

26 

92 

93.5 

63 

58 

26 

73 

78 

50 

37 

1 

27 

96 

101.5 

61 

56 

27 

82 

92 

56 

45 

1 

1 

28 

90 

96 

68 

62.5 

28 

52 

40 

1 

1 

29 

96 

110.5 

68.5 

63.5 

29 

58 

46 

1 

i 

30 

98.5 

113 

71.5 

66.5 

.... 



31   !  SS 

86 

71 

67 

1 

In  the  woods  the  thermometer  was  placed  about  four  feet  from  the  ground  in  a  low  swale 
near  the  middle  of  Sand  Point,  a..d  was  shaded  from  the  sun. 

The  thermometer  on  the  beach  was  two  feet  from  the  ground,  fully  exposed  to  the  sun.  and 
placed  near  the  top  of  the  outeniiost  dune  on  the  north  side  of  Sand  Point. 


APPENDIX.  B.  315 


APPENDIX  B. 

Additional  Remarks  on   the   Biota   and   Climate   of  the   Sand 

Dune  Region. 

by  alexander  g.  ruthven. 

Since  this  report  was  written  the  United  States  Weather  Bureau 
has  issued  a  bulletin  (V)  "on  the  length  of  the  crop-growing  season,  as 
determined  from  the  average  of  the  latest  and  earliest  dates  of  kill- 
ing frost".  According  to  the  charts  in  this  paper  the  influence  of  the 
lakes  in  checking  early  and  late  frosts  is  not  as  great  along  the  east 
as  along  the  west  coasts,  but  still  appreciable.  The  average  date  of 
the  first  killing  frost  in  the  autumn  comes  between  5  and  10  days  later 
and  the  last  killing  frost  in  the  spring  probably  about  5  days  earlier  on 
the  east  coast  than  in  the  interior,  and  the  former  about  5  days  earlier 
and  the  latter  about  10  days  later  than  on  the  west  coast  in  the  same 
latitude.  This  is  in  harmony  with  the  fact  that  there  are  apparently 
only  a  few  southern  forms  that  push  farther  northward  along  the  east 
coast  than  in  the  interior. 


INDEX. 


INDEX. 


A  Page 

Abies  balsamea. 23,  31,  .59,  71,  74.  142,  148,  149 

Abramis  cr.vsoleucas 25,  27,  246,  249 

Abutilon  theophrasti 103 

Accipiter  cooperi 274,  284 

velox 275,  284 

Acerates  floridana 108 

Acerrubrum 22,  44,  45,  102,  137,  142 

saccharinum 102,  142 

saccharum 23,  102,  137,  145,  148 

negundo 102 

spicatum 23,  102 

Achillea  millefolium ' 50,  118,  183,  208,  211,  213 

Acknowledgments 15,  71 

Acorus  calamus 84,  134 

Acridiidae 219,  221 

Acridiinae 226 

Actaea  alba 94 

rubra 51,94 

Actitis  macularia 21,  30,  230,  241,  274,  275,  282 

Adams,  C.  C 59,  61,  120 

Adiantum  pedatum 72 

Adlumia  fungosa 94 

Aegialitis  semipalmata 236,  237,  241,  275,  282 

Aeolothripidae 192,  205 

Aeolothrips  fasciatus 183,  187,  188,  189,  205,  207 

Aesculus  hippocastanum 102 

Agaricus  abruptus 56 

sylvaticus 56 

Agastache  nepetoides 109 

Agelaius  phoeniceus 23,  239,  241,  274,  290 

Agriolimax  agrestis 141,  145,  146,  148,  156 

campestris 131,  142,  143,  147,  149,  150,  150 

Agrimonia  gryposepala 98 

Agropyron  caninum 79 

dastachyum 31,  71,  79 

repens 79 

Agrostemma  githago 92 

Agrostis    alba 44,  45.  78 

hyemalis , 78 

Aix  sponsa 27,  30,  235,  230,  240.  274,  279 

Alasmidonta  calceola 129,  174 

Alisma  plant  ago-aquatica : 38,  75,  211,  212 

Allium  canadense 85 

tricoccum 85 

Allothrips  megacephalus 184.  187,  189,  206,  214 

Alnus  incana 22,  43,  44,  89,  134,  137,  142 

Alyssum  alyssoides 94 

Amanita  excelsa 57 

phalloides 57 

rubescens 57 

verna 57 


320  INDEX 

Page 

Amanitopis  vaginata 56 

Amaranthus  blitoides 92 

graecizans 92,  211 

retroflexus 92,  211 

Ambrosia  artemisiaefolia 117,  208   211 

trifida 117 

Ambloplites  rupestris *.  .  . 25,  26,  27,  247,  251 

Amblystegium  riparium  longifolium 42 

Ambyst oma  jeffersonianum 22,  23,  257,  260,  261 

Ambystomidae '  260 

Amelanchier  canadensis 21,  70,  97 

oblongifolia 97 

rotundifolia 70 

spicata 31,  70,  97 

Ameiurus  lacustris 27,  246,  248 

melas 24,  25,  26,  27,  246,  248 

natalis 25,  246,  248 

nebulosus 246,  248 

vulgaris 25,  26,  27,  246,  248 

Ampliibians 14,  257 

geographic  relations  of 257 

habitats  of ♦. 259 

species,  list  of 261 

Amphicarpa  monoica ' 41 ,  loO 

pitcheri ' 100 

Amia  calva 25,  27,  246,  248 

Ammophila  arenaria 21,  47,  69,  78,  183,  186,  192,  210,  225 

Amnicola  cincinnatiensis 141,  170 

Hmosa 131,  134,  135,  136,  139,  140,  170 

lustrica 135,  136,  137,  170 

walkeri ..131,  137,  138,  170 

Amnicolidae 170 

Anaphalis  margaritacea 116,  211 

Anaphothrips  striatus 183,  184,  185,  186,  187,  189,  192,  200,  206,  208,  210, 

215,  216 

Anas  platyrhynchos 274,  276 

rubripes ,27,  235,  239,  240,  274,  278 

Andromeda  polifolia 43 

glaucophylla • 106 

Andropogon  furcatus 76 

scoparius 71,76 

Ancylidae 167 

Ancylus  fuscus 140,  167 

parallelus , 131,  134,  140,  141,  167 

Anemone  canadensis 93,  208 

cylindrica 93 

quinqiiefolia 93 

virginiana 93 

Angelica  atropurpurea 105 

Anguilla  chrysypa 246,  250 

Antennaria  canadensis 116 

dioica 116 

fallax 116 

Anthemis  cotula 118,  182,  208,  211 

Anthothrips  verbasci 183,  186,  187,  188,  189,  190,  191,  192,  198,  201,  202,  203,  204,  207, 

213,  216 

niger 183,  187,  189,  207 

Antrostomus  vociferus 23,  274,  287 

Anodonta  grandis 139,  140,  173 

gigantea 134,  135,  136,  173 

footiana 129,  1.39,  173 

marginata. 134,  136,  173 

Anodontoides  ferussacianus  modestus 140,  173 

ferussacianus  subcylindraceus 129,  139,  140,  173 


INDEX  .  321 

Page 

Apios  tuborosa 40,  100 

Aplexa  hypnoruni 1.38,- 169 

Aplodinotus  jjrunniens 247,  255 

Apocyiuim  andro.saemifolium 50,  51,  108,  21 1 

cannabiniiin 45,  188 

hypericifolium 108 

pubescens 108 

Aptinothrips  rufus 184,  185,  186,  187,  188,  189,  205,  210 

Aquilegia  canadensis 9.3 

Arabis  dnimmondi 96 

laevigata 90 

lyrata 21 ,  46,  47,  71 .  96 

Alalia  hispida 105 

nudicaulis 44,  51,  52,  105 

racemosa 23,  104 

Arceuthobium  pusillum 90 

Arctium  minus 119,  183,  209,  210,  211 

Arctostaphylos  uva-ursi 21,  48,  49,  71,  107 

Ardea  herodias " 30,  274,  279 

Arenaria  interpres  morinella 237, .238,  241,  283 

serpyllifolia 92 

Argyrosomus  artedi 240,  250 

Arisaema  triphyllum 84 

Arnold,  E 278,  279,  282,  284,  285 

Arphia  tenebrosa 224 

Artemisia  absinthium 119 

biennis 119 

caudata 21,  41,  46,  47,  70,  118 

stellariana 118 

vulgaris 118 

Asarum  canadense 90 

Asclepias  incariiata 41,  43,  1C8,  134,  182,  209,  212 

purpurascens ' 108 

syriaca 71,  1C8,  183,  209,  211 

suUivantii 108 

tuberosa 41 ,  108 

Asimina  triloba 59 

Astragulas  canadensis 99 

Asparagus  officinalis S5 

Asplenium  filix-loeniina 72 

Aspidiuni  cristatum  clintonianum 72 

marginale 72 

spinulosum 41,  72 

intermedium 41,73 

thelypteris 41,  42,'  45,  72,  134,  147 

Aster  angustus 116 

azureus 115 

cordifolius 115 

junceus 116 

laevis 115 

lateriflorus 116 

macrophyllus 50.  51,  115,  2C9,  211 

multiflorus 116 

novae-angliae 115 

polyphyllus 115 

puniceus 116 

tradescanti 116 

umbellatus 116,  209,  211 

vimineus 116 

Astraeus  stellatus 57 

Astragalinus  tri-stis 274,  291 

Atriplex  patula  hastata 91 

Auriculidae 59 

Avena  sativa 208,  210 

41 


322  INDEX 

B. 

Page 

Baker,  H.  B 13,  14,  121,  130,  163 

Bailey,  L.  H 59,  61 

Baliothrips  basalis 184,  187,  206,  212 

Bartramia  longicauda 273,  282 

Beal,  W.  J '. 29,  53,  59,  61 

Benzoin  aestivale 31 ,  59,  94 

Betula  alba 22,  44,  68,  89,  143 

lutea 22,  31,  59,  89 

Bidens  cernua 118 

comosa.. . 118 

connata 118 

frondosa 118 

laevis 118 

tricliosperma 118 

tenuiloba 118 

Bifidaria  contracta 143,  147,  149,  159 

corticaria 126,  149,  159 

pentodon 143,  149,  159 

tappaniana 142,  143,  147,  148,  149,  159 

Binney,  W.  G 157 

Biota,  geographic  relations  of  (see  also  plants,  phytogeographical  relations) 27,  315 

Birds 14,  273 

species,  list  of 276 

Blanchard,  E 200,  230 

Bland,  T 157 

Blephilia  hirsuta 110 

Boelimeria  cylindrfca 44,  90 

Boleichthys  fusiformis 25,  26,  27,  247,  254 

Boletus  felleus 56 

Bombycilla  cedrorum 236,  274,  275,  296 

Bonasa  umbellus 274,  283 

Botaurus  lentiginosus 23,  274,  279 

Botrychium  virginicum 73 

Bower,  Seymour 245 

Brackenbury,  Frank 280 

Brasenia  shreberi 25,  93 

Brassica  arvensis 95 

campestris 95 

Bromus  ciliatus 79 

secalinus 79 

Bubo  virginianus 274,  285 

Bufo  americanus ; 30,  260,  262 

Buller,  A.  H.  R 58,  61 

Buteo  borealis 275,  284 

lineatus 275,  284 

Butorides  virescens 279 


Cacalia  tuberosa 119 

Cakile  edentula 21,  46,  47,  69,  95,  209,  211 

Calamagrostis  canadensis 41,  78,  208 

Calamovilfa  longifolia 21,  47,  69,  78 

Calidris  leucophaea 235,  237,  241,  275,  281 

Callitriche  palustris 101 

Calopogon  pulchellus 41,87 

Caltha  palustris 93 

Camelina  sativa 95 

Camnula  pellucida 224,  225,  227 

Campanula  americana 114 

aparinoides 41,  114,  209 

rotundifolia 114,  208,  209 


INDEX  323 

Page 

Campeloma  decisum 126,  171 

integra.. 126,  139,  140,  141,  171 

rufum 126,  171 

Canis  occidentalis 311 

Cannabi.s  sati va 90 

Cantharellus  cibarius 56 

Cardamine  bulbosa 95 

douglasii 95 

peiinsylvanica 96 

pratensis 95 

Carex  aquatilis 82 

aurea 82 

bebbii 81 

brortioides 82 

canescens 81 

subloliacea 82 

communis 82 

comosa 83 

crawei 83 

cristata 81 

crinita 82 

deweyana 82 

diandra  ramosa 82 

eburnea 83 

filiformis 38,  39,  82,  128,  132,  134 

flava 83 

gracillima 82 

granularis  haleana 83 

hystericina 83 

intumescens 83 

fernaldii 84 

lanuginosa 83 

laxiflora  latifolia 83 

patulifolia 83 

varians 83 

leptalea 82 

livida 82 

lupulina 39,  83 

lurida 83 

gracilis 83 

muhlenbergii 40,  82 

oederi 3 

pumila 83 

pennsylvanica 82 

polygama 82 

pseudo-cyperus 83 

retrorsa 83 

riparia 83 

rosea 82 

radiata 82 

rostrata 84 

utriculata , 84 

sarlwellii 82 

scirpoides 81 

scoparia 81 

siccata 81 

stelluata 81 

stipata 82 

straminea 81 

stricta 82 

suberecta 81 

tenella 82 

tetanica 83 

meadii 83 


324  INDEX 

Page 

Carex  tribuloides 44,  81 

tuckermani 84 

vulpinoidea 82 

Carpinus  caroliniana 89,  148 

Carpiodes  thompsoni 245,  249 

Carriker,  M.  A 233,  234,  235,  237,  238,  239,  240,  242 

Carum  carui 105 

Capsella  bursa-pastoris 95 

Carya  cordiformis 88 

microcarpa. 31,  54,  71,  88 

ovata 23,  31 

Carychium  exiguum 142,  143,  148,  149,  160,  161 

exile 142,  143,  147,  148,  149,  161 

Carpodacus  purpureus 274,  291 

Castilleja  coccinea 112 

Catalpa  bignonioides ' 112 

Catostomus  catostomus ; 246,  249 

commersonii 249 

Caulophyllum  Ihalictroides 25,  26,  94,  246 

Ceanothus  americanus 21,  50,  70,  102 

ovatus 31,  50,  70,  102 

Celastrus  scandens 59 

Celtis  occidentalis 71,  89 

Cenchrus  carolinianus 77 

tribuloides 46 

Centurus  carolinus 238 

hoffmanni 240 

uropygialis 240 

Cephalanthus  occidentalis 39,  43,  113,  141,  182,  209,  211,  213 

Cerastium  vulgatum 92 

Cercis  canadensis 59 

Certhia  familiaris  americana , 275,  305 

Ceuthophilus  meridionalis ■ 229 

neglectus 229 

seclusus 229 

terrestris 229 

Cervus  canadensis 309 

Ceryle  alcyon 30,  238,  241,  274,  286 

Chaetochloa  viridis .' 209,  211 

Chaetiira  pelagica 274,  288 

Chamaedaphne  clayculata 31,  43,  106 

Chamberlain,  T.  C 61 

Chelone  glabra Ill,  211 

Chenopodium  album 91 

botrys 91 

capitatum 91 

hybridum 91 

Chelydra  serpentina 27,  258,  271 

Chimaphila  umbellata .'. 51,  106 

Chirothrips  manicatus 183,  184,   187,  188,  189,  205,  208,  216 

Chloealtis  conspersa 223 

prima 224 

Chordeiles  virginanus 274,  287 

Chorophilus  nigritus  triseriatus 23,  258,  260,  262 

Chortophaga  viridifasciata 224 

Chrysanthemum  leucanthemum  pinnatifidum 118 

Chrysemys  cinerea 24,  25,  27,  258,  271 

Chrysosplenium  americanum 96 

Cichorium  intybus 119 

Cicuta  bulbifera 68,  105 

maculata ' 105 

Cinna  arundinacea .' 31,  78 

Circaea  alpina 104 

lutetiana 104 


INDEX  325 

Page 

Circotettix  verruculatus 226 

Circus  hudsonius 283 

Cirsium  arvense 47.  119,  182.  183,  194,  495.  209,  216 

lanceolatum 119,  209,  211 

muticum 119 

pitcheri 21,  46,  47,  09,  119,  182,  209 

Cladium  mariscoides 41,  81 

Clark,  George 15 

Clavaria  cristata 56 

Claytonia  virginica 92 

Clematis  virginiana 93,  209 

Clements,  C.  E 58.  63 

Climate 13,  27,  28.  315 

Clintonia  borealis 31,  59,  85 

Clitocybe  laccata 57,  60 

ochropurpurea 57,  60 

pinophila 57,  60 

Coccyzus  americarius 236,  240,  241,  274,  285 

occidentalis 236 

erythrophthalmus 274,  286 

Coehlicopa  lubrica 142,  147.  148.  160 

morseaiia 125,  148,  160 

Cochlicopidae 1 60 

Colaptes  auratus  luteus 237,  240,  241,  274,  287 

Colastrus  scandens 102 

Colinus  virginanus 273,  283 

CoUinsouia  canadensis 110 

Colpocephalum  bicolor ■- 238,  241 

dissimile 239 

ocularis 238.  241 

osbornii 239,  241 

pustulosum .* 238 

quadrimaculatus 239,  241 

spinulosum 2.38 

obscuruni 238,  241 

minor 238 

subpustulatum 238,  241 

tricinctum 239 

Comandra  umhellata 48,  49,  90 

Conocephalinae 228 

Conopholis  americana 112 

Conoceiihalus  ensiger 228 

Conringia  orientalis 95 

Convolvulus  arvenis 109 

sepium 47,   109.  208,  209,  211 

Coons.  G.  H '.13,  14.  35,  68 

Cope.  E.  D 248,  249,  250,  251,  253,  254,  255,  258,  272 

Coptis  trifolia 93 

Corallorhiza  maculata ^  •  ■  87 

Coregonus  clupeiformis 240,  250 

quadrilateralis 240,  2.50 

Cornus  alternifolia 106 

amomum 106 

baileyi 21,  71,  106 

canadensis 1C6 

circinata 44,  45,  106,  137.  142,  143 

florida 59 

paniculata , 106 

stolonifera 43.  49.  71.  106,  137.  142.  143.  208.  209.  213 

Corvus  brachyrhynchos 240.  241,  274,  290 

Corydalis  aurea ^ 94 

sempervirens • 94 

Corylus  americana 88 

Cottus  ictalops 26.  247.  255 


326  INDEX 

Page 

Coturniculus  savannarum  australis 273,  292 

Coulter,  S.  M 59,  61 

Cowles,  H.  C 43,  46,  59,  61 

Crataegus  crus-galli 97 

punctata 97 

Crawfish 14 

Cristivomer  namaycush 250 

Cryptotaenia  canadensis 105 

Ctenothrips  bridwelli 170,  183,  184,  187,  188,  189,  206,  210,  215 

Cucurbito  pepo 208,  209,  212 

Cuscuta  gTonovii 109 

Cycloloma  atriplicifolium 91 

Cyanocitta  cristata 274,  290 

Cynoglossum  officinale 109 

virginianum 109 

Cyperus  filiculmis 80 

houghtonii 31,  80 

rivularis 80 

strigosus 80 

Cypripedium  acaule 51,71,86 

parviflorum  pubescens 86 

Cystopteris  bulbif era 73 

f  ragilis 73 

D. 

Dactylis  glomerata 79 

Daedalia  unicolor 57 

Daniels,  F.  P 59,  62 

Danthonia  spicata 71,  78 

Datura  stramonium Ill 

tatula Ill 

Daucus  carota 106 

Davis,  C.  A 18,  29,  31,  32,  33,  62,  65,  72,  73,  75,  76,  77,  80,  84,  87,  91,  92,  94,  95,  98,  99, 

101,  103,  104,  105,  106,  108,  109,  111,  112,  115,  116,  119,  135 

Decodon  verticillatus 104,  209,  211,  212 

Delphinium  consolida 94 

Dendroica  aestiva 23,  275,  298 

blackburniae 31,  275,  300 

caerulescens 275,  299 

castanea 275,  300 

coronata 299 

discolor 275,  301 

magnolia 275,  299 

pennsylvanica 31,  275,  299 

tigrina 275,  298 

vigorsii 235,  242,  275,  301 

virens '. 31,  275,  300 

Dentaria  diphylla • 95 

laciniata 95 

Deschampsia  flexuosa 31,  71,  78 

Desmodium  canadense 100 

dillenii • 100 

grandiflorum 100 

midiflorum 100 

paniculatum 40,  51,  100 

Diaphermora  femorata 222 

Dicentra  canadensis * 94 

cucullaria 44,  94 

Dicranium  flagellare 50 

fuscescens  congestum 50 

Diemictylus  viridescens -. • 24,  257,  260,  262 

Diervilla  lonicera 5 j  ,  52.  1 1 3 

Dlgitaria  sanguinahs 76 


INDEX  327 

Page 

Dioscorea  villosa 51 ,  86,  213 

Dipsacus  sylvestris 114 

Dirca  palustris 104 

Dissosteira  Carolina 225 

Ditmars,  R .  264,  272 

Docophorus  coccygi 236,  241 

cordiceps 2.35,  241 

fusiformis 235,  241 

halieti 235,  241 

icterodes 235,  240,  242 

incisus 236,  242 

intermedius 236 

lari 235,  240 

latifrons 236 

occidentalis 236,  241 

Dodge,  C.  K 13,  14,  35,  59,  62,  65,  121,  179 

Dolichonyx  oryzivorus 273,  274,  290 

Drosera  rotundifolia 96,  134,  150 

Dryobates  pubescens  medianus 240,  241,  274,  287 

villosus 274,  286 

leucomelas 286 

Dulichium  anindinaceum 80,  135 

Dumatella  carolinensis , 31,  274,  275,  304 

E. 

Echinochloa  crus-galli 76,  209,  210 

Echinocystis  lobata 46,  114 

Elanus  leucurus 239 

Elaphe  vulpinus 22,  31,  258,  259,  261,  266 

Eleocharis  acicularis 80 

acuminat  a 80 

obtusa .■ 80 

olivacea 80 

palustris 80 

glaucescens 80 

tenuis 80 

Elodea  canadensis 76 

Elymus  canadensis 47,  71,  80,  183,  186,  201,  210,  211,  215 

striatus 80 

virginicus 79 

Empidonax  flaviventris 275,  289 

minimus 274,  275,  289 

traillii  alnorum 275,  289 

Emydoidea  blandingi 24,  27,  258,  271 

Endont  idae 156 

Engler,  A - 60,  61,  62 

Epifagus  virginiana , 112 

£pigaea  repens 106 

Eplob  um  adenocaulon : 104 

angustifolium 209,  211 

coloratum 104 

densum 104 

Epipacf  is  pubescens 51 ,  87 

Equisetum  arvense 73 

fluviatile 73.  138 

hyemale 73 

rol)Ustum 59,  73 

intermedium 47,  51,  52,  73 

sylvaticum 38.  39.  41.  44,  45.  73 

variegat  um 73 

Eragrost  is  hy pnoides 78 

megastachya 78 

Erechtites  hieracifolia 119 


328  INDEX 

Page 

Erethizon  dorsatum 31 

Ereunetes  pusillus 24,  275,  281 

Erigeron  annuus 116,  209,  211 

canadensis 47,  116 

philadelphicus 116 

pulchellus 116 

ramosus 116,  209 

Eriophorum  viridi-carinatum 81 

Erysium  cheiranthoides 209,  211 

Erythronium  americanum 85 

Etheostoma  iowae 25,  27,  247,  254 

Euconulus  chersinus  polygyratus 148,  149,  155 

fulvus 143,  148,  149,  155 

Eupatorium  perfoliatum 39,  114,  183,  211,  213 

purpureum 39,  41,  114,  209,  211 

maculatum 41 ,  114 

urticaefolium 114 

Euphorbia  corollat  a 101 

cyparissias 101 

hirsuta 101 

maculata 101 

polygonifolia 69,  101 

preslii ,     101 

Eumeces  quinquilineatus 22,  31,  258,  259,  261,  263,  268 

Eupomotis  gibbosus 25,  27,  247,  251 

Euthrips  fuscus 183,  187,  190,  206,  210 

tritici 180,  182,  183,  184,  185,  186,  187,  188,  189,  190,  191,  192,  194, 

195,  197,  206,  208,  210,  211,  216 
Evonymus  obovatus 102 

F. 

Fagopyrum  esculentum 91 

Fagus'grandifolia. , 23,  30,  68,  89,  148 

Falco  sparverius 275,  285 

Favolus  europaeus 57 

Fernow,  B.  E 63 

Festuca  elatior 79 

nutans 79 

octoflora 79 

Fiber  zibet hicus 27,  310 

Fish 14,  243 

'  habitats  of 246 

-     species,  list  of 248 

Fittenger,  L.  H 309,  311,  312 

Femes  applanatus 56 

Fragaria  vesca  americana ^ 97 

virginiana ^ 50,  52,  97 

Franklin,  H.  J 207,  23.0 

Fraxinus  americana 45,  107 

nigra 22,  108,  148,  214 

pennsylvanica 107 

lanceolata 108 

Fulica  americana 274,  280 

Fnligo  ovata 56,  60 

Fundulus  diaphanus 247,  251 

G. 

Ga-ge,  Frederick 13,  14,  191,  273 

Galera  vittaeformis 56 

Galium  aparine ' 112 

asprellum 1 13 

Ijoreale 113 


INDEX  ,  329 

Page 

Galium  circaezans 113 

lanceolatum 113 

pilosum 113 

tinctorium 113 

trifidiuin 45.  113 

triflorum 113 

Gallinula  galeata 274,  280 

Ganong.  W.  F 58,  62 

Gaultheria  procumbens 51,  52,  71,  107 

Gavia  immer 274,  270 

Gaylussacia  baccata 49,  50,  52,  107 

glaucocarpa 107 

Gentiana  andrewsii 108 

crinita 1Q8 

Geothlypis  trichas  brachidactyla 274,  275,  303 

Geranium  biclcnellii 101 

carolinianum 101 

maculatum " 50,  101 

pusillum 101 

robertianum 101 

Gerardia  paupercula 112,  211 

pedicularia Ill,  209,  211 

Yirginica 112 

Geum  canadense 98 

rivale 98 

striftum 98 

virginianum 98 

Gibbs,  Morris 289 

Gleditsia  triaeantlios " .  59 

Glyceria  canadensis 79 

grandis 79 

nervata 79 

septentrionalis 79 

Gnaplialium  decurrens 117 

polycephalum 1 1  •> 

uliginosum 117 

Goniobasis  livescens 126,  127,  129,  139,  140,  141,  169 

1  vescens  var 26,  169 

Goode,  G.  Brown 254,  255 

Gray,  Asa 230 

Gryllidae 229 

Gryllinae 229 

Gryllus  pennsylvanicus • 229 

Gunnar,  Andersson 43,  62 

H. 

Habenaria  blephariglottis 41,  87 

bracteata 86 

dilatata 86 

fla  va 86 

hookeri .  .  .  .  i 31,80 

hyperborea 86 

psy  codes 41,87 

Hadropterus  aspro 25,  26,  247,  254 

Haliaeetus  leucocephalus 236,  239,  241,  274,  284 

vocifer 236 

Hamamelis  virginana 51,  96 

Hankinson,  T.  L 126 

Harshberger,  J.  W 58,  62 

Helenium  autumnale 118 

Helianthemum  canadense 103 


330  INDEX 

Page 

Helianthus  annuus 117 

divaricatus 49,  50,  117,  182,  209,  211 

giganteus 117 

strumosus 117 

tracheliifolius 117 

tuberosus 117 

Helicidae 153 

Helicodiscus  parallelus 143,  148,  149,  157 

Heliopsis  helianthoides 117 

Helminthophila  chrysoptera 275,  297 

rubricapilla 275,  297 

Hemerocallis  f ulva 85 

Hemitrichia  clavata 56,  60 

Hepatica  acutiloba 93 

triloba 93 

Heterodon  platyrhinus 31,  258,  259,  261,  265 

Heterothrips  salicis 184,  187,  205,  208 

Hieracium  canadense 120,  209,  211 

gronovii 120 

scabrum 120 

umbellatum 31,  120 

venosum 120 

Hill,  E.J 59,  62 

Hinds,  W.  E 178,  1   9,  181,  190,  191,  207,  213,  230 

Hippiscus  tuberculatus 225 

Hirundo  erythrogaster 274,  275,  294 

Hitchcock,  A.  S 72 

Hood,  J.  D 192,  207,  231 

Hooker,  W.  A 231 

Heracleum  lanatum 105 

Hordeum  jubatum 79 

Humulus  lupulus 90 

Hydrocotyle  americana 105 

Hygrophorus  cantharellus 56 

miniatus 58 

Hyla  pickeringi 257,  260,  261,  262 

versicolor 23,  257,  260,  261,  262 

Hylidae 260 

Hylocichla  fuscescens 31 ,  275,  307 

Hypericum  kalmianum 39,  40,  103,  209,  212 

majus 103 

mutilum 103 

perforatum 40,  52,  103,  209 

punctatum 103 

virginicum. 41,  103 

Hyperistius  hexacanthus 251 

Hypocrea   richardsoni 57,  60 

Hypoxis  hirsuta 86 

Hypoxylon  annulatum 57,  60 

atropurpureum 57,  60 

marginatum 57 

Hyssopus  ofHcinalis .' 1 10 

Hystrix  patula 80 

I. 

Icterus  galbula 274,  291 

Icthyomyzon  concolor 248 

Ilex  verticillata 43,  45,  102 

Impatiens  biflora "15,  102,  212 

Insects 14 

Itinerary : 13 

Inula  helenium 117 

Iridoprocne  bicolor 274,  275,  295 


INDEX  331 

Page 

Iris  versicolor 41,  42,  86,  134 

Ischnoptera  intricata 222 

pennsylvanica 222 

uhleriana 222 

J. 

Jefferson,  M.  W 28 

Jennings,  O.  E 58,  59.  62 

Jordan,  K 191,  231 

Juglans  cinerea 21,  23,  88 

nigra 31,  88 

Juniperus  communis 74 

depressa 74 

Juncus  alpinus  fuscescens > 85 

insignis 84 

balticus  littoralis 39,  84,  129 

brachycephalus 4 

brevicaudatus 84 

bufonius ' 84 

canadensis 84 

dudleyi 84 

effusus 84 

nodosus 84 

tenius 84 

K. 

Kalmia  polifolia 106 

Kauffman,  C.  H 55 

Kedzie,  R.  C 48,  52,  53,  62 

Klebahn 63 

Kellogg,  V.  L 233,  237,  240,  242 

Koeleria  cristata 71 ,  78 

L. 

Lactarius  piperatus 56 

volemus 56 

Lactuca  canadensis 43,  47,  120 

hirsuta 120 

scariola  integrata 120 

spicata 120 

Laemobothrium  giganteum 239,  241 

LaGarde,  J 58,  63 

Lampropeltis  doliatus  triangulus 22   258,  261,  264,  267 

Lampsilis  iris 139,  173 

luteola 126,  129,  130,  134,  135,  136,  139,  140,  172 

multiradiata 125.  139.  172 

nasuta 129,  172 

recta 129,  172 

ventricosa 129,  130.  171 

Lane,  A.  C.» 32,  33,  63,  65,  122.  125 

Lanius  ludovicianus  migrans 273,  296 

Laportea  canadensis 90 

Lappula  echinata 109 

virginiana 109 

Larix  laricina 23,  31,  42,  43,  74,  134,  142 

Larus  argent atus  smithsonianus 235,  240,  274,  276 

delawarensis 275.  277 

glaucus 235 

islandicus _. 235 

rissa ^  .  .  •■ 235 

tridactylus 235 


332  INDEX 

Page 

Lasionycteris  noctivagans 312 

Lathyrus  maritimus 47,  69,  100,  182,  2C8,  209 

palustris ,  . .  100 

myrtifolius 100 

Leathers,  A.  L 13,  14,  243 

Ledum  groenlandicum 23,  31,  106 

Leersia  oryzoides 77 

virginica 77 

Lemna  minor - 84 

Lentinus  lepideus 57 

Lenzites  betulina 56 

saepiaria 57 

Leonurus  cardiaca • 110 

Lepidium  apetaliim 95 

campestre 95 

virginicum 94 

Lepidosteus  huronensis 248 

Lepisosteus  osseus 26,27,  246,  248 

epus  americaiius 23,  31,  310 

Lespedeza  capitata '. 100 

frutescens 100 

hirta 100 

,  Liatris  cylindricea 114,  209,  211 

spicata 115 

Ligustrum  vulgare , 108 

Lilium  philadelpliicum  andinum 71,  85 

superbum 85 

Limacidae 156 

Linaria  canadensis 31,71,111 

minor Ill 

vulgaris Ill,  209,  211 

Linnaea  borealis  americana 113 

Linum  usitatissimum 100 

Liopeltis  veraalis 258,  260,  261,  267 

Liriodendron  tulipfera 59,  94 

Lipeurus  baculus 237 

Lithospermum  arvense 109 

gmelini 21,  71,  109 

Lobelia  cardinalis 114,  209,  212 

inflata 114 

kalmii , 114 

siphilitica 114 

spicata 42,  50,  114 

Locustidae -  •  ■  227 

Lonicera  canadensis 51,  113 

dioica 113 

glaucescens 51 ,  1 13 

hirsuta 113 

oblongif  olia 31,113 

Lophodytes  cucuUatus 274,  278 

Lota  maculosa 247,  255 

Loxia  curvirostra  minor 239 

Livingston,  B.  E ;  52,  53,  59,  63 

Lucius  lucius 25,  27,  247,  251 

masquinongy : 251 

vermiculatus ...25,  246,  250 

Ludvigia  palustris 104 

polycarpa 104 

Lupinus  perennis .' 99 

Luzula  campestris  multifiora 85 

saltuensis 85 

Lychnis  coronaria 92 

Lycium  halimifolium IH 


INDEX  333 

Page 

Lycopodium  clavatum 73 

coinphinatum 31,  48,  49,  73 

liu'iduliim 73 

tristachyum 73 

Lycoperdoii  pyriforme 57 

Lycopus  americanus 39,  4.5,  110,  209,  212 

lubellus 1 10 

uniflorus 110 

virginicus 110 

Lymnaea  catascopium. .-. 126,  102 

cinarginata  ontarionensis 20,  127,  102 

haldeinani 130,  101 

humilis 127,  130,  131,  140,  141,  102 

niegasoina lGi3 

obrussa 129,  130,  131,  134,  136,  137,  141,  161 

decampi 136,  162 

palustris 127,  129,  131,  135,  137,  138,  141,  160,  162,  163,  170 

michiganensis 138,  141 

zebra 135,  138,  163,  164 

reflexa 128,  130,  131,  138,  140,  163 

walkeri 130,  104 

stagnalis  appressa 130,  134,  137,  101 

Lymnaeidae 1  *>1 

Lynx  canadensis 311 

ruffiis 311 

Lysiniachia  nummularia If  7 

terrestris 1C7 

thyrsiflora 107 

Lythrum  alatum 41 .  104 

M. 

MacBride,  T.  H 55 

MacDonald,  Capt.  Chas 71 

Madura  pomifera 90 

MacMillan,  C 03 

Maianthemum  canadense 45,  50,  51,  52,  85,  210,  215 

Mallophaga 233 

collecting  and  preserving 233 

Huron  County  collection,  the .234 

species,  list  of 235 

Malva  moschata 103 

rotundifolia 103 

sylvestris 103 

Mammals 14,  ,309 

species,  list  of 309 

Marasmius  oreades 56 

rotula 42,  56 

Marmota  monax. 31 ,  310 

Marrubium  vulgare 109 

Medeola  virginiana 51 ,  86 

Medicago  lupulina 99 

sativa 99 

Meek,  S.  E 245 

Melampyrum  lineare 50,  51,  112,  209 

Melanerpes  erythrocephalus 31,  274,  287 

Melanoplus  atlanis 226 

bivittatus 227 

femoratus 218,  225 

dawsoni 226 

fasciatus 227 

femur  rubrum 227 

foedus " 227 

luridus 227 

minor 227 


334  INDEX 

Page 

Melica  striata yg 

Melilotus  alba 99_  ig5_  209,  212 

officinalis 99_  ig.5_  209,  212 

Melospiza  georgiana 23,  31 ,  274,  275,  293 

melodia 274,  275,  292 

Menispermum  canadense 94 

Menopon  hirsutum 240   241 

loomisii 240,  241 

mesoleucura 240 

americanum 240,  241 

praecursor 240,  241 

meridionale 240 

Mentha  arveiisis  canadensis 110 

piperita HO,  209,  212 

spicata 110 

Menyanthes  trifoliata 41,  43,  108 

Mephitis  olida 311 

Mergus  americanus 278 

Merriam,  C.  Hart 58,  63,  307 

Michael,  Ellis 255,  249 

Micropterus  dolomieu 25,  247,  253 

fasciatus 253 

salmoides 25,  26,  247,  254 

Microtus  pennsylvanicus 310 

Miles,  M.  A 32,  33,  258,  271 

Millium  effusum ; 77,  208,  213 

Milner,  J.  W 254,  255 

Mimulus  ringens 39,  41 ,  111,  209 

Mitchella  repens 113 

Mitella  diphylla 96 

nuda 96 

Mniotilta  varia 275,  297 

Mollugo  verticillata 92 

Mollusca 14,  121 

geographic  relations  of 125 

habitats  of 126 

species,  list  of 153 

Molothrus  ater 274,  290 

Monarda  fistulosa 110 

mollis 110,  209,  212 

Monotropa  uniflora 106 

Morse,  A.  P 182,  217,  221,  231 

Moxostoma  aureolum 25,27,246,  249 

Muhlenbergia  mexicana 77 

racemosa 77 

sylvatica 77 

Mus  musculus 310 

Musculium  partumeium 138,  175 

ryckhalti 138,  175 

securis 131,  132,  138,  139,  150,  175 

truncatum 136,  138,  150,  174,  175 

Mustela  americana 312 

Myiarchus  crinitus 274,  289 

Myiochanes  virens 274,  289 

Myrica  asplenifolia 31 ,  48,  50,  88 

gale 43,  71 ,  88 

Myriophylluru  heterophyllum 104 

spicatum 104 

N. 

Nannus  hiemalis 275,  305 

Natrix  sipedon 24,  258,  260 

Najas  flexilis 75 


INDEX  335 

Page 

Nectunis  maculosiis 259,  261 

Nemobius  fasciatus 229 

Neniopanthiis  mucronata 102 

Nemotettix  cristatus 222 

Neothrips  corticis 184,  187,  189,  192,  206,  214 

Nepeta  cataria 109,  212 

hedaracea 110 

Nirmus  actophilus  . 237 

candidus 2.37,  241 

complcxivus 236,  241 ,  242 

boephilus 237,  241 

furvus  ravus 236,  241 

parallelus 237,  241 

simplex 238,  242 

stramineus 238 

Nitzschia  brunneri 240 

latifrous 239,  242 

pulicaris 240 

Notonectidae 24 

Notropis  cayuga 25,  26,  246,  249 

cornutus 25,  26,  246,  250 

hudsoiiius 26,  246,  250 

rubrifrons 26,  246,  250 

whipplii 246,  250 

Noturus  flavus 246,  248 

Nummularia  bullardi 57,  60 

Nycticorax  nycticorax  naevius 274,  279 

Nymphaea  adveiia 25,  92,  131,  132,  133,  134,  140,  141 

tuberosa 25,  92,  131,  133,  140 

O. 

Oakesia  sessilifolia 85 

Oecanthinae 230 

Oecanthus  fasciatus 230 

quadripunctatus 230 

niveus 230 

Odocoileus  americanus 309 

Oedipodinae 224 

Oenothera  biennis 47,  70,  104,  212 

Oidemia  deglandi 240 

Omphalia  campanella 56 

fibula 56 

Onoclea  sensibilis 45,  73 

struthiopteris 73 

Oporonis  Philadelphia 275,  303 

Orchelimum  vulgare 228,  229 

Orphulella  pelidna 223 

Orr,  VV.  J 15 

Orthoptera 14,  177,  217 

diurnal  activity  of  Acridiidae 219 

ecology  of  Acridiidae 221 

economic  importance  of  Acridiidae 217 

species,  list  of '  222 

Oryzopsis  asperifolia 77 

pungens 77 

Osborn,  H 231,  236,  237,  242 

Osmorhiza  claytonia 51,  105 

longistylis 105 

Osmunda  cinnamomea 73 

regalis 43,  73 

Ostrya  virginiana 23,  89 

Otocoris  alpestris 273,  289 

Otus  asio 285 


336  INDEX 

Page 

Oxalis  stricta 48,  loi 

Oxj-echus  vociferus 237,  273,  274,  282 

P. 

Pallifera  dorsalis 143,  144,  14G,  149,  157 

Panax  quinquefolium 105 

trifolium 105 

Pandion  haliaetus  carolinensis 274,  285 

Panicum  capillare 76 

depauperat  um 76 

latifolium 76 

lindheimeri 76 

meridionale 76 

miliaceum ■ ' 76 

scribnerianum 76 

t  suget  orum 76 

virgatum 76 

xanthophysum 48,  49,  76 

Panus  radus 57,  60 

Passerculus  sandwichensis  savanna 275,  292 

Passerina  cyanea 274,  275,  293 

Pastinacea  sativa 105 

Paxillus  atrotomentosus 56 

Pectinibranchia 169 

Pelecypoda 171 

Penthestes  atricapillus ' 31,  274,  275,  306 

Penthorum  sedoides 96,  212 

Perca  flavescens 25,  26,  27,  247,  254 

Percina  caprodes 25,  26,  27,  247,  254 

Percopsis  guttatus 26,  247,  251 

Pedicularis  canadensis 112 

Pelidna  alpina  sakhalina 275,  281 

Peromyscus  leucopus  noveboracensis 22,  310 

maniciilatus  bairdi 22,  268,  310 

Petrochelidon  lunifrons 274,  275,  294 

Phalaris  arundinacea ■ 77 

Phaseropterinae 227 

Phaseolus  vulgaris 209 

Phegopteris  dryopteris 72 

polypodioides 31,  72 

Philohela  minor 274,  280 

Pliilomycidae : 157 

Philomycus    carolinensis 143,  149,  157 

Phleum  pratense '. 77,  208,  212 

Pliloethripidae 213 

Phlox  divaricata 109 

Phragmites  communis 38,  39,  41,  42,  78 

Phryma  leptostachya 112 

Phyllothrips  aspersus 183,  184,  187,  206,  214 

citricornis 187,  206,  214 

Physa  ancillaria 126,  127,  129,  167 

magnalacustris 26,  127,  128,  167,  168 

elliptica 138,  141,  169 

gyrina 130,  131,  137,  138,  141,  168 

hildrethiana 138,  168 

heterostropha 127,  130,  131,  134,  139,  140,  168 

integra 139,  141,  169 

sayii 131,  168 

Physalis  heterophylla 46,  111 

Physalis  pruinosa Ill 

subglabrata Ill 

Physidae ! 167 

Physiographic  conditions 17,  36,  65,  122,  179,  243 

Physocarpus  opulifolius 97 


INDEX  ^337 

Page 

Picea  ahies 74 

mariana 23,  31,  43,  71,  74.  1,34,  150 

Picus  canus 238 

virifiis 238 

Pilea  puniila : 90 

Pimephales  notatus 20,  25.  24fi,  249 

Finns  baiiksiana 21,  31,  48,  49,  50,  53,  59,  70,  74,  114 

resinosa 21,  31,  49,  50,  53,  54,  70,  74,  142,  144 

strobus 21,  49,  50,  51,  54,  59,  60,  70,  74,  134,  142,  144 

Pipilo  erythrophthalmus 31,  240,  242,  274,  275,  293 

Pirango  eiythromelas 275,  293 

Pisidiuin  ahditum , 139,  175 

corapressiim 1 36,  1 76 

rostratum 136,  176 

medianum .• 136,  176 

roperi 150,  176 

splendidulum 136,  137,  176 

streiigii 136,  176 

variabile 136,  176 

vesiculare 136,  176 

Pisobia  maculata 237,  241,  275 

miiiutilla 24,  235,  236,  241,  281 

Pisum  sativum 209,  212 

Planesticus  migratorius 30,  238,  242,  274,  275 

Planorbidae 1 64 

Planorbis  campanulatus 24,  133,  140,  141,  165 

minor 137,  165 

bicarinatus 126,  139,  164 

crista 166 

deflectus 130,  138,  166 

exacuous 24,  128,  130,  131,  132,  133,  138,  140,  165 

hirsutus 128,  131,  136,  138,  166 

nautileus 135,  136 

parvus 131,  136,  137,  138,  139,  140,  141,  166 

walkeri 138,  166 

trivolvis 128,  130,  131,  132,  133,  134,  135,  136,  137,  138,  139,  140,  141,  164,  166 

truncatus 126,  130,  165 

umbilicatellus 138,  166 

Plantago  aristata 112 

lanceolata 112 

major 112 

rugelii 112 

Plantauus  occidentalis - 96 

Plants 14,  35,  65 

alnus  association ; 42,  43,  44 

amphibious  formation 38 

arctostaphylos  association 48 

beach  formation 45 

beaches,  plants  of 68 

birch-willow  association 43 

bog  societies 43 

'    bush  swamp  formation ' 42 

calamovilfa-ammophila  association : 46 

catalog  of 65 

carex  association 38,  40 

chara  association , 37 

dune  formation 46 

dune  bushland  formation 49 

dune  forest  formation 49 

dune  heath  formation 48 

dunes,  plants  of 70 

ecology  of 35 

forest  formation .' 44 

fungus  formations 55 

43 


338  INDEX 

Page 

Plants  helopliytes 38  39 

hydrophytes 37 

jack  pine  association 4g  49 

barrens 52 

juncus  association 3g  49 

mesophytes 44 

mesophytic  woods 23 

phragmites  association 40 

poa  association 4g 

potamogeton  association 38 

psammophytes 45 

phytogeograpliical  relations 58,  71 

quadrats 39,  55 

reed  swamp  formation 40 

scirpus  association 38,  40 

species  of 72 

succession  of 36,  54 

water-lily  association 37,  38 

wooded  swamp  formation 43 

xerophytes 38,  39 

xerophytic  society 21 

Plargyrus  americanus 249 

Plethodon  cinereus 23,  258,  260,  261 

Pleurocera  subulare  intensum 135,  169,  170 

Pleuroceridae 169 

Pluteus  cervinus 56 

Poa  annua 79 

compressa 49,  53,  79 

pratensis 45,  79,  182,  186,  208,  209,  210,  211 

triflora 79 

Podilymbus  podiceps 30,  275,  276 

Podophyllum  peltatum 94 

Polioptila  caerulea 275,  306 

Polygala  paucifolia _. 101 

polygama 101 

senega 101 

Polygonatum  biflorum 85 

commutatum 51,  86 

Polygonella  articulata 91 

Polygonum  acre 91 

amphibium 41,  90,  209,  212 

hartwright  ii 90 

aviculare 90 

cilinode 91 

convolvulus 91 

erectum 90 

hydropiper 41,91 

hydropiperoides 41 ,  91 

lapathifolium 90 

muhlenbergii 90 

orientale 91 

pennsylvanicum 91 

persicaria 41,  42,  91 

scandens 91 

virginianum 91 

Polygyra  albolabris " 142,  143,  144,  145,  146,  147,  148,  149,  153 

albolabris  dentata 143,  153 

maratima 21,142,144,148,149,153 

fraterna. 144,  148,  149,  154 

nionodon 142,  143,  145,  146,  147,  149,  154 

multiUneata 143,  145,  146,  153 

thyroides 143,  145,  146,  147,  148,  149,  154 

Folypodium  vulgare .- 31,  68,  72 


INDEX  339 

Page 

Polyporus  elegans 57 

ignarius .• 57 

picipes 57 

schweinitzii 57 

Polystichum  achrosticoides . .  72 

Polystictus  hirsutus 57 

perennis 57 

pergamenus 57 

versicolor 57 

zonatus 57 

Polytrichium  piliferum 50 

Pomoxis  sparoides 25,  27,  247,  251 

Pontederia  cordata 25,  84,  128,  130,  134,  180,  182,  197,  198,  199,  209,  212 

Pooecetes  gramineus • 273,  274,  292 

Popiilus  alba 88 

balsamifera 22,  70,  88,  144,  183,  212 

deltoides 88 

grandidentata 21,  88,  144 

nigra  italica 88 

trerauloides 22,  43,  44,  47,  49,  '  8,  144 

Poria  vaporia 56,  60 

Portulaco  oleracea 92 

Potamogeton  angustifolius 75 

filiformis. 75 

heterophyllus 37,  75 

longipedunculatus 75 

foliosus  niagareiisis 75 

natans ". ...75,  131,  134,  139 

pectinatus 37,  75 

perfoliatui? 37,  75 

riehardsoiiii • 75 

Potentilla  anserina 41,  46,  47,  98 

argentea 98,  212 

canadensis 41,  98 

fructico.sa 43,  98,  182,  209 

monspeliensis " 51,  97,  209,  212 

paliLstris 41,  98 

Pound,  R 58,  63 

Precipitation 28 

Prenanthes  alba 120 

altissima 120 

racemosa. 120 

Procyon  lotor 311 

Progne  subis 275,  294 

Proserpinaca  palustris 104 

Prunella  vulgaris 110,  182,  208,  209 

Prunus  americana 99 

cerasus 99 

pennsylvanica 21,  50,  99 

pumila 21,  47,  49,  50,  71,  99 

serotina ' 99 

virginiana 21 ,  48,  SO,  70,  99 

Psedera  vitacea 45,  51,  102 

Pseudopotnata  brachyptera 223 

reversa 223 

Pteris  aquilina 48,  49,  51,  52,  72,  144 

Ptychostomus  aureolus 249 

Pulmonata 153 

Punctum  pygmaeum 143,  147,  149,  157 

Pupilidae 159 

Putorius  noveboracensis 312 

vison 312 


340  INDEX 

Page 

Pycnanthemum  pilosum 110 

virgiiiianum lio 

Pyramidula  alternata 143,  144,  145,  14G,  147,  148,  149,  156 

alba 145,  156 

cronkhitei  anthonyi 142,  143,  145,  147,  148,  149,  157 

catskillensis 125,  143,  149,  157 

Pyrola  americana 51,  106 

flliptica 51 ,  52,  106,  209 

secunda 51,  106 

Pyriis  arbutifolia  atropiirpurea 97 

baccata 97 

coronaria 31,  97 

mallus 97 

melanocarpa 43,  97 

Q. 

Quadrula  riibiginosa 139,  174 

undulata 139,  141,  174 

Quercus  alba 30,  51,  70,  89,  142,  144,  214 

bicolor 22,  30,  89,  213 

coccinea...  '. 31,  50,  70,  89,  144 

macrocarpa 30,  89 

rubra .  .50,  70,  71,  89,  142,  143,  144 

velutina 30,  51,  71,  89 

Quiscalus  quiscula  aeneus 273,  274,  291 

R. 

Radicula  armoracia 95 

nasturtium  aquaticum 95 

palustris 95 

Rallus  virginanus 23,  31,  274,  280 

Rana  catesbeana 25,  263 

clamitans 22,  24,  30,  257,  263 

plpiens 22,  23,  30,  257,  260,  263 

septentrionalis 257 

sylvatica  cantabrigensis 21,  23,  257,  260,  263 

Ranidae 260 

Ranunculus  abortivus 93 

acris 93 

delphlnifolius _ 93 

pennsylvanicus 93 

recurvatus 93 

sceleratus 93 

septentrionalis 93 

Reighard,  Jacob 15 

Reindeer  moss 48 

Reptiles 14,  247 

geographic  relations  of 257 

habitats  of 259 

species,  list  of 263 

Rhus  copall.na 101 

toxicodendron 44,  51 ,  52,  102 

:    typhina .' 50,  101 

vernix.. '. 23,  43,  102,  134,  150 

Ribes  aureum 96 

cynosbati 96 

floridum 96 

huroneuse 96 

oxyacanthoides 96 

.      :  triste ■ , .  , 31,  96 

Ridgway,  R 302 

Riparia  riparia 240,  242,  274,  275,  295 


INDEX  341 

Page 

Rissa  tridiictyla 23.5 

Robinia  pseudo-acacia 99 

Roccus  chrysops 254 

Rosa   Carolina '.-. 23,  42,  43,  98,  182,  209,  212 

blaiida 98 

rubiginosa 98 

Rulms  allegheniensis 44,  98 

canadensis 184,  209,  210 

liispidus 40,  44,  98 

idaeus  aculeatissimus 44,  98 

occidentalis 98 

trifloris 98 

villosus 98 

Rudbeckia  hirta 50,  117,  180,  209 

laciniata 117 

Ruraex  acetosella 50,  90 

britannica 90 

crispus 47,  90 

obtusifolius. 90 

Russula  brevipes 57 

chamaeleontina 56 

emetica 56,  60 

roseipes 56 

veternosa  media 42,  56,  60 

Rusts 58 

Ruthven,  Alexander  G 17,  32,  33,  34,  30,  37,  59,  63,  121,  178,  235,  245.  257,  258,  259, 

266,  272,  281,  309,  311,  315 

Ryncliospora  alba 81 

capillacea 81 

fusca 81 


Sagittaria  latifolia 38,  75,  128,  134,  209,  212 

Salix  alba '       87 

amygdaloides 87 

babylonica 87 

Candida. . . . ; 88 

discolor 87 

fluviatilis ^. 208,  213 . 

glaucophylla 31,  59,  70,  87 

brevifolia 87 

humilis 87 

longifolia 43,  70,  84 

lucida 87 

nigra 39,  42,  87 

petiolaris 87 

rostrata 88 

sericea ; 88 

Salsola  kali  tenuifolia 46,  92 

Sambucus  canadensis 114 

racemosa 114 

Samolus  floribundus 107 

Sanguinaria  canadensis 94 

Sanicula  marilandica 105 

Saponaria  officinalis 92 

Sargent,  C.  S 59,  60.  63 

Sarracenia  purpurea 23,  31,  96,  134,  150 

Sassafras  variifolium 31,  59,  71,  94 

Satureja  vulgaris ■ 110 

Sauria 263 

Saururus  cernuus 87 

Sayornis  phoebe 273,  274,  289 

Schilbeodes  gyrinus 24.  246,  249 

44 


342  INDEX 

Page 

Schimper,  A.  F.  W 59,  63 

Schizophyllum  commune 57 

Schoolcraft,  H.  R 32,  33 

Scirpus  americanus 39,  41,  68,  80,  127,  128,  130,  131,  132,  133,  135,  136,  138 

atrlvirens r 81 

cyperinus  pelius 81 

debilis 80 

heterochaetus 68,  81 

lineatus 81 

occidentalis 68,  81 

pauciflorus 80 

subterminalis 80 

validus 39,  68,  81,  128,  131,  133,  134,  135,  138,  140 

Scirtetica  marmorata 226 

Scirtothrips  ruthveni 183,  187,  189,  208 

Sciurus  hudsonius  loquax 31,  309 

rufiventer 309 

Scudderia  curvicauda _ 227 

furcata 228 

pistillata - 228 

texensis •  227 

Scutellaria  galericulata 45,  109 

lateriflora 41 ,  45,  109 

Sedum  acre 96 

purpureum 96,  210 

Segmentina  armigera 138,  166 

crassilabris 24,  133,  138,  141,  166,  167 

Seiurus  aurocapillus 23,  275,  302 

noveboracensis *! 302,  303 

notabilis 275,  302 

Selaginella  apus 74 

Semotilus  atromaculatus 26,  246,  249 

Senecio  aureus 119 

balsamitae .•  •  ■  • 119 

Serpentes 265 

Setaria  glauca 76 

italica 77 

viridis 77 

Setophaga  ruticilla 23,  274,  275,  304 

Sheperdia  canadensis 104 

Shull,  A.  F ■ 13,  14,  177,  178,  179,  207,  231 

Shull,  C.  A 233,  242 

Sialia  sialis 31,  236,  242,  274,  275,  307 

Sicyos  angulatus 114 

Silene  antirrhina. 92 

noctiflora 92 

Silphium    terebinthinaceum 117 

Sisturus  catenatus 258,  260,  270 

Sisymbrium  altissimum 95 

cheiranthoides 95 

officinale 95 

Sisyrinchium  albidum 86 

Sitta  canadensis 237,  242,  275,  306 

carolinensis 274,  275,  306 

Slum  cicutaefolium 41,  105,  212 

Smilacina  racemosa ■ 51,  52,  85 

stellata 49,  51,  52,  71,  85,  183,  210,  215 

Smilax  ecirrhata 86 

herbacea 86 

hispida 86 

Smith,  E.  F 52,  63 

Smith,  H.  I ; 33,  34 


INDEX  343 

Page 

Solanum  dulcamara 41,110,  210,  212 

nigrum 47,  1 1 1 

tuberosum 210 

Solidago  caesia 115 

axillaris 115 

canadensis 115,  2C8,  210,  212 

graminifolia 40,  115 

hispida 115 

juncea 39,  40,  49,  50,  52,  115 

latifolia 115 

neglecta 115 

nemoralis 115 

ohioensis 115 

rugosa ; 115 

serotina 115 

gigantea 115 

uliginosa 115 

Sonclius  arvensis 119 


asper . 


120 

oleraceus. 120 

Sorbaria  sorbifolia •  •  ■  ■  97 

Sorex  personatus 312 

Sorghastrum  nutans 71,  76 

Spalding,  V GO,  63 

Sparganium  eurycarpum ' 25,  75,  129,  134,  140 

Spartina  michauxiana t 78 

cynosuroides 40,  128 

Sphaeridae 135,  136,  174 

Sphaerium  flavum 125,  135,  174,  175 

occidentale 138,  174,  175 

solidulum 139,  141,  174 

striatinum 139,  141,  174 

sulcatum 135,  136,  137,  174 

Spharagemon  bolli 225 

wyomingianum 225 

Sphyradium  edentulum 143,  157 

Sphyrapicus  varius 275,  287 

Spiraea  saHcifolia 42,  43,  97 

Spiranthes  cernua 22,  87,  210,  212 

gracilis 87 

Spirodela  polyrhiza 84 

Spizella  passerina 274,  292 

pusilla 21,  274,  275 

Sporobolus  cryptandrus 78 

Stachys  palustris 110 

Staphylinidae 201 

Stieronema  ciliatum 1 67 

quadriflorum 107  210 

Stelgidopteryx  serripennis 275.  295 

Stellaria  borealis 92 

longifolia 92 

media 92 

Stemonitis  smithii 56,  60 

ferruginea 56,  60 

Stenobothrus  curtipennis 224 

longipennis 224 

Stenopelmatinae • 229 

Stereum  versicolor •''7 

Sterki,  V 175.  176 

Sterna  hirundo .  .  . ._ 274 ,  275 

Stipa  spartea '. .' 77 

Stizostedion  americanus 254 

vitreum , 25.  26,  247.  254 


344  INDEX 

Page 
St oreria  dekayi 31 ,  258,  261 ,  266 

occipitomaculata 31 ,  258,  261 ,  267 

Streptopus  roseus 31,  85 

Strecker,  John  K 264,  272 

Strobilomyces  strobilaceus 56 

Strobilops  virgo 126,  143,  149,  159 

Stropliitus  edentulus 130,  173 

Stiirnella  magna 273,  274,  291 

Succinea  avara 131,  141,  142,  143,  147,  148,  149,  158 

major 129,  145,  158 

vermeta 129,  147,  150 

ovalis 143,  148,  149,  158 

optima 148,  149,  158 

retusa 129,  131,  135,  138,  139,  140,  141,  142,  143,  14G,  147,  149,  158 

Succineidae 1 58 

Sylvilagus  floridaniis  mearnsi 310 

Symplocarpus  foetidus 84 

Symphoricarpus  raceraosa 113 

Syringa  vulgaris 108 

:  '  T. 

Taenidia  integerrima 105 

Tamias  striatus  lysteri 31,  310 

Tanacetum  vulgare 118,  210 

Taraxacum  officinale 119,  185,  189,  194,  210,  212 

Taverner,  P.  A 305 

Taxostoma  rufum 275,  304 

Taxus  canadensis 31,  59,  74 

Telmatodytes  palustris 23,  31,  274,  275,  305 

Temperature 28,  46,  313 

Terebrantia 182,  188,  191,  204,  205,  215 

Testudinata 271 

Tettigidea  parvipennis  pennata 223 

Tettix  granulatus 222 

hancocki 223 

ornatus 223 

Teucrium  canadense • 40,  109,  212 

occidentale 109 

Thalictrum  dasycarpum 93 

dioica 93 

Thamnophis  butleri 31.  258,  259,  268 

sauritus 23,  31,  258,  260,  261,  268,  269 

sirtalis 23,  31,  258,  260,  268,  269 

Thaspi  arvense 94 

Thomas,  Cyrus 32,  33 

Thompson,  Crystal 265 

Thripidae 205 

Thrips  phvsopus 184,  187,  188,  189,  198,  204,  206,  212 

tabaci 182,  183,  184,  185,  186,  187,  188.   189,  190,  206.  2r8.  211,  212,  216 

Thryothorus  ludovicianus 31,  275,  304 

Thuja  occidentalis 22,  31,  43,  44.  74.  142,  145,  148 

Thysanoptera 14,  177,  178 

anthophilous  species 183 

collecting  and  preserving 181 

dissemination  of 192 

ecology  of 182 

economic  importance  of 215 

enemies  and  checks  to 200 

habitats  of -184 

habits  of 188 

interstitial  species.' "■ 183 

locomotion  in _ •,  188 

migration 195,  196 


INDEX  345 

Page 

ThysanopttTii  phloeophilous  species 184,  187,  188,  200 

reproduction  in 190 

species,  list  of 207 

superficial  species 183 

Tiarella  cordifolia 31 ,  90 

Tilia  aniericana .' 23,  54,  C8,  102,  208,  210 

Tinlvcr,  A.  D 305 

Totanus  nielanoleucus -. 24,  237,  241,  275,  282 

Tragopogon  porrifolius 119 

Trainctes  cinnabarina 50 

Transeau,  E.  N 43,  03 

Trichotlirips  boachi 184,  187,  189,  207,  213 

Ijrevicruralis 184,  187,  189,  207,  213 

triflentatus 184,  187,  207,  214 

Trientalis  americana 44,  107 

Trifolium  liybridum 99 

pratense 99,  185,  213 

repens 99,  185,  193,  194,  195,  208,  210,  212,  213 

Triglochin  maritima 46,  75 

palustris 21,  68,  75 

Trillium  grandiflorum 86 

rectum f  6 

Trimerotropis  maritima 226 

Tringa  canutus 237,  241,  275,  280 

Trinoton  lituratum 239,  240 

luridum 239,  240 

Trochilus  colubris 201,  274,  288 

Troglodytes  aedon 274,  275,  305 

Triosteum 113 

Triphleps  insidiosus 201 

Trutta  namaycush 250 

Tsuga  canadensis 23,  31,  59,  71,  74,  148 

Typha  angustifolia 75 

latifolia 68,  74,  128,  131,  133,  134 

Tubulifera 182,  190,  191,  204,  205,  213,  215 

Tyrannus  tyrannus 274,  288 

U. 

Umbra  limi 24,  26,  246   250 

Ulmus  americana 44,  45,  54,  89,  137,  145,  214 

fulvus 89 

racemosa 89 

Unio  gibbosus 129,  174 

Unionidae 171 

Ursus  americanus 311 

Urtica  gracilis 90 

Utricularia  coriuita 41,  112 

intermedia 112 

vulgaris  americana 112 

Uvularia  grandiflora 51,  85 

Uzel,  H ;.  200,  231 

V. 

Vaeciniimi  corymbosum 107 

macrocarpon 107 

pennsylvanicum 48,  49,  70,  107 

nigrum 48,  60,  52,  71 ,  107 

vacillans 107 

Vallisnerla  spiralis 25,  76,  134 

Vallonia  pulchella 147,  149,  160 

Vallonidae 160 


346  INDEX 

Page 

Valvata  tricarinata  simplex 136,  170 

unicarinata 136,  137,  170 

Valvatidae 170 

VanDuzee,  E.  P 179 

Verbascum  thapsus Ill,  18G,  188,  191,  201,  202,  203,  210,  212,  213 

Verbena  bracteosa 109 

hastata 43,  109,  212 

urticaefolia 109 

Veronica  americana Ill 

arvensis Ill 

peregrina Ill 

scutallata 41,  111 

serpyllifolia "         111 

Vertigo  gouldii 143,  149,  160 

ovata 13o,  142,  143,  147,  149,  159 

ventrieosa  elatior 143,  160 

Viburnum  acerifolium 113 

lentago 114 

opulus  americanum 113 

pubescens 114 

Viola  augustifolia 100 

sativa. . . 100 

Viola  arenaria 104 

conspersa 104 

eucullata 103 

incognito 44,  103 

nephrophylla 103 

pallens 103 

pubescens 103 

rostrata 104 

sagitata 103 

scabriuscula 103 

sororia 103 

Vireosylva  olivaceus 274,  275,  296 

Vitis  bicolor 102 

vulpina 51 ,  102,  183,  213,  214 

Vitrea  binneyana 125,  142,  143,  148,  149,  154 

ferrea 149,  155 

hammonis 142,  143,  147,  148,  149,  150,  154 

indentata 143,  148,  149,  155 

rhoadsi 143,  149,  155 

Viviparidae 171 

Vulpes  fulvus 311 

W. 

Walker,  Bryant ....15,  122,  125 

Wallace,  W.  H 15,  88,  89,  280 

Warming,  E 47,  48,  64 

Weber,  C.  A 58,  64 

Wheeler,  C.  F 72 

Whitford,  H,  N 59,  64 

Wilsonia  canadensis 275,  303 

pusilla 239,  242,  275,  303 

Winchell,  A ] .29,  32,  33 

'  Winchell,  N.  A 32,  33 

Wood,  N.  A : 13,  14,  273,  309 

Woodsia    obtusa 31 

Woodwardia  virginica 72 

Wright,  Miss  Harriet 298,  301 


INDEX.  347 

X. 

Page 

Xanthium  canadense 117 

echinatum 46,  117 

Xiphidium  brevipenne 229 

f  asciatum 229 

nigropleura 229 

Y. 

Yax,  Austin 265,  309,  311,  312 

Z. 

Zamelodia  ludoviciana 31,  275,  293 

Zanthoxylum  americanum 23,  101 

Zapus  hudsonius 310 

Zeamays 191,  201,  208,  210,  212 

Zenaidura  macroura  carolinensis • 274,  283 

Zizania  aquatica 77 

Zizia  aurea 105 

Zonitidae 154 

Zonitoides  arborea 142,  143,  144,  145,  146,  147,  148,  149,  155 

milium 125,  149,  156 

niinuscula 142,  143,  147,  148,  149,  156 

nitida 142,  143,  147,  148,  149,  155 


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